iosr-JECE   Volume-14 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2019

Abstract: This paper employs multi-valued logic in the reliability analysis of a multi-state system. The paper expresses each instance of the multi-valued output of the system as an explicit function of the multi-valued inputs of the system. The various expressions are then compiled in a Multi-Valued Karnaugh Map (MVKM) which serves as the natural map for a multi-state system. The paper demonstrates its proposed technique in terms of a standard commodity-supply system, and obtains numerical results that exactly agree with those obtained by earlier methods. As a bonus, the paper utilizes the MVKM representation of the solved coherent multi-state system to illustrate its features of causality, monotonicity and relevancy.

Index Terms - Multi-State system,Reliability analysis, Multi-valued logic, k-out-of-n system, Multi-valued Karnaugh map.

[1]. Tian, Z., Zuo, M. J., & Yam, R. C. (2008). Multi-state k-out-of-n systems and their performance evaluation. IIE Transactions, 41(1), 32-44.
[2]. Mo, Y., Xing , L., Amari, S. V., and Dugan, J. B., Efficient analysis of multi-state k-out-of-n system, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 133: 95-105, (2015).
[3]. Rushdi, A. M. , Al-Amoudi M. A. (2019), Switching-algebraic analysis of multi-state system reliability, Journal of Engineering Research and Reports. [4]. Karnaugh, M. (1953). The map method for synthesis of combinational logic circuits. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics, 72(5), 593-599.
[5]. Dean, K. J. An extension of the use of Karnaugh maps in the minimization of logical functions. Radio and Electronic Engineer, 1968; 35(5), 294-296..

Abstract:Motion detectors play a vital role in our daily lives, a very common example is an automatic door which opens when an individual approaches it and closes after the individual has passed through. They are also used in the control of lighting systems; the light is switched on when the sensor detects motion and switched off when no motion is detected. In this article an ultrasonic sensor was interfaced with a PIC microcontroller and a buzzer which makes a beeping sound when an intruder is detected. An ultrasonic sensor was chosen because the range of detection can be distinctively set with aid of the microcontroller and any object outside a specific rage will not be detected. An ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) was used and it has a maximum range of about 4 m.

Index Terms - Ultrasonic, Motion detector, microcontroller.

[1]. Aladin Carovac, Fahrudin Smajlovic and Dzelaludin Junuzovic, Application of Ultrasound in Medicine, Journal of Academy of
medical sciences of Bosnia Herzegovina , 19, 2011, 168-171.
[2]. Stefan B. Williams, Paul Newman, Julio Rosenblatt, Gamini Dissanayake and Hugh Durrant-Whyte, Autonomous Underwater
Navigation and Control, Robotica, 19( 5), 2001, 481-496

[3]. S. Jeneeth Subashini, Implementation, working and results of circuit detection of intruders movement using ultrasonic sensors,
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technolog Research, 2(3), 2014, 520-526.
[4]. Abhay Pratap Singh, A Review on Ultrasonic Radar Sensor for Security system, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative
Research, 3( 4),2016, 137-139.
[5]. David Caicedo and Ashish Pandharipande, Ultrasonic array for indoor presence detection, 20th European Signal Processing
Conference, 175-179, 2012.

Abstract: A binomial array of 3-elements rectangular microstrip patch antennas has been designed and simulated at 2.4 GHz using HFSS (high frequency structure simulator) software for the side lobes reduction and gain improvement. This array of 3-elements is also designed to reduce the size of the array by a pair of inner elements of a binomial array of 4-elements of rectangular microstrip patch antennas is replaced by a single element. This array is a non-uniform array because the currents in these 3-elements of the array are not equal. The microstrip feed lines are designed for the non-uniform amplitude excitations. The simulated results are compared with published results in reputed journals. The simulated result of side lobe is -7.57 dB which is negligible. The beam width of the main..........

Index Terms - Binomial array, Microstrip antenna, HFSS, Sidelobe reduction, Non-uniform array, Radiation pattern.

[1]. C.A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design", New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2005.
[2]. J.D. Kraus, "Antennas", Singapore: McGraw Hill; 1988.
[3]. A.R. Harish, M.Sachidananda, "Antenna and Wave Propagation", Oxford University Press; 2007.
[4]. N.A.Wahab, "Microstrip rectangular 4x1 patch array antenna at 2.5 GHz for wimax application", IEEE Computer Society, pp. 164-168, 2010.
[5]. S.H.Yahya Khraisat, "Design of 4-elements rectangular microstrip patch antenna with high gain for 2.4 GHz applications", Modern Applied Science, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012.

Abstract: This article focuses on the simulation of four-channel DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system with the spacing of 4 nm and the speed of 10 Gbps. It underlines the error rate BER (Bit Error Rate) which changes with the input power of fibre amplifier EDFA (Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier) for the respective channel of DWDM. Nowadays while designing the DWDM it cannot be done without software tools simulating a real network to avoid possible mistakes which could occur before the actual construction of communication systems. Simulation solves the creation of DWDM from 1554 to 1566 nm with the best error rate for the respective channel using single-mode optical fibre 40 km long with measurable attenuation constant according to ITU-T G-652.D.

