iosr-JECE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: In the recent year's power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range.

Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.

[1] http://leahy.senate.gov/issues/environment/ca_stats.html, 2009.

[2] R. M. Hillowala and A. M. Sharaf, "A utility interactive wind energy conversion scheme with an asynchronous DC link using a supplementary control loop," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 558–563, Sep. 1994.

[3] M. G. Sim˜oes, B. K. Bose, and R. J. Spiegel, "Fuzzy logic based intelligent control of a variable speed cage machine wind generation system," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 87–95, Jan. 1997.

[4] K. Balasubramanian and A. Cellatoglu, "Optimal Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources in North Cyprus : A proposed Model", Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering , Dubai, Dec 2009, pp 178-183.

[5] Carstensen, J., Popkirov, G., Bahr, J. and Föll, H., " An Advanced LBIC Measurement Technique for Solar Cell Local Characterization', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cell , 76, 4 , 2003, pp 599-611.

[6] Li,D.H.W., Cheung, G.H.W. and Lam,J.C., "Analysis of The Operational Performance and Efficiency Characteristic for Photovoltaic System in Hong Kong", Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 2005, pp 1107-1118.

[7] Joe-Air Jiang, Tsong-Liang Huang, Ying-Tung Hsiao and Chia-Hong Chen, "Maximum Power Tracking for photovoltaic Power Systems", Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol 8, No 2, pp 147-153, 2005.

[8] B.Koyuncu and K.Balasubramanian, "Microprocessor Controlled Automatic Sun Tracker", IEEE Trans on Cons. Electron, Vol 37, No 4, Nov 1991, pp 913-917.

[9] K.Balasubramanian and A.Cellatoglu, "Improvements in Home Automation Strategies for Designing Apparatus for Efficient Smart Home", IEEE Trans. on Cons. Electronics, Vol 54 , No 4, Nov 2008, pp 1681-1687.

[10] A.Yasli, Investigations on the Design of Dual Renewable Energy Systems for Use in North Cyprus, MS Thesis Dissertation, European University of Lefke, North Cyprus, 2009.

Abstract: In the recent trends the field signal processing is an emerging technology for data acquisition systems, controlling application systems and automation system in real time environment. Versa Modular European (VME) and CRIO based hardware to simulate the field signals for the computer based control and instrumentation panel. Simulator is used to transmit multiple number of signals at a time. FSS software is a generic software to simulate the field signals for a computer based control and instrumentation system. Its general purpose nature easily extends its capabilities to build and perform unit under test(UUT's) ATP specific test routines. Field signal simulator (FSS)is also an Automatic Testing Equipment (ATE). The main the Scope of this project covers real time computer (RTC) systems used for Signal Processing & Control application and the simulation techniques used to achieve automation by testing these RTC systems. It also includes RTC hardware and the software used for process & control applications. Simulation hardware & software used to test VME system is also included in the scope of this study.

[1]. John AStankovic "RealTime Computing", University of Massachusett, April 16 1992

[2]. KANG G. SHIN AND PARAMESWARAN RAMANATHAN," Real-Time Computing: A New Discipline of Computer Science and Engineering" PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 82,NO. I , JANUARY 1994.

[3] ELEC 464 : MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGN 1996/97 WINTER SESSION TERM 1" The System Bus"

Abstract: Sum patterns find applications in Radar for searching and ranging of the targets. A sum pattern with low sidelobe level is a desirable feature in these applications, in order to reduce EMI problems. Sum patterns with Asymmetrical sidelobe topography are considered, in applications where only certain angular regions of pattern are required to have low sidelobe level. Asymmetrical pattern characteristics can have lower beam widths for given design specifications as compared to symmetrical patterns. In view of this, a conventional method of synthesis is carried out in this paper, to produce asymmetrical sidelobe level patterns using discrete arrays. The effect of beam scanning on the pattern behavior is also analyzed for the above synthesized patterns.

Keywords: sum pattern, asymmetrical sidelobe level, beam width, complex excitation weights, and discrete array.

