IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: The growth of financial system, as the central hub of every economy is paramount for economic development. The reformation of the financial sector is the bedrock for building a formidable, transparent and efficient financial system that could supports the mobilisation of domestic and foreign savings for investment. Conversely, it deepens and broadens financial intermediation, and enforces strict regulations with prudential guide for increase in business activities. Thus, the aim of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between financial sector reforms and economic growth in Nigeria. The study also established the impact of financial sector reforms on economic growth to ascertain if financial sector reforms in Nigeria promote growth. To establish this, financial sector reforms is measured with the ratio of banking sector domestic credit, domestic credit to the private sector and Capital flow proxied with foreign direct investment while economic growth is captured with Per capita GDP. Using generalised linear regression method, with quarterly time series data that spans the periods 1981Q1 to 2010Q4, the following findings on granger causality test were noticed; (a) bidirectional relationship between banking sector domestic credit and per-capita GDP; (b) unidirectional causation running from foreign direct investment to per-capita GDP and; (c) unidirectional causation running from per-capita GDP to domestic credit to the private sector. However, from the findings, banking sector domestic credit and foreign direct investment are the major policy variables that can be adjusted for economic growth. Finally, the estimated regression results show that the explanatory variables accounted for approximately 63.45 percent variation in economic growth. Hence, financial sector reform promotes economic growth in Nigeria.GEL Classification: G10.
Keyword: Development, Reforms, Causality, Bidirectional, Unidirectional, Financial Sector.

[1]. Adegbite, Esther O (2005), ―Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Development in Nigeria: The Role of Management‖ A Paper Delivered at the Inaugural National Conference of the Academy of Management Nigeria, Rock view Hotel, Abuja.
[2]. Adelakun, O. J. (2010), ―Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria‖ International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment Vol. 1, No 1.
[3]. Afangideh, U. J (2009) ―Financial Development and Agricultural Investment in Nigeria: Historical Simulation Approach‖ West African Journal of Economic and Monetary Integration Vol. 9.
[4]. Agu, C.C. and J.O. Chukwu (2008) ―Toda and Yamamoto causality tests between ―bank based‖ financial deepening and economic growth in Nigeria‖. European Journal of Social Science, 7(2), pp.189-98.
[5]. Agu, D. O and Manasseh, O.C (2012), ―Financial Crisis, Firm Fundamentals and the Pricing of Bank Stocks in Nigeria – Analysis from a Panel of Banks‖ A paper presented at the 17th Annual Conference of African Econometric Society, Imperial Royale Hotel, Kampala, Uganda..

Abstract: The Niger-Delta is Africa's largest and the third largest mangroves forest in the world. It covers an area of about 70,000 sq.km and a population of about 31,217,889million. In designing a development programme, there must be a conscious effort to rely on the communities who are the target beneficiaries of such programme. Every society needs security without which lives and property cannot be secured. In the absence of security, the area will slide into a state of anarchy, chaos and the principle of survival of the fittest will hold sway. This is why government of all levels have to provide her citizenry with the services of law enforcement agencies for the general security with each having its own area of specialization. Man relies heavily on the environment, for shelter, food, clothing, health services, electricity and solar energy, transportation and economic activities. Environmental degradation therefore constitutes a violation of man's right to enjoy these benefits from the environment. Be that as it may, the paper highlights the concept of community participation, objectives of community participation, concept of sustainable Development, objectives of sustainable Development, sustainable Development for curbing Environmental Human Rights violation, violation of Environmental Human Rights by oil and gas companies and threat to Environmental and social justice. The paper also discusses the environmental Human Rights that are often abused in the said areas and finally, makes some recommendations necessary for sustainable development of the Niger-Delta.

[1]. Akindele, R.A. and Bassey, E.A. (ed) (2000). Selected Readings on Nigeria Foreign Policy and International Relations: NIIA Enlightenment: Course Series, Vol. 1, pp. 80-82.
[2]. Akpofure, E.A., Efere, M.L. and Ayawei, P. (2000). The Adverse Effects of Crude Oil Spills in the Niger-Delta, Urhobo: Historical Society.
[3]. Bolade, O. (2007). Provisional Population Total 2006, Vanguard Wednesday, January 10, Vol. 23, (60242), p. 1.
[4]. Ikein, A.A. (1990). The Impact of Oil on a Developing Nation, Praeger.
[5]. Imobighe, T.A. (1990). Doctrines for and Threats to Internal Security: In Ekoko and Vogt (1990) (ed.) Nigeria Defence Policy: Issues and Problems, pp. 223-236.

