iosr-JECE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2018

Abstract: In this paper, the design and performance analysis of millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communication has been proposed. In this proposed antenna design, the substrate of the material FR4 having dielectric contact 4.4 have been used. The ground, patch and feedline are of copper material. The performance of proposed antenna is analyzed by introducing rectangular DGS of various dimensions. The proposed antenna design has been fed by micro strip feedline. The performance of antenna has been analyzed in terms of return loss (dB), impedance bandwidth (GHz), directivity (dBi), gain (dB), VSWR. The proposed antenna design resonates at 29 GHz frequency with minimum return loss of -20.227 dB, realized gain of -2.553 dB and directivity of 3.025dBi for a DGS at ground plane of 0.61mm X 2.2 mm dimension. The proposed antenna has been designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2017.

Keywords: CST Microwave Studio 2017; directivity; dB; dBi; FR 4; gain; GHz; MHz; VSWR; DGS, MIMO; millimeter wave; spectrum, efficiency.

[1]. ErMdMamunur Rashid, Asst prof., Saddam Hussain, Dept of E&T Engg, The People's University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, IJSRET, ISSN 2278-0882, Volume 3, Issue 8, No 2014.
[2]. T S Rappaport, Shusun, RimmaMayzus, Hang Zhao, YaunAzar, Kevin Wang, "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication for 5G Cellular: It will work!", May 10, 2013, IEEE Access.
[3]. DevashreeMarotkar, Prasannazade, VivekKapur, "To Study the Effect of DGS on Antenna Parameters", International Journal of Industrial Electronics & Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982, Vol 3, Issue 7, July 2015.
[4]. Shrawan Kumar Patel,(Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ITGGV Bilaspur CG, India) , "Improvement of Efficiency Parameter of a Microstrip Patch Antenna operating at 2.4 GHz for WLAN",IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. PP 01-06.
[5]. Prof. Girish Kumar, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, "Antennas", NPTEL Lectures..

Abstract: This article describes the design of a band rejection characteristics using fork shaped patch antenna for Ultra-wide-band (UWB) applications. Two bands WiMAX (3.3-3.7 GHz) and C-band satellite communications (3.7-4.2 GHz) is filtered out by inserting two asymmetrical L-shaped in each arm of the tuning fork shaped patch. The 50 ohm Microstrip feed-line is used to excite the antenna. The Ansoft's HFSS V.13.0 electromagnetic suite is used to simulate the suggested antenna using low cost glass epoxy FR-4 substrate having relative permittivity 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02. The suggested antenna shows gain at satisfactory level with omnidirectional radiation characteristics over the entire UWB band.

Keywords: band notch characteristics; monopole antenna; tuning fork shape; printed monopole antenna; Ultra-wide-band (UWB).

[1] FCC, Ultra-Wideband Operation FCC Report and Order, Tech.Rep. US47 CFR Part 15, 2002.
[2] Werner Wiesbeck, Grzegorz Adamiuk , and Christian Sturm,"Basic Properties and Design Principles of UWB Antennas", Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 372–385, Vol. 97, No. 2, February 2009.
[3] Sanjeev Kumar Mishra, Rajiv Kumar Gupta, Avinash Vaidya, and Jayanta Mukherjee,"A Compact Dual-Band Fork-Shaped Monopole Antenna for Bluetooth and UWB Applications", IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett.,pp.627-630, Vol. 10, 2011.
[4] Ali Foudazi, Hamid Reza Hassani, and Sajad Mohammad ali nezhad,"Small UWB Planar Monopole Antenna With Added GPS/GSM/WLAN Bands", IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag., pp. 2987–2992, Vol. 60, No. 6, June 2012.
[5] Yuan-Fu Liu, Peng Wang and Hao Qin,"Compact ACS-fed UWB antenna for diversity applications", Electron. Lett., pp. 1336–1338, Vol. 50, no. 19, 2014.

Abstract: This project was designed to assess the extent to which some factors affect transmission and reception of mobile cellular telephone signals in Adamawa State. To carry out the study, four research questions and one hypothesis were formulated, all derived from the literature review. The research question ascertain to what extent does mode of propagation, weather, topography, cellular site obstruct transmission and reception of mobile cellular telephone signals in Adamawa State. Questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from a total population of 40 Engineers/Technicians of Globacom, MTN and Vmobile who were operating in Adamawa State. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyse data collected, while analysis of variance was employed to test the hypothesis at the 0.01 level of significance..............