[1] Richard F. Hyneman, "A Technique for the Synthesis of Line-Source Antenna Patterns Having Specified Sidelobe Behavior", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol .AP.16, No. 4, pp. 430-435, July 1968.

[2] 2.R.S. ELLIOTT, "Design of Line Source Antennas for Narrow Beamwidth and Asymmetric Low Sidelobes", IEEE Transaction on antennas and propagation, pp. 100-107, January 1975. Text Books.

[3] Robert S.Elliott, "Antenna Theory and Design", published by "A Jhon Wiley & Sons, INC".

[4]. G. S. N. Raju, "Antennas and wave propagation", Pearson Education, 2005.

Abstract: This paper is based on Bangla Optical Digit Recognition (ODR) by the Edge detection technique. In this method, Bangla digit image converted into gray-scale which distributed by an M by N array form. Here input data are considered off-line printed digit's image which collected from computer generated image, scanned documents or printed text. After addressing the gray-scale image against a variable in the form of an M by N array, where the value of array pointers are shown 255 for total white space, 0 (zero) for total dark space and value between 255 and 0 for mix of white and dark space of the image. At the next process, four edgestouch points as well as each touch point's ratio use as parameters to determine each Bangla digit uniquely.

Keywords-Edge, image,gray-scale, Matrix,ODR.

[1] J-P. Caillot, Review of OCR Techniques.NR-note, BILD/08/087. [2] J. Mantas, an Overview of Character Recognition Methodologies. PatternRecognition.
[3] http://code.google.com/p/ocropus-bengali , OCRopus Method, Retrieved on March 2011.
[4] http://www.bracuniversity.net/research/crblp/students.php, OCRopus and Tesseract method, Retrieved on February 2011.

[5] Help of MATLAB file format for image

[6] M. Bokser, Omnidocument Technologies, IEEE Proceedings, special issue on OCR.

[7] Adnan Md. ShoebShatil, A thesis paper on Bangla Optical character recognition using "Kohonen Network", CSE dept. Brac University.

[8] ArijitSarkar ,AurpanMajumder , Avijit Bose, "Ann in numerals Recognition & Optimization using PSO", CTCS-2010 at Assam University, 22-24 February 2010.

[9] Md. MahbubAlam and Dr. M. AbulKashem, A Complete Bangla OCR System for Printed Characters, ISSN 2078-5828 (print), volume 01, issue 01, Manuscript code: 100707.

[10] ASM MahabubMorshed, Automatic Sorting of mails by recognizing handwritten postal codes using neural network architectures.

Abstract: We investigated the Classification of satellite images and multispectral remote sensing data .we focused on uncertainty analysis in the produced land-cover maps .we proposed an efficient technique for classifying the multispectral satellite images using Support Vector Machine (SVM) into road area, building area and green area. We carried out classification in three modules namely (a) Preprocessing using Gaussian filtering and conversion from conversion of RGB to Lab color space image (b) object segmentation using proposed Cluster repulsion based kernel Fuzzy C- Means (FCM) and (c) classification using one-to-many SVM classifier. The goal of this research is to provide the efficiency in classification of satellite images using the object-based image analysis. The proposed work is evaluated using the satellite images and the accuracy of the proposed work is compared to FCM based classification. The results showed that the proposed technique has achieved better results reaching an accuracy of 79%, 84%, 81% and 97.9% for road, tree, building and vehicle classification respectively.

Keywords:-Satellite image, FCM Clustering, Classification, SVM classifier.

[1] K Perumal and R Bhaskaran , "SVM-Based Effective Land Use Classification System For Multispectral Remote Sensing Images", (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.95-107, 2009.

[2] Jan Knorn, Andreas Rabe, Volker C. Radeloff, Tobias Kuemmerle, Jacek Kozak, Patrick Hostert, "Land cover mapping of large areas using chain classification of neighboring Landsat satellite images", Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 118, pages 957-964 , 2009.