Abstract: This study examines the impact of price sensitivity on customer satisfaction in retail sector. A total of 282 customers of Retail customers of Jammu city were interviewed on census technique basis for the above purpose. Tools like Exploratory factor analysis. Inter-Correlation, Analysis of variance, Multiple Regression analysis was carried out. The result revealed that there is a significant association found between all the price sensitivity factors and the customer satisfaction. While analyzing the antecedents of Customer satisfaction, factors like honesty and fairness are significantly influenced
Keywords: Fair trade, Customer, Satisfaction, Pricing sensitivity, Practices.

[1]. Averitt, N. W. and R. H. Lande (1997), "Consumer Sovereignty: A Unified Theory of Anti-Trust and Consumer Protection Law", Anti- Trust Law Journal, Vol 65, pp. 713-756.
[2]. Andreasen, Alan R, (1977), "A Taxonomy of Consumer Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Measures‟‟, Journal of Consumer Affairs, (winter), pp.11-24.

[3]. Chao, Paul and K. N. Rajenderan (1996), "The Influence of World Mindedness and Nationalism on Consumer Evaluation for Domestic and Foreign Products", International Marketing Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 22-39.
[4]. Cronin, J. J., & Taylor, S. A. (1992). Measuring service quality: A reexamination and extension.Journal of Marketing, (July) 56, 55-68.
[5]. Damant, David (2002), "The End of Amateurism", the Chartered Accountant, Vol. 5, No.1 (July), pp. 60-61.

Abstract: Universities are expected to develop world-class human resources to meet global development challenges. This challenge is a response to the advancements in the field of information and technology. This should be reflected in the curriculum of engineering programs, to make them a saleable product in the competitive work field. The study analyses the syllabi of ten technical universities and reviews the need for a paradigm shift in the present engineering curriculum. The trajectory of the development of "Technical Writing," and how it differs from the traditional "Technical Communication" is explored. This paper also advocates the possible change for the future, which further increases diverse opportunities available for the potential engineers.
Key Words: Technical writing, Outcome-based learning, Curriculum, knowledge and skill

[1]. Kannan, A. (2013, January 31). Technical writing fails to impress as a career. Retrieved from The Hindu: http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/technical-writing-fails-to-impress-as-a-career/article4363534.ece
[2]. Spady, W. (1994). Outcomes Based Education: Critical Issues and Answers. American Association of School Administration: Arlington, Virginia.
[3]. Sripada, P. (2008). Strategies to Improve the Vocabulary of Students at Tertiary Level: an Experimental Study and Sample Material. Chennai: Sathyabama University.
[4]. Tucker, B. (2004). Literature Review: Outcomes-focused Education in Universities. Learning Support Network, Curtin University of Technology. Retrieved November 4, 2013, from http://lsn.curtin.edu.au/outcomes/docs/LitReview.pdf

Abstract: The acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught is known as learning. Same time, teaching is imparting knowledge or skill. Whether it is telling, conditioning or constructing, a teacher should consider that the student is a product of the system and anticipate that certain teaching methods will result in proper learning. Concerning with English learning, most of the English learners and students, who receive education in their vernacular medium, usually show only a partial involvement in learning English and improve proficiency. Many of them believe that second language acquisition is bit difficult. At the same time, in our environment, English teaching methodologies being practiced currently are not in line with satisfactory results. English teachers who are at the beginning of their career should focus on enhancing their teaching ability and practicing some student-friendly methods to make them show their interest in learning of other language skills. It is the known fact that correspondence between the language structures between the mother tongue and second language is the most important factor in language acquisition. Changing in teaching methods may reduce the correspondence gap between the two languages and tend the students focusing on learning of acquired language. Some methods with simple techniques may facilitate the learner to increase the amount of time spent speaking English. The main objective of these techniques is to make the students or English learners more enthusiastic to acquire the language other than their mother tongue. Linguistic methodologists should endeavour their skill and methodologies in designing new and unconventional or alternative techniques in English teaching patterns.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible innovative transfer-friendly teaching methods that can be followed in classroom.
Keywords: teaching techniques, Teaching with simple materials, Vocabulary Activity, Shared Reading, Self Selected Reading Logs

