Abstract: Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) revolutionizes modern telecommunications, enabling rapid data transfer across long distances with minimal signal loss. This comprehensive review explores OFC's historical evolution, core principles, components, and versatile applications. It traces OFC's development into a global communication backbone and elucidates key principles like total internal reflection, modal dispersion, and attenuation governing light propagation. The paper details OFC system components such as light sources, fibers, connectors, amplifiers, and detectors. It also examines modulation formats and multiplexing techniques like AM, FM, TDM, and WDM for data transmission. Recent advancements including coherent detection, optical amplification, and fiber-optic sensing are discussed, along with their impact on future networks......
Keywords: OFC, AM, FM, TDM, WDM, FSOC, FSO, Radio frequency, MEMs, Fiber Bragg Grating, Mach-Zehnder interferometry, OPLC, Lossy mode resonance
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