[3] Xiaochen Zou, Daoliang Li, "Application of Image Texture Analysis to Improve Land Cover Classification", WSEAS Transactions on Computers, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 449-458, March 2009.

[4] Reda A. El-Khoribi, "Support Vector Machine Training of HMT Models for Multispectral Image Classification", IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.8, No.9, pp.224-228, September 2008. [5] B Sowmya and B Sheelarani , "Land cover classification using reformed fuzzy C-means", Sadhana, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 153–165, 2011.
[6] V.K.Panchal, Parminder Singh, Navdeep Kaur and Harish Kundra, "Biogeography based Satellite Image Classification", International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security IJCSIS, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 269-274, November 2009.
[7] Huang B, Xie C, Tay R, Wu B, 2009, "Land-use-change modeling using unbalanced support-vector machines" , Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , Vol.36, No.3, pp.398-416,2009.
[8] James A. Shine and Daniel B. Carr, "A Comparison of Classification Methods for Large Imagery Data Sets", JSM 2002 Statistics in an ERA of Technological Change-Statistical computing section, New York City, pp.3205-3207, 11-15 August 2002.

[9] D. Lu, Q. Weng, "A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance", International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 823-870, January 2007.

[10] M. Govender, K. Chetty, V. Naiken and H. Bulcock, "A comparison of satellite hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing imagery for improved classification and mapping of vegetation", Water SA, Vol. 34, No. 2, April 2008.

Abstract: The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.There are high expectations that Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is known as 3.9G wireless system will be a new service platform that can support a huge amount of mobile data traffic. This paper describes the features, technology and network architecture of LTE & also provides an overview of next generation telecommunication network LTE, which is started commercially in December 2010 in Japan (started by DOCOMO), realizing high speed wireless access. It also outlines the further trends towards a further speed increase. Keywords- Circuit Switching, GSM, HSPA, LTE, Packet Switching, WiMAX

[1] R.Nossenson, "Long-term evolution network architecture," in Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems, 2009, COMCAS 2009, IEEE International Conference, 2009

[2] Tsuguo Kato,Next-Generation Mobile Network, FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 1 , January 2012.

[3] Dieter Eberle, "LTE vs. WiMAX: 4th generation telecommunication networks", Computer Engineering B.Sc. ,Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany

[2] "Long term evolution (LTE): A technical overview", Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, IL http://business.motorola.com/experiencelte/pdf/LTE TechnicalOverview.pdf.

[4] "LTE: a global success story", © Ericsson AB 2012

[5] Ahmed Hamza, "Long Term Evolution (LTE)", Network Systems Laboratory, Simon Fraser University, Oct2009

[7] LTE Network Architecture. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_network_architecture.htm

Abstract: According to the request of advance communication field there should be high data rate in addition to both power efficiency and lower bit error rate. This request of high data rate can be achieved by the multi carrier modulation scheme using the OFDM technique. But the great drawback of the OFDM technique is its high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). High PAPR reduces OFDM signals by driving the analog amplifier to work in the nonlinear region, changing this way the signal and making the amplifier to consume more power. To reduce the PAPR methods exist which adjust or present new signals to battle large signal peaks. The methods which use data carrying channels are called active channel methods and which use redundant channel are called non active channel methods. This work deals with reduction of the PAPR of OFDM signal using both Active and Non Active Channels. Clipping technique has been applied to active channels and Tone reservation has been applied to Non Active Channels. By using both channels we can get considerable reduction in PAPR.

Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Power Amplifier (PA).