Keywords: Transmission, signals, propagation, weather, topography, Mobile cellular telephone

[1]. Brierley, H.G. (1986). Telecommunications Engineering. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. Bedford Square.
[2]. Cannor, F.R. (1978). Introductory Topics in Electronics and Communications. London: Edward Arnold.
[3]. Dunlop, J. And Smith, D.G. (1998). Telecommunication Engineering. United Kingdom: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd.
[4]. Fink, D.C. (1986). Electronic Engineers Handbook. Singapore McGraw-Hill book Company.
[5]. Green, D.C. (1985). Radio System for Technicians Milborne: Pitman Publishing Pty Ltd.

Abstract: In this paper the reflection characteristics of photonic crystal is observed. Under certain condition, one dimensional dielectric lattice displays total reflection of the incident light. The thickness of the layers, the refractive indices should be carefully chosen for better reflections. This will find application in photonic reflector mirrors. The simulation results show the reflection coefficient for different cases.The wavelengths which are blocked are said to be in photonic bandgap.The signal outside the photonic band gap are transmitted. It is possible to design photonic crystals to transmit a single frequency or to reflect a single frequency or signal with narrow bandwidth. Defects are introduced for improving the performance.

Keywords: Reflection coefficient, Transmission coefficient, Photonic Bandgap

[1] M Ozaki, Y[1]J.D.Joannopoulos,Pierre R,Villeneuve & Shanhui Fan"Photonic crystals:putting a new twist on light."
[2] "Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications "by Amnon Yariv and Pochi Yeh
[3] Joshua n. winn, yoel fink, shanhui fan and j. d. joannopoulos" Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal" october 15, 1998 / vol. 23, no. 20 / optics letters
[4] G N Pandey, Arun kumar, khem b thapa & s. p. ojha" omni-directional reflection properties of one dimensional superconductor photonic crystal icop 2009-international conference on optics and photonics csio, chandigarh, india, 30 oct.-1 nov 2009
[5] G N Pandey, Arun kumar, khem b thapa & s. p. ojha" Band structure and reflection behavior of one dimensional magnetic photonic crystal" icop 2009-international conference on optics and photonics csio, chandigarh, india, 30 oct.-1 nov 2009.

Abstract: Multiplications are very expensive process and slow the overall operation. The performance of many computational problems is often dominated by the speed at which a multiplication operation can be executed. A multiplier is one of the key hardware blocks in most digital signal processing (DSP) systems. In DSP applications, multiplier plays a vital role include digital filtering, digital communication and spectral analysis.(Ayman.A et al (2001)).The aim of this paper is to present analysis of generic multipliers on the basis of timing performance. The generic architecture of all the four multipliers i.e. array, column bypass, wallace tree and booth multiplier has been analysed. Analysis of these multipliers tells that Wallace tree occupy more area but also faster than the other. The simulation and synthesis have been carried out on ISE design suite-14.9. By using this analysis different multipliers can be used for different applications in which timing performance is constraint.

Keywords: Array Multiplier, Booth Multiplier, Column Multiplier, Wallace Tree Multiplier

[1]. N.Ravi, Dr.T.S.Rao, Dr.T.J.Prasad. "Performance Evaluation of Bypassing Array Multiplier with Optimized Design", International JournalOf Computer Applications (0975-8887), Vol28 No.5, pp. 3 (2011).
[2]. Mahzad Azarmehr., "Multipliers, Algorithm And Hardware Designs", Research Center for Integrated Microsystem, 10 (2008).
[3]. Nishat Bano, "VLSI Design of low power booth multiplier", International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research Vol 3 issue 2, pp. 1-2(feb-2012) .
[4]. C.Krishnamacharya ,CH. Sravanthi, K. Avinash, K.V. Uma Maheswaar Rao.,"Design of low power 2-D Multiplier using Bypassing
[5]. Technique",International Journal of Innovative Research and Studies ISSN-2319-9725, pp.198 (May 2013).

Abstract: Mobile communication has increasingly become popular and in addition there has been an accelerated penetration of smart phones which has led to a significant increase in the use of mobile data services. Network congestion control remains important and of high priority, especially given the growing size, demand, and speed of cellular networks. Recent research in this area has come up with Capacity and Coverage Optimization techniques based on Self Organizing Networks (SONs). A major issue tackled by SONs is the irregular and frequently changing distribution of cellular subscribers both in time and area. In order to cope with such a trend in a cost-effective manner, operators of mature networks, such as the second generation (2G), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), use traffic management techniques instead of adding.............

