iosr-JECE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2017

Abstract: Nowadays, the world is in a race towards upgrading modern Technology. Thus, using magnetic fields in power transmission lines indifference cause such as the electrical engineering, Electra mechanics and mega - electronic. The transmission lines are considered of exposure to magnetic field through electric current inside whole body. The paper is directly represented the magnetic field in Khartoum state by using the Aaronic 4040 X device, the magnetic field mean emitted of50 transmissionsline was found (0.224 nT), However. The magnetic field in Khartoum this indicate that the Sudan is a minimum value of magnetic field corresponding to International Guideline .of Transmission line in Sudan an adverse heath effect is minimum safe value than International Guideline. Also, the people living the near of Transmission line can use minimum distance < 50 m.

Keywords: Field, Transmission line, heath, exposure, EMFs

[1] A.S.Safrigiamni and C.G.Tsompanidou.Measurements of electric and Magnetic Fields Due to the operation of indoor Power Distribution Substations.IEEE Transactions on power Delivery, vol 20, pp1800-1805, July 2005.
[2] R. G. Olsen, V. L. Chartier, "The Performance of Reduced Magnetic Field Power Lines, Theory and Measurements on an Operating Line", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8 No.3, pp. 1430-1422, July 1993.
[3] J. R. Stewart, et al., "Magnetic Fields from Electric Power Lines: Theory and Comparison to Measurement,"IEEE Trans. of Power Delivery, Vol. 3, pp. 2127-2136, April 1993.

[4] http://www.Aaronia" www.Aaronia .de.

[5] Dib, D., & Mordjaoui, M. (2014). Study of the influence high-voltage power lines on environment and human health (case study: The electromagnetic pollution in Tebessa city, Algeria). Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2(1), 1-8.

Abstract: The chances of copyright violation and privacy have been increased due to growth of networking and technology. Digital watermark is useful to verify the integrity of the content and for authenticity of an owner. A digital watermark is a digital signal or pattern inserted into a digital document (text, graphics and multimedia presentations). Watermarking is one of the promising solutions for ownership authentication, tamper detection and protection of digital content. The watermark inserted into the image should be invisible so that it may not be forged by clever attackers; reversible so that at the receiving end there is exact recovery of the watermark and the host image. However, the exact recovery of the watermark is not possible when the image is attacked by noise, cropped, rotated, median filtered, low or high pass filtered and many more such alterations or attacks..............

Keywords: Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG).

[1]. Tri H. Nguyen, Duc M. Duong and Duc A. Duong, "Robust and high capacity watermarking for image based on DWT-SVD", The 2015 IEEE RIVF International Conference on Computing & Communication Technologies Research, Innovation, and Vision for Future (RIVF), pp. 83-89, 2015.
[2]. Zhaofeng Ma, "Digital Rights Management: Model, Technology and Application", China communications, pp. 156-168, June 2017.
[3]. RajidiSatish Chandra Reddy, Srinivas Reddy Gopu, "Enterprise Digital Rights Management for Document Protection", 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, pp. 321-327, 2017.
[4]. HishamAbdalla, Xiong Hu, AbubakerWahaballa, Ahmed Abdalla, Mohammed Ramadan, Qin Zhiguang, "Digital Rights Management - Current Status And Future Trends", 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering, pp. 338-343, 2016.
[5]. Md. Asikuzzaman, Md. Jahangir Alam, Andrew J. Lambert, and Mark Richard Pickering, "Imperceptible and Robust Blind Video Watermarking Using Chrominance Embedding: A Set of Approaches in the DT CWT Domain", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 1502-1517, 2014.

Abstract: Commuters in city often come across the situation whether to wait for the Municipal Transport bus or to hire cab/taxi or walk to reach the destination. Many people are often late to office because they wait for the bus instead of taking taxi or just simply walking. Decision of whether or not to wait at a Municipal Transport bus is easy if people had an simple real-time mode to see each Municipal Transport bus's location, commuters could make a more accurate decision. The Smart Local Transport Tracking System is a real-time announcement system that will help commuters. Commuters can make the correct decision of whether to wait for the Municipal Transport bus or to hire cab/taxi or walk............