[1] R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House Publishers, Massachusetts, 2000.
[2] R. O'Neill and L. B. Lopes Envelop variation and spectral splatter in clipped multicarrier signals in Proc. IEEE PIMRc'95, vol. 1, pp. 71-75, Toronto, Canada, Sep. 1995.
[3] Mohammad Zavid Parvez Md. Abdullah Al Baki Peak To Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Reduction In OFDM Based Radio Systems Master Of Science Thesis Blekinge Institute Of Technology May 2010.
[4] A.H.M Shahparan Numerical Performance Evaluation Of PAPR Reduction In MIMO OFDM Wireless Communication Thesis Of Bachelor Of Science Department Computer Science & Telecommunication Engineering, Noakhali Science Technological University,Sonapur.Nov-2011
[5] S. Hikmet, K. Georges, and J. Jsabelle, Transmission techniques for digital terrestrial TV broadcasting IEEE Comm. Magazine, pp.100–109, Feb. 1995.
[6] T. A. Wilkinson and A. E. Jones Minimization of the peak to mean envelope power ratio in multicarrier transmission schemes by block coding in Proc. Of VTC'95, July 1995, pp. 825-831.
[7] D. J. G. Mestdagh, P. M. P. Spruyt, A Method to Reduce the Probability of Clipping in DMT Based Transceivers IEEE Trans. On Communications, Vol. 44, No. 10, Oct 1996, pp 1234-1238.

Abstract: We have designed a rechargeable electronic ticket using a microcontroller and an Xbee module which is a W.S.N i.e. a wireless sensor network. All stations are assumed to have a sensor which senses the commuters' ticket and shows a green light if there is enough balance in the ticket and red otherwise. The balance in the ticket gets adjusted in the database of the particular commuter as a unique ID is assigned to each and every commuter. The proposed system thus aims at saving the commuters' valuable time and also saves the environment by avoiding wastage of paper.

Keywords: Database, microcontroller, receiver, rechargeable, transmitter, wireless sensor module

[1] Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach, by Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas, pg xiii
[2] http://www.digi.com/xbee
[3] http://www.atmel.com/images/doc2486.pdf

Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system.

Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.

[1] F. C. C., "Spectrum policy task force," Rep. ET Docket, vol. no. 02-135,November 2002.

[2] J. Mitola III and G. Q. Maguire, "Cognitive radio: making softwareradios more personal," IEEE Personal Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 13-18, Sep. 1999.

[3] H. A. Mahmoud, T. Yucek, and H. Arslan, "OFDM for cognitive radio:merits and challenges," IEEE Wireless Commun., pp. 6-14, Apr. 2009. [4] B. Farhang-Boroujeny and R. Kempter, "Multicarrier communicationtechniques for spectrum sensing and communication in cognitive radios,"IEEECommun. Mag., pp. 80-85, Apr. 2008.

[5] S. Haykin, "Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications,"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, Feb. 2005.

[6] R. Negi and J. Cioffi, "Pilot tone selection for channel estimation in amobile OFDM system," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 44, pp.1112-1128, Aug. 1998.

[7] J. Liu, S. Feng, and H. Wang, "Comb-type pilot aided channel estimationin non-contiguous OFDM systems for cognitive radio," in Proc.IEEE Int. Conf. on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCom), Beijing, China, 2009, pp. 1-4.

[8] I. Rashad, I. Budiarjo, and H. Nikookar, "Efficient pilot pattern forOFDM-based cognitive radio channel estimation–part 1," in Proc. 14thIEEE Symp. OnCommun.and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux,2007.

[9] I. Budiarjo, I. Rashad, and H. Nikookar, "Efficient pilot pattern forOFDM-based cognitive radio channel estimation–part 2," in Proc. 14thIEEE Symp. OnCommun.and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux,2007.

[10] T. M. Duman and A. Ghrayeb, Coding for MIMO communication Systems.west Sussex PO 19 8SQ, England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2007.

Abstract: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) plays an important role in today's public key based security systems. . ECC is a faster and more secure method of encryption as compared to other Public Key Cryptographic algorithms. This paper focuses on the performance advantages of using ECC in the wireless network. So in this paper its algorithm has been implemented and analyzed for various bit length inputs. The Private key is known only to sender and receiver and hence data transmission is secure.

