iosr-JECE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2018

Abstract: Thermoelectric is a science and technology associated with electric converters, that is the generation of electrical power using the Seeback effect and refrigeration using the Peltier effect.Thermoelectric generators are being used to provide electrical power in medical, military, deep space applications, automobiles and industry applications. Now a days there is an increase in the requirement for thermoelectric cooler in the use of infrared detectors and in optical communication system.

[1]. As the "figure of merit" approaches infinity, the Peltier–Seebeck effect can drive a heat engine or refrigerator at closer and closer to the Carnot efficiency. Disalvo, F. J. (1999). "Thermoelectric Cooling and Power Generation". Science. 285 (5428): 703–6. doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.703. PMID 10426986. Any device that works at the Carnot efficiency is thermodynamically reversible, a consequence of classical thermodynamics.

[2]. The voltage in this case does not refer to electric potential but rather the "voltmeter" voltage , where is the Fermi level.

[3]. "A.11 Thermoelectric effects". Eng.fsu.edu. 2002-02-01. Retrieved 2013-04-22.

[4]. There is a generalized second Thomson relation relating anisotropic Peltier and Seebeck coefficients with reversed magnetic field and magnetic order. See, for example, Rowe, D. M., ed. (2010). Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420038903.

[5]. "https://stovefanreviews.com/teg-module-and-seebeck-effect/".

Abstract: This article describe the development of a prototype of an automatic system that is able to acquire, process and store the amount of rain precipitated. Using an automatic rain gauge of high precision and low cost, it has been made, from March to November 2013, a descriptive research with application component supported by field tests. As a result it was constructed a double tipping bucket rain gauge with data acquisition system employing an Arduino module and a GSM / GPRS shield. This ensemble sends data to a control center, which runs an application, developed on Labview platform. This application has the ability to display data in real time and store it in a database in the direction of record historical thereof. It is concluded that the implementation of the proposed system can contribute to automate the process of acquisition, processing and storage of rainfall data so that they can be used as needed. It is recommended to use the same system to monitor different meteorological variables.

Keywords: Rain Gauge, Data Acquisition, LabVIEW, Data Center, Arduino, Communication Networks, Communication Systems, GSM/GPRS, Graphical User Interface, Database, World Meteorological Organization.

[1]. World Meteorological Organization. 2008. Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. Part I - Measurement of meteorological variables. 2008..
[2]. Strangeways, Ian. 2007. Precipitation. Theory, measurement and distribution. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[3]. "Python Software Foundation," https://www.python.org/psf/."
[4]. WMO-No. 168 .GUIDE TO HYDROLOGICAL PRACTICES. Volume I Hydrology – From Measurement to Hydrological Information. I.2-18. Sixth edition.
[5]. R. H. Glitho, "Application architectures for machine to machine communications: Research agenda vs. state-of-the art," 7th International Conference on Broadband Communications and Biomedical Applications, Melbourne, VIC, 2011, pp. 1-5.

Abstract: This paper is embedded with microstrip patch antenna that is constructed for future 5G wireless communications. The antenna has a compressed structure of 11mm x 8 mm x 0.5mm, including the ground plane. This antenna is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate used as dielectric material with a miniaturized size of 4.4mm x 3.3mm. Its dielectric constant is 2.2 and has thickness of 0.5 mm. This microstrip patch antenna resonates at frequencies of 28 GHz and 50 GHz. The antenna is simulated by using high frequency structure simulator. The antenna provides a gain of 2.6dB. The structure of antenna and various specifications such as return loss, vswr, gain plot and radiation pattern are discussed.

Keywords: Feed, HFSS, Microstrip Patch, Slot, 5G.