Keywords: IoT, Transport Tracking System, Smart Transport.

[1] TAREQ BINJAMMAZ, ALI AL-BAYATTI, ASHWAQ ALHARGAN, "GPS INTEGRITY MONITORING FOR AN
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM", POSITIONING NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION (WPNC), 2013, IEEE
XPLORE : 18 JUNE 2013, DOI: 10.1109/WPNC.2013.6533268.
[2] Gaurav Chheda, Niket Gajra, Manal Chhaya, Jitesh Deshpande, Saylee Gharge, "REAL TIME BUS MONITORING AND
PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM", International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307,
Volume-1, Issue-6, January 2012.
[3] Juan Zambada, Ricardo Quintero, Ramon Isijara, Ricardo Galeana, Luis Santillan, "An IoT based scholar bus monitoring system",
Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), 2015 IEEE First International, IEEE Xplore: 28 December 2015, DOI:
10.1109/ISC2.2015.7366202 .
[4] Lin Kang, Stefan Poslad, Weidong Wang, Xiuhua Li, Yinghai Zhang, Chaowei Wang, "A Public Transport Bus as a Flexible
Mobile Smart Environment Sensing Platform for IoT", Intelligent Environment (IE), 2016 12th International conference, IEEE
Xplore : 27 October 2010, DOI: 10.1109/IE.2016.10
[5] Nomusa Dlodlo, "The internet of things in transport management in South Africa", Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer
Communications (ETNCC), 2015 International Conference, IEEE Xplore: 13 August 2015, DOI: 10.1109/ETNCC.2015.7184802

Abstract: Weighted OFDM signal scheme is widely used in most new broadband communication system which has capability of high spectral efficiency and is resilient against ISI and frequency selective fadingchannels. The major effect to be consideredat receiver is fading effects which must be alleviated at receiverwithout any distortion in removing weight at the receiver side. In this paper we exhibit the BER performance of the OFDM system with different modulation techniques. Proposed OFDM system is demonstrated using various modulation techniques that is BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM using multipath fading channels that is AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh channel. According to result, and comparison with Clipping and Filtering method the PAPR of the weighted OFDM signal is smaller, and the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the weighted OFDM system is improved and it is simple to implement.

Keywords:Bit error rate (BER), convolution, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), peak- to- average- power ratio(PAPR), weighted data..

[1]. E. S. Chang, K. S. Rim, and YungokKim,"A Weighted OFDM Signal Scheme for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Signals," IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology, vol. 62, no. 3, March 2013.
[2]. X. Li and L. J. Cimini, Jr., "Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 131–133, May 1998.
[3]. J. Armstrong, "Peak-to-average power reduction for OFDM by repeated clipping and frequency domain filtering," Electron. Lett., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 246–247, Feb. 2002.
[4]. Y.-C. Wang and Z.-Q. Luo, "Optimized iterative clipping and filtering for PAPR reduction of OFDM signals," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 33–37, Jan. 2011.
[5]. A. D. S. Jayalath and C. Tellambura, "Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal through bit or symbol interleaving," Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 13, pp. 1161–1163, Jun. 2000.

Abstract: There are many applications for multimodal image fusion such as remote sensing, multi-spectral imaging and medical imaging. Medical images are obtained from multiple sensors. Image fusion has appeared as a new research area because of the availability of multisensory data in the medical field. Several images of the same scene provide different information although the scene is the same. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) are the two images which are captured with two different biomedical sensors. In general, the discrete wavelet transform is used effectively to decompose an image. But conventional wavelet transform suffers from Shift sensitivity, poor directionality and lack of phase information.............

Keywords: Dual tree complex wavelet transform, Double density dual tree complex wavelet transform, Block based statistical properties, medical image fusion

[1]. B. V. Dasarathy, Information fusion in the realm of medical applications - a bibliographic glimpse at its growing appeal, Information Fusion 13(1):1-9, 2012.
[2]. H. B. Mitchell, Image fusion: theories, techniques and applications, Springer, 2010
[3]. S.G. Mallat, A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 11(7), 1989, 674-693
[4]. Kingsbury, N.G. (2001)."Complex wavelets for shift invariant analysis and filtering of signals". Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 234-253.
[5]. I.W.Selesnick, R.G.Baraniuk and N.G. Kingsbury, "The Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 22, No.6,pp.123-151, November 2005.