[1]. An Elliptic Curve Cryptography Primer, Certicom "Catch the curve" White paper series, June 2004
[2]. Elliptic Curve Cryptography A new way for Encryption, Rahim Ali , Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bahria University, 13 National Stadium Road Karachi
[3]. IEEE Standard P 1363-2000, IEEE standard specification for public key cryptography‟, Aug2000.
[4]. The Study and Application of Elliptic Curve Cryptography Library on Wireless Sensor Network, 2008 11th IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings.
[5]. D. R. Hankerson, S. A. Vanstone, and A. J. Menezes, Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography:Springer, 2004.
[6]. "Design of a Private Credentials Scheme Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography" , 2009 First International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks.
[7]. G. Agnew, R. Mullin, and S. Vanstone, "On the development of a fast elliptic curve processor chip", Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO'91, pp. 482-487, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1991.
[8]. D. V. Chudnovsky and G. V. Chudnovsky, "Sequences of numbers generated by addition in formal groups and new primality and factorization tests." Advances in Applied Mathematics vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 385-434, May 1986.
[9]. "New Low Complexity Key Exchange and Encryption protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Clusters based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography", NRSC2009.

Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise.

Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.

[1] Hara , S., &Prasad, R.(l999). "Design & perfonnance of MC-CDMA system in frequency-selectivefading channels".IEEE Trans. On Veh.Tech.48,(5) 1584-1595.

[2] Yee. N, Linnartz. J and Fettweis. G, "Multi- carrier CDMA for indoor wireless radio networks", Proc. International Symposium on PIMRC-93, 109-113,Sept 1993.

[3] DS-CDMA, MC-CDMA, MT-CDMA for Mobile Multi-Media communication Vehicular Technology Conference,1996. "Mobile Technology for the Human Race", IEEE 46th.

[4] Lui, Hui (2000), "Signal processing application in CDMA communication".

[5] Hara, Shinsuke and Prasad, Ramjee (1997), "Overview of Multicarrier CDMA",IEEE Comm. Magazine, 35, 126.

[6] Hsieh, M.-H. and Wei, C.-H. (1998), "Channel estimation for OFDM systems based on comb-type pilot arrangement in frequency selective fading channels", IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 44,217.

[7] Coleri, S., Ergen, M., Puri, A., and Bahai, A. (2002), "A study of Channel estimation in OFDM systems", In 56thIEEE Vehicular Technology.

[8] A. Sharmila and Srigitha S. Nath,(2012) "Performance of MIMO Multi-Carrier CDMA with BPSK Modulation in Rayleigh Channel", ICCCE , 12 & 13 April, 2012.

[9] Maleki-Tehrani, A Hassibi, Cioffi, J.M, "Adaptive Equalization of Multiple input Multiple output (MIMO) frequency selective channels", conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 1999, Vol. 1, pp. 547-551. [10] Pragya Pallavi, Pradipta Dutta,"Muti-Carrier CDMA Overview with BPSK Modulation In Rayleigh Channel", IEEE, 2010.

Abstract: Now a day, intelligent control of home appliances has rapid market penetration. In this paper, the authors have proposed the design of fuzzy logic controller having five inputs to give correct wash, rinse and spin time of fully automatic machine .The objective is to save a lot of time, electricity and water for washing the cloth. The proposed FLC is simulated using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of MATLAB. The result is used to calculate the wash time, rinse time and spin time for different type of input conditions. The results are compared with previous washing machine controllers.

Keywords: FIS Editor, Fuzzy Logic Controller, MATLAB, Rule Viewer, Surface Viewer

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Abstract: The research work focused on the contributions of information and communication technology to the growth and development of banking activities in Nigeria. The research work tried to identify and to assess the extent of the use of Information Technology in First Bank of Nigeria and seek to find out what impact as a whole does Information Technology have on banking operations. Questionnaires were generated, distributed and result analyzed using statistical data. The findings of this study reveal that a positive correlation exists between ICT and banks profitability in Nigeria. This implies that a marginal change in the level of the investment and adoption of ICT in the banking industry will result to a proportionate increase in the profit level. This is confirmed by the level of the regression coefficient as well as the factor analysis which revealed that an insignificant size of profit exist without the introduction of the ICT. The results in Table a, b and c show that banks that have a high level of ICT will make intensive use of production and efficiency practices such as business re-engineering, outsourcing and flexible work arrangements which will yield the best performance.