[1]. Straightpath Communication Inc. "A straight Path Towards 5G(white paper)" September 16, 2015.
[2]. S. Chen and J. Zhao, "The requirements, challenges, and technologies for 5G of terrestrial mobile telecommunication," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 36-43, May 2014.
[3]. Lel, Kai Forg,LukKwai-Mann: Microstrip patch Antenna, (World scientific, ISBN-184816453X,PP- 8-12)
[4]. C.A.Balanis,Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design,(3rd edition Wiley, New York ,2005).
[5]. Ansoft HFSS. Ver 12 Ansys Corporation. Available At WWW.ansoft.com.

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to design an RF module based outdoor light monitoring and control system that can monitor and handle outdoor lights more efficiently as compared to the conventional systems. The proposed system uses RF module based wireless devices which allow more efficient lamp management. The designed system uses sensors to control and guarantee the optimal system parameters. To realize effectiveness of the proposed system, a prototype has been developed. The results proved that the proposed system saves around 11.8% by using LED, 18% by using CFL, 43.8 % by using Fluorescent (T8), 72% by using Incandescent lamp of the cost of electricity consumed a year for the outdoor street environment..

Keywords: Aurdino, energy efficiency, LED lamps, Fluorescent (T8), lightning control system, RF Transceiver..

[1] W. Yue, S. Changhong, Z. Xianghong, and Y. Wei, "Design of new intelligent street light control system," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Contr. Autom., 2010, pp. 1423–1427.
[2] C. Ozcelebi and J. Lukkien, "Exploring user-centered intelligent road lighting design: A road map and future research directions," IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 57, pp. 788–793, May 2011.
[3] C. Chun, C. Hung, L. Kun, C. Kuan, and Y. Chun, "A digitally wireless dimmable lighting system for two-area fluorescent lamps," in Proc. IEEE Region 10 Conf., 2010, pp. 2173–2178.
[4] L. Chushan, W. Jiande, and H. Xiangning, "Realization of a general LED lighting system based on a novel power line communication tech-nology," in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Exposit., 2010, pp. 2300–2304

[5] P. Elejoste et al., "An easy to deploy street light control system based on wireless communication and LED technology," Sensors (Basel), vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 6492–6523, May 2013.

Abstract: This paper proposes a design of multiband Double I-shape slot microstrip patch antenna with dumbbell shape DGS (Defected Ground Structure). The antenna structure comprises double I-shape slotted antenna with Dumbbell shape DGS for wireless applications. The antenna is designed by using FR-4 epoxy (Fire Retardent-4) as a substrate and obtained the multiband results at 2.45 GHz, 3.58 GHz and 5.50 GHz. This antenna structure is further modified by incorporating parasitic elements parallel at the radiating edge of patch. This modified antenna is resonated at four frequencies at 2.45 GHz, 3.60 GHz, 4.68 GHz and 5.50 GHz respectively and analyzed for the antenna parameter like VSWR, antenna gain, bandwidth and radiation pattern. HFSS simulation software has been used for designing and simulation of the proposed antenna. HFSS software is used for simulating microwave passive components..

Keywords: DGS, microstrip patch antenna, HFSS

[1] Ajay Nagpal, A. Marwaha, "Multiband E-shaped fractal microstrip patch antenna with DGS for wireless applications,"2013 5th international conference on computational intelligence and communication networks, 2013.
[2] Jigar M. Patel1, Shobhit K. Patel 2, Falgun N. Thakkar, "Design of S shaped multiband microstrip patch antenna".
[3] Norsuzlin Mohd Sahar, Mohammad Tariqul Islam "A Reconfigurable multiband antenna for WLAN and WImax applications" 2014 International Conference on Computer, Communication And Control Tecchnology, Kedah Malaysia.
[4] Bayatmaku Nima, Lotfi Parisa, Azarmanesh Mohamadnaghi 2011, "Design of simple multiband patch antenna for mobile communication and Applications using new E-shape fractral" IEEE Antenna and wireless propogation Letters,Vol.10, pp 873-875.
[5] S.C. Basaran,U.Olgun, and K.Sertel, "Multiband Monopole Antenna with complementary split ring resonators for WLAN and Wimax" Electronics Letter, Vol. 49 (10), pp.636-638 2013..