Abstract: As wireless smart sensor network are performing very important role in the application of remote monitoring in wide spread geographical areas. Such wireless smart network becomes cost effective and possible way to monitor structural health status of bridges that connect roads in both rural and urban areas. Many of these bridges are subject to deterioration due to external and internal factors. Online, real time structural health monitoring is a resourceful tool to facilitate rapid field inspection. Bridge maintenance and infrastructure managers can easily use this application to secure the performance and safety of these vital structures. This paper presents useful wireless sensor network system to monitor structural health in bridges, field inspection. Vibration sensing mechanism is used to detect the bridge scour by using the accelerometer sensor. Humidity and strain is measured with the help of humidity sensor and strain gauge.

Keywords: Zig bee, WSN, height, humidity, vibration.

[1]. Chih-Chyau Yang and Ssu-Ying Chen developed an "A Rugged Sensor System for Real-time Bridge Safety Monitoring in Taiwan", 2016.
[2]. Alessandro Sabato Laboratorio di Tecnica del Controllo Ambientale Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica e Gestionale (DIMEG) - University of Calabria developed "Pedestrian bridge vibration monitoring using a wireless MEMS accelerometer board" 2015 IEEE 19th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD), 2015.
[3]. Amro Al-Radaideh, A. R. Al-Ali, Salwa Bheiry, Sameer Alawnah [3] developed an "A Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring System for Highway Bridges" 1st International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies ICEIT‟2015.
[4]. Ren-Guey Lee1, Kuei-Chien Chen [4] developed an "A Backup Routing with Wireless Sensor Network for Bridge Monitoring System" 4th Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference (CNSR‟06),2006.
[5]. Anshu Adwani1, Kirti H. Madan2, Rohit Hande3 "Smart Highways Systems for Future Cities" International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2015

Abstract: The Biometric system is of one the essential pattern recognition system that are used for identifying individuals using different biometric traits. The authentication system design on only one biometric modality may not satisfy the requirement of demanding applications in term of properties such as accuracy, sensitivity & precision. In this paper, we used minutiae& gabour wavelet for the feature extraction of fingerprint & IRIS respectively. After extracting the feature we used ANN & PCA for classification of traits. After that we combine both the images which comes after the applying the ANN & PCA. On those resulting images we apply SVM for developing authentication system which uses the IRIS and Fingerprint of a person for recognizing a person. It is observed that developed algorithm that has best performance parameters as compared existing algorithms.

Keywords:Fingerprint, IRIS, Minutiae, Gabour wavelet analysis, ANN, PCA, SVM

[1] S. Anu H Nair, P.Aruna & M. Vadivukarassi "PCA BASED Image Fusion And Biometric Features" IJACTE ISSN (Print):2319–2526, Volume-1, Issue-2, 2013
[2] J.Daugman, "High confidence visual recognition of person by a test of statistical independence" IEEE transaction, Pattern Analysis and Machine intelligence, vol. 15, pp. 1148-1161, Nov 1993.
[3] Nazmeen Bibi Boodoo, R K Subramanian, 2009. Robust multi-biometric Recognition Using Face and Ear Images. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 6, No. 2.
[4] Feng Zhao, Xiaoou Tang, "Preprocessing and postprocessing for skeleton-based fingerprint minutiae extraction" ELSEVIER, Received 4 June 2005; received in revised form 17 June 2006; accepted 6 September 2006
[5] X. Jing, Y. Yao, D. Zhang, M. Li, Face and palmprint pixel level fusion and Kernel DCV- RBF classifier for small sample biometrics recognition, Pattern Recognition 40 (11),2007, pp. 3209-3224

Abstract: In this research, a wireless communication between the sensor and main unit was developed for nondestructive eddy current inspection technique. Such wireless probe aims at being inserted into different parts of the targeted structure such as aircrafts for internal and external inspections without sacrificing Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) capabilities when compared to a conventional cable-wired probe. The new wireless probe interface can generate various types of activation signals that are synchronized wirelessly with the main unit, and also, it can process the received signal at the probe and send it back wirelessly to the main unit. The aim of developing the wireless........