[1]. Agnew, P. W., Kellerman, A. S. & Meyer, J. (1996). Multimedia in the Classroom, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[2]. Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Abstract: This review attempts to analyze why pragmatists like Stanley Fish are interested in the structure of sentences when the traditional assumption is that not only do pragmatists think but also go on to argue that all philosophers think mainly in terms of conceptual vocabularies rather than in propositions. It also attempts to understand why Fish uses the language of English composition studies rather than that of deconstruction as is usually the case in such instances. Fish's invocation of Noam Chomsky's theories of child language acquisition is also invoked to differentiate between the ability to analyze sentences and the ability to generate sentences in natural languages. The review concludes by stating that the main challenge in courses on reading and writing is to find a solution to the problem of generativity rather than stop with the analysis of sentences per se.
Keywords: Competence, Generativity, Performance, Proposition, Sentence

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Abstract: A single teaching strategy may not suitable for all students and the special needs students require differentiated teaching strategy. Learning through the senses is the best way of learning anything. Teaching of reading in English is a complex phenomenon for the teachers who are teaching the normal students. Furthermost, teaching the skill of reading to the reading disabled students is much more complicated task for the English teachers. But this reading disabled student can also be taught to read in English effectively by adopting the multisensory approach. Henceforth, the article focuses on the teaching of reading to the dyslexics through multisensory approach.
Keywords: Reading Skills. Dyslexic, Multisensory Approach

[1]. Davis, Ronald D. (1999), The Gift of dyslexia, Berkley Publishing Group, New York.
[2]. Gillingham, A., & Stillman, B. W. (1960). Remedial Training for Children with Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling and Penmanship (7th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Educators Publishing Service.
[3]. International Dyslexia Association (2000), Dyslexia Basics, Just the Facts, The International Dyslexia Association website, http://www.interdys.org/fact%20sheets/Basics%20FS%20N.doc, Accessed July 29 2013.
[4]. Karanth & Rozario (Eds.), Learning Disabilities in India: Willing the Mind to Learn (pp. 30- 43). New Delhi: Sage Publications.
[5]. Madhuri Kulkarni, Sunil Karande, Anjana Thadhani, Hetal Maru and Rukhshana Sholapurwala . Educational Provisions and Learning Disability. Indian Journal of Pediatrcs, volume73- September, 2006 .p. 789-793

Abstract: In the past few decades India has witnessed some of the most devastating earthquakes. Earthquakes usually occur with no warning but a series of frequent shocking waves followed by a major earthquake. The impact of an earthquake is sudden. In India, like other countries of the world the earthquake prone areas are well defined and have divided into different risk zones according to the potential threat they possess. Himalayan region have been a zone of active tectonics because of its recent formation and continuous subduction of the Indian plate Himanchal Pradesh and Uttrakhand, two states of Central Himalayas possess potential threat from earthquake because of their geo-physical location and fall in seismic zone 4 & 5 which points towards high to very high damage risk zone (Fig 1 & 2). The presence of MBT (Main Boundary Thurst) & MCT(Main Central Thrust) over these states results in frequent release of energy causing ground shakes on a regular basis. The presentwork explains the current housing vulnerability status of two district of Himanchal Pradesh i.e. Chamba&Kangra and Uttarkashi District of Uttrakhand.

[1]. Vulnerability Atlas of India Earthquake, Windstorm $ Flood Hazard Maps and damage risk of Housing, Ministry of Urban Affairs & Employment, Government of India, 1997
[2]. www.census2011.co.in
[3]. www.google.com website (Accessed from 1, march.2014 to 12, april.2014).

Abstract: The language of a people is the identity, culture and value of such a people and if the government of such people down plays the place of language, there will be chaos and anarchy. This paper looks at governance and language loss among youths in Nigeria. The major method of this investigation was basically literature review. It highlights the various language policies of the government of Nigeria before and after independence. It laments the situation of language use and attitude of youths in many Nigerian communities. It traced the possible causes to such variablesasnon-implementation of government policies concerning language, prohibition of vernaculars in schools, ineffective service delivery, parental choice of English language in many homes, influence of music and the entertainment world where most advertisements are done in pidgin. The resultant effects are loss of moral and social values, manifestations of endangerment of the three major languages and total languageloss of many minority languages in Nigeria. Based on these, it was recommended that the government at all levels as well as individuals must empower Nigerian indigenous languages so as to stem the tide of language loss.
Keywords: Culture, Language learning, Acquisition, Language endangerment