Abstract: In the past couple of years, there is growing interest in passive UHF RFID technology. Activity recognition plays an important role in many applications. One of such applications is care of old people that are supported by activity recognition systems. In this paper a wearable radio frequency identification (RFID) system using passive tags which are smaller and more cost-effective to recognize human activities in real-time scenario are used. Backed up by a step-down transformer for power supply to the circuit, the tilt and fall detection sensors, walking and running activities can be traced out in this project. These RFID tags are arranged at the room premises and when a person enters a specific room, it alerts by special commands. We exploit RFID radio patterns using passive RFID tags to check the person's position and his presence in a particular location.

Keywords: Activity recognition, Wearable RFID, ARM7 TDMI.

[1]. Chi-Lun MAK, "Passive UHF RFID Tag Designs for Automatic Vehicle Identification", SMIEEE, pp. 61-63, 2017.
[2]. Aurelian Moraru, Elena Helerea,, Corneliu Ursachi, Marius Daniel Călin, Kromatic SRL Prejmer, "RFID System with Passive RFID Tags for Textiles", THE 10th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TOPICS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, pp. 410-415, 2017.
[3]. Yeh-Cheng Chen, Hung-Min Sun, Ruey-Shun Chen, "Design and implementation of wearable RFID tag for real-time ubiquitous medical care", IEEE transactions on Biowireless, pp. 25-27, 2014.
[4]. Saisai Wen, Hadi Heidari, Anastasios Vilouras, and Ravinder Dahiya, "A Wearable Fabric-Based RFID Skin Temperature Monitoring Patch", IEEE transactions, 2014
[5]. Liang Wang, Tao Gu, Xianping Tao, Member,Jian Lu, "Toward A Wearable RFID System for Real-time Activity Recognition using Radio Patterns", IEEE Transactions, 2007.

Abstract: Motivated by the key technology Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and an effective approach of Artificial Intelligence (AI), this paper aims at the design of an SIW based power divider for low return loss using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A 15GHz SIW based power divider is presented, and parameters are optimized using error back-propagation in ANN. Results achieved shows how one can take help of ANN to make the design more efficient and faster by reducing the number of simulation, As we know that simulation time is a major issue in SIW components. In this paper, presented SIW based power divider is designed using T-junction configuration possess return loss of -31.72 dB and output power equality achieved is 3.39 dB and 3.40 dB at port 2 and 3 respectively at the designed frequency.

Keywords: artificial neural network (ANN),error back-propagation,power divider, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)

[1]. K. Wu, D. Deslandes, and Y. Cassivi, The substrate integrated circuits- A new concept for high-frequency electronics and optoelectronics, in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Telecommun. Modern Sat., Cable Broadcasting Service (TELSIKS), 2003, pp. PIII-PX.
[2]. Kumar A, S Raghavan,A Review: Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas and Arrays. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC).Aug 1, 8(5), 2016,95-104,
[3]. H. Li, W. Hong, T. J. Cui, et al, Propagation characteristics of substrate integrated waveguides: numerical simulations and
[4]. experimental results, IEEE MTT-S Microwave Symposium Digest, Philadelphia, USA, 3, 2003,2049-2052,.
[5]. https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/substrate-integrated-waveguide

Abstract: Privacy protection is the primary concern when RFID applications are deployed in our daily lives. Due to passive tags that are computationally weak, the non-encryption-based singulation protocols have been recently developed, in which wireless jamming is used. However, the existing private tag access protocols without sharing secrets depends on impractical assumptions hence difficult to deploy. To tackle this issue we redesign RFID architecture by dividing RFID reader into an RF activator and Trusted Shield Device (TSD). Then we proposed new coding scheme namely Random Flipping Random Jamming (RFRJ), to protect the tags contents. Analysis and simulation results validate our distributed architecture with the RFRJ coding scheme, which protects tag's privacy against various adversaries like encoding collision, random guessing attack, correlation attack, eavesdropping, and ghost and leech attack..