Keywords: Capacity, Common Pilot Channel (CPICH), Fuzzy Logic, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA);

[1] . C. Johnson, "Radio Access Networks For UMTS; Principles and Practice", John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[2] . H. Holma, . Toskala, "WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communication", John Wiley & Sons, 2000
[3] . M. N. Islam, R. Abou-Jaoude, C. Hartmann, A. Mitschele-Thiel, "Self Optimization of ntenna Tilt and Pilot Power for dedicated channels", Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), June 4 2010 pp.196,203, 2010.
[4] . L. Chen, D. Yuan, "CPICH power planning for optimizing HSDPA and R99 SHO performance: Mathematical modelling and solution approach", Wireless Days 2008. WD '08. 1st IFIP, pp. 1, Nov. 2008.
[5] . H. Mfula, T. Isotalo, J. Nurminen, "Self-optimization of power parameters in WCDMA networks", High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS) 2015 International Conference on, pp. 80-87, 2015.

Abstract:The paper presents a method for the effective selection of the skeleton of local objects in complex images with the use of cellular automata. The method allows to sequentially selecting local objects as well as their skeletons in the visual scene. Selecting the skeletons of the object carried out by means of a special organization of Cellular Automaton(CA) on which the image is recorded. Image description based on its skeleton is carried out by the algorithm describing the skeletonization, which makes it possible to restore the original image without loss. Schemes and VHDL-model cells of the main and additional layers of cellular automata are designed........

Keywords: Image, cellular automata, skeleton selection of objects.

[1] . ImageandVideoCompressionStandardsAlgorithmsandArchitectures, SecondEditionbyVasudevBhaskaran. BostonHardbound:
KluwerAcademicPublishers, 472 pJPEG digitalcompressionandcodingofcontinuous-tonestillimages. ISO 10918.1991
[2] . Belan S. &Belan N. (2012) Use of Cellular Automata to Create an Artificial System of Image Classification and
Recognition.Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg, ACRI2012, LNCS 7495, 483-493.
[3] . .Belan, S., 2011. Specialized cellular structures for image contour analysis. Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, 47(5), 695–704.
[4] . William K. Pratt. Digital image processing. Third edition. PixelSoft. Inc. Los Altos, California. 2001. P. 738.
[5] . Strehl A., Ghosh J. Clusteringensembles - a knowledgereuseframeworkforcombiningmultiplepartitions //
TheJournalofMachineLearningResearch, 2002. V.3. P.583-617.

Abstract: Articulate steer Robot (ASR) is a mobile robot whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech is received by a microphone and processed by the voice module. When a command for the robot is recognized, then voice module sends a command message to the robot's microcontroller. The microcontroller analyzes the message and takes appropriate actions. The objective is to design a walking robot which is controlled by servo motors. When any commands are given on the transmitter, the EasyVR module will take the voice commands and convert the voice commands into digital signals. Then these digital signals are transmitted via ZIGBEE module to the robot........

Keywords: Arduino, ATmega 2560, EadyVR, S

[1]. B.K.Shim K.W.kang W.S. Lee J.B.Won S.H. Han "An Intelligent Control Of Mobile Robot based on Voice Command <em>Proc. Of 2012 12th International Conference on Control Automation and Systems </em>pp.1878-1881 2012
[2]. C.Y.Liu T.H. .Hung K.C.Cheng T.H.S.Li "HMM and BPNN Based Speech Recognition System for Home Service Robot"<em> Advanced Robotics and Intelligent System(ARIS)2013 International Conference on</em>pp.38-43 2013

Abstract: For Quality of Experience (QOE) to users in wireless systems the Co-Channel interference (CCI) is most hampering factor. Hence we explored the technique called radio co-ordination (RC) to control CCI. The computing technique of RC is clustering. Clustering explains which subnet of radio node to be jointly coordinated. Current results of RC include one cluster which consists all radio nodes for coordinated power control we present further dynamic clustering. The ruling interference relation between radio nodes is captured by the Radio coordination graph (RCG). For solving the clustering problems we put forward RCG. We assess their impact on RC complexity and session QOE by simulation. We use the in-house power control algorithm and CBR traffic to reduce RC complexity and to improve QOE.