[1]. Adegbite, W. (2003). Multilingualism and national development. In L. Oyeleye & M. Olateju (Eds.) Reading in language and literature.153-168 Ile- Ife:Obafemi Awolowo University Press limited.
[2]. Adeosun, H.A. (2010). Barriers to child language performance: the case of Yoruba. In D.D. Kuupole & I. Bariki (Eds).Applied social dimensions of language use and teaching in West Africa. 282-286 Ghana: The University Press
[3]. Ajiboye, T. (2002). Promoting reading readiness in African languages: a factor for African language harmonization. In K.K. Prah (Eds). Rehabilitating African languages. 125-131 Cape Town: The centre for Advanced studies of African society.
[4]. Akande, A. T. & Salami, L.O. (2010). Use and attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin English among Nigerian university students'. In M. Robert McColl (Ed.) Marginal dialects: Scotland, Ireland and beyond.70-89.
[5]. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the languages of Scotland and Ireland.

Abstract: The study investigated the effects of career exploration intervention and career planning course on problems of Vocational Counselling Information – Seeking Behaviour of the Students in Uyo Metropolis. Two hundred and forty randomly selected senior secondary school class two students constituted the sample of the study. The sample consisted of 140 boys and 100 girls. Their age ranged between 15 and 18 years with a main age of 15.5 years and standard deviation of 0.66 years. Career Factor Inventory and Career Decision-making Self-Efficiency Scale were the two instruments employed in the study; data were analyzed using analysis of co-variance and Duncan post-hoc measure. The results show that there were significant main effects of treatment on counselling information – seeking behaviour of the participants. The two treatments were also superior to the control groups on measure to counselling information-seeking behaviour of the participants and that career decision-making, self-efficiency and gender moderate the causal link between the treatments and the criterion measure. Based on the findings it was suggested that school counsellors and relevant stakeholders should making conscious effort to adopt career-planning course and career exploration intervention as tools for handling adolescents career-related concerns.
Keywords: Vocational Counselling, Information-Seeking Behaviour, Career Exploration Intervention, Career Planning Course..

[1]. Achebe, C. C. (2002). Techniques of Educational and Vocational Planning. In T. Ipaye (Ed.) Educational and Vocational Guidance: Concepts and Approaches, Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife Press Ltd.
[2]. Bandma, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards a Unifying Theory of Behavioural Change. Psychological Review, 84, 191 – 215.
[3]. Belkin, G. S. (2004). Introduction to Counselling. (2nd Ed.) W. M. C. Brown Company Publishers.
[4]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2001). National Policy on Education, Abuja Federal Government Press.
[5]. Gibson, R. L., Michel, M. H. & Higglins, R. E. (2003). Development and Management of Counselling Programmes and Guidance Service, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.

Abstract: This paper reviews the issue of Adult Education and its linkage with National Development. The concept of adult education is analyzed in the contest of non-formal education and lifelong learning. Adult education succinctly explained in tandem with National Development. The elements that should constitute adult education policy for Nigeria's development is outlined and elucidated upon

[1]. Duru, J.C. (1998). The Role of Bureaucracy in National Development: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Nigeria. International Journal of Social Science and Public Policy 1(2): 145-152.
[2]. Edwards, R. (1997). Changing Places? Flexibility, lifelong learning and learning society, London: Routledge.
[3]. Egbezor, D.E. and Okanezi, B. (2008). Non-Formal Education as a Tool to Human Resource Development: An Assessment. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education 1(1): 26-40.
[4]. Eraut, M. (1994). Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence, London:Falmer.
[5]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (21004).National Policy on Education, (4th Ed.).Lagos: NERDC Press.

Abstract: This piece of research intends to explore and analyze the local government's executive role in developing and implementing the governmental budget as well as the role played by the legislative body in approving and supervising the budget, to examine the respective influence of these roles on the realization of good governance.This research study comprises analytic observation made by way of the survey method, and is non-experimental in nature. Sample collection has been arranged through purposive method, which means by considering all members of the local population, except members that categorized as new local governments. The Research Unit is made up of 13 local governments at Regency level and 6 local governments at the Municipal level. The respondents are local government executives and the Local Legislative Body's Budgetary Committee. The total number of respondents amounts to 540 and the completed questionnaires amount to 420. The analytical method employed is the so-called Path Analysis. The result of path coefficient shows that local government's executive role moderately high influential in terms of affecting the realization good governance, and based on hypothesis test, its influential is significant. Meanwhile, the result of path coefficient shows that the legislative body's role weakly influential in terms of affecting the realization good governance, but based on hypothesis test, its influential is not significant. Furthermore, the result of path coefficient shows that local government's executive and the legislative body's role simultaneously influential in terms of affecting the realization (enhancement) of good governance, and based on hypothesis test, its influential is significant. These findings are supported by previous research and various theories based thereon.
Keywords: Budgeting Process, local government's executive role, legislative body's role, good governance

