IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-11 ~ Issue-10 ~ October 2017

Abstract: Citrus oils are mixtures of volatile components as terpenes, oxygenated compounds and terpenoids. In the present study different fruits of citrus varieties were collected from the local market in Adana/Turkey. The essential oils of peels were extracted using hydro distillation extraction method. The essential oil compositions of these citrus varieties were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main components of extracted oils were determined to be α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinen, β-myrcene, d-limonene, linalool, m-cymene and 4-terpineol. Based on the results d-limonene was the major component (66-93%). All of essential oils were investigated for activity against the microorganisms E...........

Keywords: Citrus Oils, Antimicrobial activity, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, d-limonene, Linalool, α-pinene

[1]. R.P. Adams. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/MassSpectroscopy. Allured Publ. Corp., Carol Stream, IL (1995).
[2]. T. A. Al-Howiriny. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Salvia lanigera. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(2): 133-135 (2003).

Abstract: The aims of the research is to evaluate the uses of Desmodium adscendens, Pueraria phaseloides, Centrosema pubescens and Calopogonium mucunoides as a potential species for land rehabilitation in post coal mining in South Kalimantan. Result of the study shows that vegetation cover in post coal mining land able to reduce land erosion risk. The experiment shows that soil surface with plant covers contributes significantly in erosion control. The erosion rate average at soil surface without vegetation cover was about 27.22 ton ha-1. It was followed by soil witch Centrosema pubescens cover (2.13 ton ha-1) and Calopogonium mucunoides (0.33 ton ha-1). plot with Pueraria phaseloides (P2) has erosion rate 0.24 ton ha-1. Plot with Desmodium adscendens has erosion rate 13 ton ha-1. In term of erosion controls potential, there are no significant difference between soil with Desmodium adscendens and soil with Centrosema pubescens.

Keywords: erosion control, post coal mining management, degraded land, land rehabilitation

[1]. A.A. Rahu,K. Hidayat, M. Ariyadi, and L. Hakim,. Management of Kaleka (traditional gardens) in Dayak community in Kapuas,
Central Kalimantan, International Journal of Science and Research, 3(3), 2014, 205-210.
[2]. MacKinnon, K. The ecology of Kalimantan Vol. 3 (Periplus Editions, 1996).
[3]. M.A. Soendjoto, M.K. Riefani and S.S. Siregar, Keragaman fauna di areal PT Arutmin Indonesia–North PulauLaut Coal Terminal,
KabupatenKotabaru, Kalimantan Selatan, Prosiding Seminar Nasional X PendidikanBiologi Volume III, 2013, pp. 1-12.
[4]. S. Rahayu, E. Pujianto dan M. Iryanti, PendugaanPerubahan Zona Jenuh Air Tanah di Sekitar Tambang Terbuka Batubara di
Kalimantan Selatan menggunakan Metode Geolistrik Resistivitas Konfigurasi Wenner. Fibusi (Jurnal Online Fisika), 2014, 2(1)1-5.
[5]. T. Sudarmadji and W. Hartati The process of rehabilitation of mined forest lands toward degraded forest ecosystem recovery in
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 17(1), 2016, 185-191...

Abstract: This study used geospatial techniques based on multi-source imageries to investigate the effects of Shagari earth dam on its immediate environment in Shagari LGA of Sokoto State. The remotely sensed datasets used include Landsat TM 1994, Landsat ETM+ 2005 and Landsat OLI/TIRS 2014 which covered a period of 20 years. A supervised classification using maximum likelihood was also done on the images in other to delineate and identify the different land/use land/cover classes. The result of the land use land cover classification revealed an increase with waterbody Landsat TM 2005 having 0.98% and farmland 15.40%, Landsat ETM+ 2005 with waterbody 1.67% and farmland 37% and Landsat OLI 2014 with waterbody 7.79% and farmland 50% respectively over the years..............

Keywords: Change Detection, Landsat OLI/TIRS, Remote Sensing, Shagari earth dam, Vegetation

[1]. Davidson, N.C. and Finlayson, C.M. 2007. Developing tools for wetland management: inventory, assessment and monitoring – gaps and the application of satellite-based radar. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17, 219-228.
[2]. Lin, W., Zhang, L., Du, D., Yang, L., Lin, H., Zhang, Y. & Li, J. 2009. Quantification of land use/land cover changes in Pearl River Delta and its impact on regional climate in summer using numerical modelling. Regional Environmental Change, 9, 75-82