[1]. G.Deshmukh, S. Jagtap , "Four Wave Mixing in DWDM Optical System", International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, vol, 03, no. 6, 2013, pp.07-11.
[2]. T. Huszaník, Ľ. Ovseník, J. Turán, "Performance Analysis of Optical Modulation Formats for 10 Gbit/s DWDM System", Carpathian Journal of Electronic and Computer Engineering, vol. 10, no. 2, 2017, pp. 3-8.
[3]. Ľ. Mikuš, "Evaluations of the error rate in backbone networks", Elektrorevue, vol. 12, no. 2, 2010, pp. 1-6.
[4]. P. Ivaniga, L. Mikúš, "MeasuringofBlockErrorRates in High-SpeedDigitalNetworks", Advances in Electrical and ElectronicEngineering, vol. 5, 2011, pp. 35-36.
[5]. I. Rasheed, M. Abdullah, S. Mehmood, M. Chaudhary , "Analyzing the non-linear effects at various power levels and channel counts on the performance of DWDM based optical fiber communication system", Emerging Technologies (ICET), 2012 International Conference, 2012, pp. 1-9, doi: 10.1109/ICET.2012.6375446.

Abstract: Pipelining is a design implementation concept, where elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel (or) in time-segmented fashion with pipeline registers used as buffer storage. In this work, 3 stage pipelined architecture with 32-bit MIPS RISC processor is used to optimize the design throughput. The high performance features compromise the trade-off between power and speed requirement. In this paper, the possible hazards, and issues with remedies are discussed. In comparative study, different device parameters are compared especially, Power is very much minimized and speed is enhanced when compared to its counterparts. The simulation is carried out with Xilinx 14.3 ISE suite with Verilog HDL coding. MATLAB tool is employed to represent the relationship of various parameters involved in it.

Keywords: MIPS RISC Processor, Verilog HDL coding, MATLAB tool, Xilinx.

[1]. Rashidah F Olanrewaju, Fawwaz E Fajingbesu, Junaid SB, Farhat Anwar, Bisma Rasool Pampori. Design and Implementation of a 5-stage pipelining architecture simulator for RISC-16 instruction set. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2017; 10(3).
[2]. Raja Krishnamoorthy, Sarvanan S. A novel flip-flop based error free, area efficient and low power pipeline architecture for finite impulse recursive system. Cluster Computing: Springer. 2018
[3]. Zulkifli M, Yudhanto YP, Soetharyo NA, Adiono T. Reduced Stall MIPS architecture using pre-fetching accelerator. International conference on Electiral engineering and Informatics. 2009
[4]. Saranya Krishnamurthy, Ramani Kannan, Emran Azwan Yahya, Kishore Bingi. Design of FIR Filter using Novel Pipelined Bypass Multiplier. Third International Symposium on Robotics and Manufacturing Automation(ROMA): IEEE.2017
[5]. Trivedi P, Tripathi RP. Design & analysis of 16 bit RISC processor using low power pipelining. International conference on Computing, Communication & Automation (ICCCA): IEEE. 2015; 1294-1297...

Abstract: Limiting the sensor node's energy consumption has continually been the point of concern in Wireless Sensor networks (WSN). Major portion of node's battery energy is taken away in communicating the sensed data from sensor nodes to Base Station owing, to large distances between nodes and Base Station. Recently the technique of clustering the sensor nodes into different groups have been proved to be an important factor for minimizing energy dissipation and extending the lifetime of WSNs. Selecting the most appropriate Cluster Heads(CH), in a more practical node distribution assumptions such as, non-uniform and non-circular node pattern with minimum or no node overlapping is of vital importance in improving routing efficiencies to maximize network lifetime and throughput...........

Keywords: Clustering; Energy Optimal; Non-Uniform; Heterogeneous; Wireless Sensor Networks

[1]. Akylidiz, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam, Cayrici E (2002) A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magzine, Volume: 40 Issue: 8, August 2002, pp.102-114.
[2]. Holger Karl, Andreas Wiling Hasso (2005) Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor network. Copyright 2005 Jhon Wiley and sons Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-09510-5.
[3]. Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati (2006) Wireless Sensor Networks Technology, Protocols & Applications. A Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc., Publications. ISBN:978-0-471-74300-2. Doi:10.1002/047011276X.
[4]. Chiara Buratti, Andrea Conti, Davide Dardari, and Roberto Verdone (2009) An Overview on Wireless Sensor Networks Technology and Evolution. Sensors, 6869-6896. doi:10.3390/s90906869.
[5]. Ameer Ahmed Abbasi A, Mohamed Younis (2007) A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. Elsevier Computer Communications 30 2826–2841. doi:10.1016/j.ComCom2007.05.024..

Abstract: Evaluation of surface quality is an essential aspect in part assembly and functioning performance. In this research the development of quality inspection system for paper mill finishing lines is presented. The system detects contaminants, adhering paper particles, folded paper defects, and misalignment) of stacks of paper. The construction of Opto-scan system and its working for paper quality control is presented. Experimental investigations reveal that the system can be used to control the quality of high priced and normal papers. Even small colour difference or small roughness variation, contaminants in the papers and their surface can be detected by the use of developed Machine vision and hue threshold method. The system can help to increase the productivity of high quality paper in paper manufacturing industries.

[1]. A. Gunner, Surface structure analysis of paper based on Confocal Laser scanning Microscopy (CLSM) Imaging: Aiming at the prediction of Printability for wood-containing paper, SPIE Conference on three Dimensional Imaging, pp.161-169, Boston, Massachusetts, Nov. 1998.
[2]. Aronoff, C.F. Mattima, The continuing refinement of tapping and plug warp papers, Tobacco International, New York, U.S.A., 1998.
[3]. Bowling Jetley, Dominic "Applying Machining Vision to surface texture analysis" IEEE , CH3381-1, 1993.
[4]. L. Norton-Wayne "The automated inspection of moving webs using machine vision", The Institute of Electrical Engineers, IEEE, London WC2R DBL, U.K, 1995.
[5]. Hosin Lee, Application of Machine vision techniques for the evaluation of highway pavements in unstructured environments, IEEE,Vol.91, ICAR 7803, pp.1425-1991.