Keywords: CCI, RC, RRM, RAN, QOE, SDN, RCG, CBR, RCF, ILF.

[1] M. Baker, "From LTE-Advanced to the Future," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 50, no. 2, Feb. 2012, pp. 116-20.
[2] H. Lee, S. Vahid, and K. Moessner, "A Survey of Radio Resource Management for Spectrum Aggregation in LTE-Advanced,"
IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 2, Jan. 2014, pp. 745–60.
[3] H. Sun, X. Zhang, and W. Fang, "Dynamic Cell Clustering Design for Realistic Coordinated Multipoint Downlink
Transmission," Proc. IEEE PMIRC, 2011, pp. 1331–35.
[4] J.-M. Moon and D.-H. Cho, "Formation of Cooperative Cluster for Coordinated Transmission in Multi-Cell Wireless Networks,"
Proc. IEEE CCNC, 2013.
[5] B. Golkar and E. Sousa, "Adaptive Partitioned Interference Management in Cellular Networks," Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, 2012,
pp.4261–66.

Abstract: Albania is in last steps of full digitization of audiovisual transmission as an obligation derive from ITU Agreement GE-06 "On the planning of terrestrial digital broadcasting service in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz and 470-863 MHz". Digital switchover should be carried out without spoiling the existing structure of the Albania media market which was composed by a considerable numbers of broadcasters. On the other hand, in a study carried out for the EBU Technical Committee it is considered that in the future all TV programmers will be in HD quality and that a minimum of 20 to 25 HDTV programmers will need to be provided on the terrestrial platform in order to make it attractive for the viewers. The GE06 digital broadcasting plan allows for implementation of HDTV services, i.e. using DVB-T...............

Keywords: HDTV programmers, GE-06 Plan, DVB-T2, MPEG4, spectrum

[1] EBU BPN 005 - Terrestrial Digital Television: Planning and Implementation Considerations; Third issue, Summer 2001

[2] EBU Tech 3299: High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production; December 2004

[3] EBU Tech 3307: Service Requirements for Free-to-Air High Definition Television Receivers, EBU, June 2005

[4] EBU Tech 3312: Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe; The data rate capacity needed (and available) for HDTV; February 2006

[5] EBU Tech 3328: Current Status of HDTV Delivery Technology; May 2008

[6] Resolutions of the First Session of the RRC for planning of the digital terrestrial broadcasting service in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 and 470-862 MHz, Geneva, 10-28 May 2004

Abstract: Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content. Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives. These materials are the foundation of modern day electronics such as radio, computers and mobile phones. Semiconductor material is used in the manufacturing of electrical components and used in electronic devices such as transistors and diodes. They can be classified into mainly two categories known as intrinsic semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors. The current paper highlights the usage of semi-conductors

Keywords: Semiconductor, Material, Electrical

[1]. Agrawal, G.P. (2011). Nonlinear fiber optics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
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[5]. Brackett, C. A. (2010). Dense wavelength division multiplexing networks: principles and applications. IEEE Journal Selected Areas Communication 8: 948–964

Abstract: Image resizing is a need of today's world. Image resizing is required in various applications, such as transmission, storage, retrieval, and display of digital images. In this paper I went through new techniques of image resizing. During this survey it is found that image resizing in DCT domain is more efficient than the existing techniques in spatial domain due to various reasons as discussed in the subsequent part of the work. One of the techniques is implemented in MATLAB and results are shown. A comparison in terms of computational complexity is made on the basis of literature survey with one of the most popular technique in spatial domain and result is shown.

[1]. Young Seo Park and Hyun Wook Park, Arbitrary- Ratio Image Resizing Using Fast DCT of Composite Length for DCT-Based Transcoder, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 15, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2006
[2]. J. Mukherjee and S. K. Mitra, "Image resizing in the compressed domain using sub-band DCT," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 12,no. 7, pp. 620–627, Jul. 2002.
[3]. Sung-Hwan Jung, Sanjit K. Mitra,Subband DCT: Definition, Analysis, and Applications, IEEETRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 3, JUNE 1996
[4]. Jayanta Mukherjee and Sanjit K. Mitra,Image Resizing in the Compressed Domain Using Subband DCT, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY 2002
[5]. H. W. Park, Y. S. Park, and S. K. Oh, "L/M-fold image resizing inblock-DCT domain using symmetric convolution," in IEEE Trans.Image Process., vol. 12, Sep. 2003, pp. 1016–1034.