[3]. Lambin, E. F. & Geist, H. (eds.) 2006. Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, New York: Springer.
[4]. Betts, A.K., J.H. Ball, A.C.M Beljaars, M.J Miller, and P.A Viterbo. The land surface- atmosphere interaction: a review based on observational and global modelling perspectives, J.Geophys. Res., 101, 7209-7255, 1996
[5]. Pielke, R. A. 2002. The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system: relevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effect of greenhouse gases. Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Biological sciences, 360, 1705

Abstract: Musiriver water is contaminated with various pollutants including toxic heavy metals which cause various health hazards. The green leafy vegetables cultivated using Musi water are found to contain the toxic heavy metals. When the heavy metals in Musi water used for cultivation are absorbed by zeolites, the amount of heavy metals in leafy vegetables are very much reduced.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Musi, Clinoptilolite, Sorption

[1] Musi River Pollution Its Impact on Health and Economic Conditions of Down Stream Villages-A Study, IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) Volume 1, 2012, 40-51.
[2] Effect of toxic metals on human health, Varsha Mudgal , Nidhi Madaan ,The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2010, 3, 94-99
[3] Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using clinoptilolite and stilbite, Mirjana, Golomeova, International Journal of Engineering research and technology,3, 2014.

Abstract: Osmotic dehydration has received greater attention in recent years as an effective method for preservation of fruits and vegetables. Being a simple process, generally used as a pretreatment prior to drying of the fruit and vegetables in order to reduce energy consumption and heat damage so it can help to retention of maximum initial fruit characteristics viz., colour, aroma, texture and nutritional composition. To study the effect of process parameters such as syrup temperature, syrup temperature and duration of osmosis on responses of osmotic dehydration viz., mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain, the experimental trials on osmotic dehydration performed by immersing............

Keywords: Mass reduction, osmotic dehydration, sapota, sugar gain, water loss

[1]. C. Gopalan, B.V. Ramashastri, and S.C. Balasubramanyam. Nutritive value of Indian foods. India: Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari nagar, New Delhi, 1985. pp.1-59.
[2]. Retrieved from http://nhb.gov.in/MISDailyReport.apex", Visited on 11/09/2017.
[3]. Retrieved from "http://agrinewsindia.com/crops-vegetables/fruits/sapota.html", visited on 13/5/2013.
[4]. G.M. Ganjyal, M.A. Hanna and D.S.K. Devadattam. Processing of sapota (sapodilla): Powdering. Journal of Food Technology, 3(3), 2005, 326-330.
[5]. R. Sudha, V. Ponnuswami, and M. Kavino. Value addition for long term storage of sapota fruit products. Indian J. Hort., 64(4), 2007, 467-468.

Abstract: Microbiological evaluation of the key body parts of Niger Delta edible shell seafoods, Blood clam (Tegillarca granosa) and Steamer clam (Mya arenaria) sampled from Andoni River, Rivers State were investigated. The seafoods (blood clam and steamer clam) were collected, processed and analysed using standard microbiological method to determine the parameters. It was observed from the results that heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count (TBC) varies with region of the body and from location to location. Bacteria count varies from 5.4x107 cfu/g to 5.0x 108cfu/g and 1.48x108 cfu/g for blood clam and steamer clam respectively in the upstream (Station 1). The highest............

Keywords: Edible shell seafood, Blood clam (Tegillarca granosa), Steamer clam (Mya arenaria), Vibrio sp., Staphylococcus sp., Cryptococcus sp. and Candida sp.

[1]. Brousseau, D.J., 1978a. Spawning cycles, fecundity, and recruitment in a population of soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, from Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Fishery Bulletin. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Department of the Interior, 76, 155-166.
[2]. Brousseau, D.J., 1978b. Population dynamics of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria. Marine Biology, 50, 67-71.
[3]. Clay, E., 1966. Literature survey of the common fauna of estuaries. 12. Mya arenaria L., Mya truncata L. Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Brixham Laboratory, BL/A/707.
[4]. Commito, J.A., 1982. Effects of Lunatia heros predation on the population dynamics of Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica in Maine, USA. Marine Biology, 69, 187-193.
[5]. Cutting, C.L.; and Spencer, R. 1968. Fish and fishery products. In: S.M. Herschdoerfer (ed.). Quality control in the food industry. Vol. 2. Academic Press, London England, UK, pp. 303-52.

Abstract: Evaluation of bioremediation potential of two fungi species: Paecilomyces variotii and Mucor racemosus were carried out on soil sample collected from crude oil spill site in Gio Tai Ogoni land. Soil samples were inoculated and pure culture of Mucor racemosus and Paccilomyces variotii were obtained from the soil, the soil samples were also analyzed for Total fungi count, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria count and total heterotrophic bacteria count. Residual oil was measured in terms of Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC).The result for Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) for surface soil control was 202792.9mg/kg and subsurface soil was 18690.71mg/kg in day 1.The residual crude oil content of soil with Paecilomyces variotii was less (136364.29mg/kg) than Mucor racemosus (176292.83mg/kg). Also for the subsurface soil the residual crude oil content at the end of 28 days was less with Paecilomyces variotii (10707.86mg/kg) than Mucor racemosus (14577.86mg/kg). The bioremediation............