Keywords:Aerospace, Aircraft Inspection, Eddy Current Testing, Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation (NDT &E), Wireless Sensor

[1] S. Thomas, "Identifying suitable NDT techniques for wing and landing gear of the Air-Bettle aircraft," in 54th Annual British Conference of Non-Destructive Testing, 2015.

[2] S. Thomas, "Defect detection in Ferromagnetic Aircraft part using hybrid EMAT and eddy current sensor," in NDT 2014 - 53rd Annual Conference of the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing, 2014.

[3] H. Taheri, "Classification of Nondestructive Inspection Techniques with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Aerospace Application," in ASNT 26th Research Symposium, 2017, pp. 219–227.

[4] H. Taheri, F. Delfanian, and J. Du, "Wireless NDI for Aircraft Inspection," in ASNT 22nd Research Symposium, 2013, pp. 120–126.

[5] J. Kim, M. Le, J. Lee, and Y. H. Hwang, "Eddy Current Testing and Evaluation of Far-Side Corrosion Around Rivet in Jet-Engine Intake of Aging Supersonic Aircraft," J. Nondestruct. Eval., 33(4), 2014, 471–480,.

Abstract: The adaptive beamforming system emerged as leading technology which becomes capable to locate and track signals by both: users and interferers and dynamically adapts the antenna pattern to enhance the reception in Signal-of-Interest (SOI) direction and minimizing interference in Signal-Not-of-Interest (SNOI) direction. Adaptive beamforming is used for enhancing a desired signal while suppressing noise and interference at the output of an array of sensors. This paper analyzes the performance and compares one of the Non Blind Algorithm- Recursive Least Square (RLS) with a commonly used Blind algorithm - Constant Modulus Algorithms CMA which do not require any temporal reference for the computation of the optimal weight vectors on various performance parameters of mobile communication system.........

Keywords: Adaptive beam forming, Blind algorithm and Non Blind algorithm, Smart Antenna.

[1]. Muhammad Salman Razzaq and Noor M. Khan "Performance comparison of adaptive beamforming algorithm for smart antenna
system" World Applied Sciences Journal 11(7) IDOSI Publications, 2010.
[2]. A. Udawat, Dr. P.C. Sharma, Dr. S. Katiyal "Performance Analysis and Comparison of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms for
Smart Antenna Systems" Next Generation Networks, 2010 International Conference on24-25 Sept. 2010.
[3]. A. Udawat, Dr. P.C. Sharma, Dr. S. Katiyal, "Comparison of Optimization Capabilities of RLS Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm
for Smart Antenna Systems", Proceedings of the 5th National Conference; INDIACom- March 2011
[4]. S.F. Shaaukat, R. Farooq & Z. Saleem "Sequential studies of beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systems" World Applied
Science Journal 6(6) IDOSI Publications, 2009.
[5]. Ch. Santhirani, Dr. P.V. Subbaian & Dr. K. Chennakesava Reddy "Smart antenna algorithms for WCDMA mobile communication
systems" IJCSNS Vol. 8 No. 7, July 2008.

Abstract: The periodic structure like electromagnetic band gap (EBG) is a very popular topic within the academia and RF-microwave industry due to their surface wave suppression property. In this paper the combination of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna fabricated on the top of the substrate FR4 with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures at patch is proposed and investigated. A reduced sized antenna with microstrip feed is designed for its gain behaviour. First, the small size antenna is investigated by reducing its patch size. Further its gain behaviour is achieved by using serial feed 4x1 array with Square EBG. The antenna has been designed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness h=1.6 mm & its dimension is 118.0 mm × 175.0 mm × 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna exhibits 80MHz impedance bandwidth from (2.45-2.53GHz). The proposed antenna has a compact size and exhibits high gain behaviour, good radiation characteristics, and directivity is around 8.3dBi........