Keywords: Bit Encoding, Coding, Jamming, Privacy protection, RFID security, Secret communication

[1] K. Sakai, W.-S. Ku, R. Zimmermann, and M.-T. Sun, "Dynamic bit encoding for privacy protection against correlation attacks in RFID backward channel," IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 62, no. 1,pp. 112–123, Jan. 2013.
[2] L. Sang and A. Arora, "A shared-secret free security infrastructure for wireless networks," ACM Trans. Auton. Adaptive Syst., vol. 7,no. 2, pp. 23:1–23:21, 2012.
[3] M. Jain, J. L. Choi, T. M. Kim, D. Bharadia, S. Seth, K. Srinivasan, P. Levis, S. Katti, and P. Sinha, "Practical, real-time, full duplex wireless," in Proc. 17th Annu. Int. Conf. Mobile Comput. Netw., 2011,pp. 301–312.
[4] L. Sang, "Designing physical primitives for secure communication in wireless sensor networks," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2010.
[5] D. D. Donno, F. Ricciato, L. Catarinucci, A. Coluccia, and L. Tarricone, "Challenge: Towards distributed RFID sensing with software-defined radio," in Proc. 16th Annu. Int. Conf. Mobile Comput. Netw., 2010, pp. 97–104.

Abstract: This paper shows and analyses the performance and evaluation based on carrier frequency offset (CFO) and different channel capacity. The proposed system includes the timing jitters to analysis the error rate. The bit error rate (BER) execution of the multi-carrier code-division multiple access frameworks with theAdditive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) channel and multi-way Rayleigh fading channel with different frequency offsets have been analysed. The sub-carriers considered are 16, 32, 64,128 QAM.The results based on CFO suggest that increasing N has decreasing error rate and the constellation points appear noisy.The performance of the multi-carrier transmission modulation scheme that uses multi-carrier transmission with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) have been analysed with the BER ratio. The results also indicate the same.

Keywords: BER, OFDM, AWGN, Rayleigh Channel, CFO

[1]. Frederiksen FB, Prasad R. An overview of OFDM and related techniques towards development of future wireless multimedia communications. InRadio and Wireless Conference, 2002. RAWCON 2002. IEEE 2002 (pp. 19-22). IEEE.
[2]. Bingham JA. Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: An idea whose time has come. IEEE Communications magazine. 1990 May;28(5):5-14.
[3]. Wang Z, Ma X, Giannakis GB. OFDM or single-carrier block transmissions?. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 2004 Mar;52(3):380-94.
[4]. Trivedi S, Raeen MS, Pawar SS. BER analysis of MIMO-OFDM system using BPSK modulation scheme. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research. 2012; 2(5):219-26.
[5]. Xia P, Giannakis GB. Design and analysis of transmit-beamforming based on limited-rate feedback. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 2006 May;54(5):1853-63..

Abstract: Research efforts to collect RF energy in the environment have gained momentum since the late 1990s. The RF harvesting is the process in which the RF power that is widespread in the environment or that radiates a specific source, is grounded by a receiving antenna with suitable circuits, and turned into a DC power. In this letter, design of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna is introduced for RF energy harvesting applications is aimed. Firstly a microstirp design is achieved in 3D simulator environment and then by adding a reflector to the design the performance of the design had been enhanced. The simulated and experimental results of the proposed antenna design is compared and the results suggested that the proposed design is suitable for RF harvesting applications...