Keyword: Banking, Development, ICT, Analysis, data, research

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[2] Adeoti, J.O (2005) "Information Technology Investment in Nigerian Manufacturing Industry: The Progress So Far", Selected Papers for the 2004 Annual Conference, Ibadan: Nigerian Economic Society, 213-244.
[3] Agboolade, A.A (2002): "Information Technology, Bank Automation, and Attitude of Workers in Nigerian Banks‟ in Journal of Social Sciences, Kamla-Raj Enterprises, Gali Bari Paharwali, India.
[4] Akinuli, O.M. (1999) "Information Technology in Nigeria‟s Banking Industry: Operational Applications, Problems and Future Challenges", CBN Bullion, 23(3), 71-75.
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[8] Delone, G.s and Mclean, P.C., (2004) " How Information Gives you Competitive Advantage", Harvard Business Review, 63 (4),149-160
[9] Ezeani, S.I. (1998). Research methods: A realistic approach. Ibadan: Elohim Publishers.
[10] Hassan, G. & Jeff, L. (1998): "Don‟t Let Technology Pass You By‟, ABA Banking Journal, Box 986,Omaha, NE, p.73

Abstract: In this paper, it is proposed to have a method for classification of flowers using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier. The proposed method is based on textural features such as Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). A flower image is segmented using a threshold based method. The data set has different flower images with similar appearance .The database of flower images is a mixture of images taken from World Wide Web and the images taken by us. The ANN has been trained by 50 samples to classify 5 classes of flowers and achieved classification accuracy more than 85% using GLCM features only. Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, DWT, GLCM, Segmentation.

[1]. D.S. Guru, Y.H. Sharath Kumar, S. Manjunath, "Textural features in flower classification", Mathematical and Computer Modeling Journal, 2010
[2]. Dayanand G. Savakar and Basavaraj S. Anami, "Recognition and Classification of Food Grains, Fruits and Flowers Using Machine Vision", International Journal of Food Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 4, Article 14, Pages: 1-25,
[3]. Shailendrakumar M.Mukane, Sachin R. Gengaje, Dattatraya S. Bormane," On Scale Invariance Texture Image Retrieval using Fuzzy Logic and Wavelet Co- occurrence based Features", International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 18– No.3, March 2011
[4]. Shailendrakumar M.Mukane, Sachin R. Gengaje, Dattatraya S. Bormane "Wavelet and Co-occurrence Matrix based Rotation Invariant Features for Texture Image Retrieval using Fuzzy Logic", International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 24– No.7, June 2011
[5]. B. S. Anami, Dayanand G. Savakar, "Effect of Foreign Bodies on Identification and Classification of Bulk Food Grains Image Samples", Journal of Applied Computer Science and Mathematics, Volume 3(6), Pages: 77- 83.
[6]. T. Saitoh, T. Kaneko, in: 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR‟00, and pp. 507–510.
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Abstract: The objective of the BIST is to reduce power dissipation without affecting the fault coverage. Weighted pseudorandom built-in self - test (BIST) schemes have been utilized in order to drive down the number of vectors to achieve complete fault coverage in BIST applications. Weighted sets comprising three weights, namely 0, 1, and 0.5 have been successfully utilized so far for test pattern generation, since they result in both low testing time and low consumed power. In this approach, the single input change patterns generated by a counter and a gray code generator are Exclusive–ORed with the seed generated by the low power linear feedback shift register [LP-LFSR]. Since accumulators are commonly found in current VLSI chips, this scheme can be efficiently utilized to drive down the hardware of BIST pattern generation, as well. From the implementation results, it is verified that the testing power for the proposed method is reduced by a significant percentage.

Keywords: Built-in self- test (BIST), test per clock, VLSI testing, weighted test pattern generation, low power linear feedback shift register [LP-LFSR].

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