Keywords: Antenna array, EBG structure, Microstrip patch, Square unit cell,WLAN band and half/quarter/sixth part of patch

[1]. Saurabh Kumar, Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma, " Miniaturized Dual Broadband Hexagonal SlotMonopole antenna", IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, Apr 2016.
[2]. Muhammad Rasheduzzaman, MD Hafiz AL Asad, MdMuhtasimBillah, MohhammedHossam-E-Haider," Performance analysis of hexagonal microstrip antenna for s-band spectrum using HFSS", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. , pp. , 2015.
[3]. D. D. Krishna, M. Gopikrishna, C. K. Anandan, P. Mohanan, and K. Vasudevan, "CPW-fed Koch fractal slot antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications," IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 389_392, May 2008.
[4]. P.KYritsi, D.C. Cox, R.A. Valenzuela, P.W.Wolniansky, "Effect of antenna polarization on the capacity of a multiple element system in an indoor environment", IEEE Trans.Inform. Theory, vol.49, pp.2867-2896, 2003.
[5]. Kalaye, B. M. B., J. Rashed-Mohassel, "A broadbandand high isolation CPW fed microstrip antenna array",Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 22, No. 2/3, pp. 325-334, 2008.

Abstract: In this paper we implemented the system for sensing the water level and sending data to server through Wi-Fi module and wireless controller using Internet of Things (IoT). Recently flood has hit a north India; many people are affected and displaced because of flood. The important thing is diffusion of information related water level before the flood occurs; we design a system that gives information about water level to server. The threshold value is set for each level, if water level reaches that value corresponding data transfer to server which display on webpage in the form of colors which indicates three colors, each for different level.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); Wi-Fi; Wireless Controller.

[1] J. A. Hern´andez-Nolasco, Miguel A. Wister, Francisco D. Acosta and Pablo Pancardo, "Water Level Meter for Alerting Population about flood," IEEE 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2016.

[2] Mark Langdon, "A Flood Watershed," IEEE magzine, Vol. 4, Issue 7, May 2009.
[3] Daniele Miorandi, Sabrina Sicari, Francesco De Pellegrini, Imrich Chlamtac, "Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges," ELSEVIER-ScienceDirect, Ad hoc Networks Vol. 10, Issue 7, pp.1497-1516, September 2012.
[4] Mihai T. Lazarescu, "Design of a WSN platform for long-term environmental monitoring for IoT applications," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Circuits Syst., Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45–54, Mar. 2013.

[5] Nova Ahmed, A.K. Azad, Mahmudur Rahman Khan, AhsanHabib, Shuvashish Ghosh, Sabiha Shahid, "ShonaBondhu: a cloud based system to handle flash flood," IEEE International Conference on Networking Systems and Security (NSysS), 2016..

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to design an RF module based outdoor light monitoring and control system that can monitor and handle outdoor lights more efficiently as compared to the conventional systems. The proposed system uses RF module based wireless devices which allow more efficient lamp management. The designed system uses sensors to control and guarantee the optimal system parameters. To realize effectiveness of the proposed system, a prototype has been developed. The results proved that the proposed system saves around 11.8% by using LED, 18% by using CFL, 43.8 % by using Fluorescent (T8), 72% by using Incandescent lamp of the cost of electricity consumed a year for the outdoor street environment.

Keywords: Aurdino, energy efficiency, LED lamps, Fluorescent (T8), lightning control system, RF Transceiver.

[1]. W. Yue, S. Changhong, Z. Xianghong, and Y. Wei, "Design of new intelligent street light control system," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Contr. Autom., 2010, pp. 1423–1427.
[2]. C. Ozcelebi and J. Lukkien, "Exploring user-centered intelligent road lighting design: A road map and future research directions," IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 57, pp. 788–793, May 2011.
[3]. C. Chun, C. Hung, L. Kun, C. Kuan, and Y. Chun, "A digitally wireless dimmable lighting system for two-area fluorescent lamps," in Proc. IEEE Region 10 Conf., 2010, pp. 2173–2178.
[4]. L. Chushan, W. Jiande, and H. Xiangning, "Realization of a general LED lighting system based on a novel power line communication tech-nology," in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Exposit., 2010, pp. 2300–2304.
[5]. P. Elejoste et al., "An easy to deploy street light control system based on wireless communication and LED technology," Sensors (Basel), vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 6492–6523, May 2013.