Keywords: RF energy harvesting, Antenna Design Dual band, GSM band, ISM band

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broadband rectenna arrays‟, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., MTT-52, (3), pp. 1014–1024, 2004.
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[5] Mahouti P., Güneş F., Belen M.A., Çalişkan A., Demirel S., "Design and Realization of Dual Band Microstrip Monopole Antenna",
21st International Conference on Microwave, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON), Krakow, Polland, 9-11 May 2016

Abstract: In this paper, we present Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)s to be used as reflectors to enhance performances of microstrip dipole antennas throughout their operation bandwidth. Firstly it should be noted that Finite-Integration- based code (CST Microwave Studio) is used for all the modelling, analyses and simulations on FR4(ɛr= 4.4, loss tangent =0.0035). Thus, as a first stage, a broad band microstrip dipole antenna is designed operating between 4GHz-10GHz. In the second stage, the performances of this dipole antenna are investigated using the various FSSs as reflector planes. Finally, the Minkowski unit is found as the most appropriate FSS cell element to enhance significantly in the gain performance of the dipole antenna that is optimized to arise the gain up to 3~4 dB while return loss remains approximately as the same.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Band Gap, FSS, Microstrip Dipole, Reflector

[1]. Chen, H-Y., TAO. Y. Performance improvement of a U-slot patch antenna using a dual-band frequency selective surface with
modified Jerusalem Cross elements. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2011, vol. 59, no. 9, p. 3482–3486. DOI:
10.1109/TAP.2011.2161440
[2]. Vaidya, A. R., Gupta, R. K., Mishra, S. K., Mukherjee, J. Efficient, high gain with low side lobe level antenna structures using
parasitic patches on multilayer superstrate. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2012, vol. 54, no. 6, p. 1488–1493.DOI:
10.1002/mop.26818
[3]. Güneş F., Sharipov Z., Belen M.A., Mahouti P., "GSM Filtering of Horn Antennas using modified double square frequency
selective surface", International Journal of RF And Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol.27, pp.1-8, 2017
[4]. Belen M.A., Mahouti P., Çalişkan A., Belen A., "Modeling and Realization of Cavity-Backed Dual Band SIW Antenna", Applied
Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol.32, pp.974-978, 2017
[5]. Mahouti P., Güneş F., Belen M.A., Çalişkan A., Demirel S., Sharipov Z., "Horn antennas with enhanced functionalities through the
use of frequency selective surfaces", International Journal Of RF And Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol.26, pp.287-
293, 2016

Abstract: Albania is in last steps of full digitization of audiovisual transmission as an obligation derive from ITU Agreement GE-06 "On the planning of terrestrial digital broadcasting service in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz and 470-863 MHz". Digital switchover should be carried out without spoiling the existing structure of the Albania media market which was composed by a considerable numbers of broadcasters. On the other hand, in a study carried out for the EBU Technical Committee it is considered that in the future all TV programmers will be in HD quality and that a minimum of 20 to 25 HDTV programmers will need to be provided on the terrestrial platform in order to make it attractive for the viewers. The GE06 digital broadcasting plan allows for implementation of HDTV services, i.e. using DVB-T. In 2009 the DVB consortium issued specific conditions for the.............

Keywords: HDTV programmers, GE-06 Plan, DVB-T2, MPEG4, spectrum

[1] EBU BPN 005 - Terrestrial Digital Television: Planning and Implementation Considerations; Third issue, Summer 2001

[2] EBU Tech 3299: High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production; December 2004

[3] EBU Tech 3307: Service Requirements for Free-to-Air High Definition Television Receivers, EBU, June 2005

[4] EBU Tech 3312: Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe; The data rate capacity needed (and available) for HDTV; February 2006

[5] EBU Tech 3328: Current Status of HDTV Delivery Technology; May 2008

Abstract:For Multiple or Extended/Distributed targets such as background reflectors, the range sidelobes mask and corrupt observations of weak signals occurring near areas of strong returns. Therefore, sidelobe suppression is extremely important in precisely determining the echo scattering region. The notion of polysemantic radar, which gave improved performance through coincidence detection, is analyzed for high resolution radar system in presence of high density additive noise and Doppler shift. These sequences are optimized by employing Hamming backtrack algorithm (HBT). The detection capability of poly-semantic sequences is further improved through coincidence detection of the return signal. A simulation procedure has been developed to accurately describe the signal returns from distributed targets, with pulse compression waveform coding.

Keywords: Sidelobe suppression, Extended/Distributed target, Range Resolution

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