Keywords: Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon utilizing fungi, Paecilomyces variotii, Mucor racemosus

[1]. Adejoke, O. S. and Ojesina, A. O. (2000). Environmental Implications of oil exploration and production activities. Proceedings of capacity building workshop for environmental impact Assessment in the Benue Trough, Hill Station Hotel, Jos 22nd – 25th June 2000. Pp 162 – 174.
[2]. Adenipekun, C. O. and Kassim, L. (2006). Effects of spent engine oil on the growth parameters and moisture content of Celosia argentca. Nigerian Journal of Botany. 19(2):318-324.
[3]. Adenipekun, C.O., Ayanleye, O. O. and Oyefunji, O. J. (2013).Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated by spent diesel oil using Pleurotus pulmonarius Fries (Quelet) and its effect on the growth of Corchorus olitorius (L) Journal of Applied Bioscience (2013). 68:5366-5373.
[4]. Achuba, F. I. (2006). The effect of Sublethal Concentrations of Crude Oil on the Growth and Metabolism of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seedlings. The Environment 26:17-20.
[5]. Alexander M. (1995) How Toxic are toxic Chemicals in Soil? Environmental Science and Technology, Pp 2936 – 3936x

Abstract: The effect of seasonal variation on physicochemical properties of tubewell groundwater from various stations in Latur district of Maharashtra State was evaluated. The samples taken in three seasons (summer, monsoon and winter) from eleven different stations and were analyzed for major physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity(EC), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), Ca+, Mg+, Cl- by using standard analytical methods. The analysis showed that drinking water quality in the study area is rationally good and doesn't show any most awful level of pollutants. But it needs modest degree of treatment before utilization as the concentration of the parameters goes beyond the tolerable limits for drinking water.

Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Electric conductivity, Latur, Total hardness, Tubewell water

[1]. S.A. Makwana,, C. G.Patel and T. J. Patel, PhysicoChemical analysis of drinking water of Gandhinagar District, Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(1), 2012, 461-464.
[2]. J. Dharmaraja, S. Vadivel and E. Ganeshkarthick, PhysicoChemical Analysis of Ground Water Samples of Selected Districts of Tamilnadu And Kerala, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 1(5), 2012.
[3]. R. Kavitha and K.. Elangovan, Review article on Ground water quality characteristics at Erode district, (India), of I.J.E.S., 1(2), 2010.
[4]. S.J. Ranee and S. Vasantha, Physicochemical analysis of bore well water samples of anaiyur area in Madurai district, Tamilnadu, India, Journal of Current Science, 15(2), 2010, 403 - 408.
[5]. R.E. Raja, L. Sharmila, P. Merlin and G. Chritopher, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Some Groundwater Samples of Kotputli Town Jaipur, Rajasthan, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 22(2), 2002, 137.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the level of production efficiency and income from corn commodity farming in Belu Regency. The method of determining the sample used in this study is simple random sampling with the number of samples of 100 farmers. Hypothesis testing using method (1) method analysis of Coob-Douglas function and tool of the program of Ms. Excel to obtain the value of efficiency, and (2) methods of revenue and revenue analysis. The results showed that from the results of the analysis of allocative efficiency, known land, and seed area, its use has not been efficient. Maize farming in Belu Regency with an average land area of 1 ha total required a cost of Rp 2,199,304, total revenue of Rp 11,459,000, and income of Rp 9,259,696 per planting season.

Keywords: Efficiency, Production, Corn

[1]. Gittinger, J. P. 1986. Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects. Issue II. UI Press, Jakarta
[2]. Mustafa, Hasan. 2000. Sampling Technique. (Online).http://home.unpar.ac.id/~hasan/SAMPLING.doc. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
[3]. Monke, E.A., and S.R. Pearson. 1995. The Policy Analysis Matrix for Agricultural Development. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
[4]. Novianti, T. 2003. Impact Analysis of Government Policy on Competitiveness of Vegetable Leading Commodities. Thesis. Bogor. Graduate program. Bogor Agricultural Institute
[5]. Pearson, S., Gotsch, C., and Bahri, S. 2005. Application of Policy Analysis Matrix on Indonesian Agriculture. Translation. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.

Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the ecological features, vegetation analysis and chorological affinities in WadiHagul at Northern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The total number of the recorded plant species in this study was 57 species belonging to 50 genera and 19 flowering families. According to the life-span, these species were classified into 46 perennials, nine annuals and two biennials. The life-form spectrum of the recorded species comprise 24 species as chamaephytes, 13 hemicryptophytes, 11 therophytes, seven phanerophytes and twocryptophytes. Chorologically, the Saharo-Sindian element was the predominant chorotype comprising 51 species which distinguished into 25 Monoregional, 23 Biregional and threePluriregional elements. Based on the importance values, the classification of the recorded species in 36 sampled stands led to recognition of four..............

Keywords: Wadi-Hagul, classification, ordination, soil analysis, chorotype.

[1]. Mashaly, I.A., El-Amier, Y.A. and Yahia, A.A. (2015). Phytosociological and ecological studies of five species of genus Zygophyllum in Egypt. Mansoura Journal of Biology, Mansoura Univ., 40 (1): 79-96.
[2]. Mond, T. (1954). Mode ContracteetDiffus de la Vegetation Saharienne. In: Clouds ley – Thompson, J.L. (ed.), Biology of Desert. Institute of Biology, London pp. 224.
[3]. Kassas, M.A. (1966). Plant Life in Deserts. In: Hills, E.S. (ed.), Arid Lands. Methuen, London / UNESCO, Paris, pp. 461.
[4]. Mabbutt, J.A. (1977). Desert Land forms. MIT Press, Cambridge, U.K.
[5]. Nog – Meir, I. (1973). Desert ecosystems: Environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4: 25-51.

Abstract: Impact of lunar periodicity in ascending and descending phase of lunar cycle, moon disc illumination , moon light intensity and distance of moon from earth's meridian were assessed on egg laying behavior of moths of gram pod borer Helicoperva argimera Hubner (Lepidotera : Noctuidae) in chickpea under filed conditions . Percentage of egg laying was 42.98 higher in descending phase as compared to ascending phase. In ascending moon light reduces 24.61 per cent egg laying while in descending phase it enhance e 15.61 percent egg laying in cage A as compared to cage B. . Per cent moon disc illumination and moon light intensity was negatively correlated with number of eggs laid in descending phase of lunar cycle (r = - 0.668, r = - 0.860 and r = - 0.620 , r = - 0.889 respectively). Distance of moon from earth median was not correlated with egg laying behaviour of moth.

Keywords: Helicoperva argimera, moon, ascending, descending, egg.

[1]. Byers, J.A. (1978). Novel fraction collector for studying the ovipositor rhythm in the turnip moth. Chronobiology international 4 : 189-194.
[2]. Daans and aschoff, J. (2001). Entertainment of circadian rhythms are synchronized with the environment through phase resetting action of light. (pp. 17-47). Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press.
[3]. Dillon. Mackinnon's. (2002). Using light trap to suppress Helicoverpa armigera . The Australlian Cotton Grower 23(2):32
[4]. Nowinszley,L. (2004). Nocturnal illumination and night flying insects. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research.2 (1):17-52
[5]. McCartney ,E.J. (1976). Optics of the atmosphere. Johnwilly ,New York ,408.

Abstract: Globally, more than 5 million children die every year from diseases linked to the environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to explore environmental risk factors influencing diarrhoea morbidity of children under five. A community based cross sectional study was conducted to explore incidence and environmental risk factors associated with children under five. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informants interview (KII) and observational check list were employed as data collection instruments. Microbial water quality was conducted to check on presence of faecal coli forms. Residual chlorine levels were also assessed through laboratory analysis. A sample size of 384 households was used with 10% to account for non response was incorporated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis of quantitative data. Qualitative data.............

Keywords: Children under five, Diarrhoea, faecal coli forms, Risk factors, Water treatment

[1]. W.J.W.S. and S.M. Programme, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2014 Update, World Health Organization, 2014.
[2]. S. Cairncross, C. Hunt, S. Boisson, K. Bostoen, V. Curtis, I.C. Fung, W.-P. Schmidt, Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea, Int. J. Epidemiol. 39, 2010, i193–i205.
[3]. H. Waddington, B. Snilstveit, H. White, L. Fewtrell, Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries, New Delhi Int. Initiat. Impact Eval. (2009). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Howard_White2/publication/228378510_Water_sanitation_and_hygiene_interventions_to_combat_childhood_diarrhoea_in_developing_countries/links/004635214853d795f6000000/Water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-to-combat-childhood-diarrhoea-in-developing-countries.
[4]. J. Bartram, S. Cairncross, Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health, PLOS Med. 7, 2010, e1000367.
[5]. U. Who, others, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water, 2010 Update, World Health Organization, 2010. http://www.cittalia.it/images/file/Forum acqua