[1]. Allen, Richard & Tommasi, Daniel. 2000. Managing Public Expenditure: A Reference book for transition Countries. OECD.
[2]. Asian Development Bank. 2000. Review of for Managing Public Expenditure, ADB. Manila, Philipine.
[3]. Castaneda, Xandro. 2000. Managing and Monitoring Budget Implementation, Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philipine.
[4]. Goddard, Andrew. 1999. "Culture and Drama: The role of financial control system in the organisational process in three local government organisations". The International Journal of Public Sector Management. Vol 12.
[5]. Hackbart, Merl & Ramsey, Jim. 1999. Managing Public Resources: Budget Execution. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accoounting & Financial Management. Boca Raton.

Abstract: There may be no any meaningful spoken or written discourse in any human language without words because words are used to express thoughts, ideas and feelings. For one to use any word correctly, one requires among other things, the knowledge of its lexical or grammatical category. Several contemporary scholars of English grammar have identified certain criteria for classifying English words into grammatical categories. But some of these criteria are somewhat controversial. Hence this paper is a critique of the criteria identified by these contemporary English grammarians. However, it considers briefly traditional grammar approach to the classification of English words. The paper discusses both open set and closed set words which are randomly selected and analyzed. The study discovered that virtually all the grammatical categories have homophonous usage with one another. That is, their features tend to overlap. It also discovered that no single criterion is satisfactory enough for use in classifying English words into grammatical categories. The paper therefore posits that in classifying English words into lexical categories, we need to consider both the morphology and distribution (syntax) of words because none of them is self-sufficient in this regard.

[1]. Carnie, Andrew: Syntax: A Generative Introduction, 2nd edition. Australia: Blackwell Publishers, 2007
[2]. Eka, David. Elements of Grammar and Mechanics of the English Language. Uyo: Samuf (Nigeria) Ltd, 2004.
[3]. Finegan, Edward. Language: Its Structure and Use. USA: Michael Rosenerg, 2004.
[4]. Forest, Ronald. Revision English. UK: Longman Group, 1984
[5]. Huddleston, Rodney. English Grammar: An Outline. Great Britain: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Abstract: The study aims to know the degree of awareness on HIV/AIDS among women workers working in garment industries of Bangladesh. The study was developed from data of secondary sources. The married, educated, older lady artisans and also who were contacted with media had good percentage of alertness on the epidemics of HIV than others. But they carried an unclear and hazy picture of AIDS inside them. Respecting means of transference, signs of HIV/AIDS, risk groups, mastery of prevention-their judgements were so diversified. Using contraceptives, joining in workshops connected with HIV – the rate was not competent. Of all the informants relevant to HIV/AIDS, hearing from radio/TV ranked the top. An effective, constructive and useful step should be taken by different government and non-government organizations to make the women wear employee having a clear and right conception to defence themselves from this transmissive and deathly disease.
Key Words: Awareness, HIV/AIDS, garment, women, Bangladesh

[1]. Akter S and M Rahman. 2009. Socio-demographic Covariates Play a Tremendous Role in Mounting HIV/AIDS Awareness, Knowledge among Slum Women in Bangladesh. Revista de CienciasMedicas e Biologicas, 8:250-255.
[2]. Ali S. 1998. South Asian Perspective on Fertility Regulation.8th Postgraduate Course for Training in Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Biology.Geneva Foundation for MedicalEducation and Research.
[3]. Begum M and A Hussain. 2008. Study on the Acceptance of Contraceptive Devices Among Married Female Workers of A Garments Factory of Dhaka City. Bangladesh J PhysiolPharmacol. 24:10-13.
[4]. CDC. 2001."Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report," centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Vol 50, No.21.
[5]. Hasan T, M Hassan, R Khan, R Nuzhat and E Arefin. 2013. Influence of Socio-demographic Factors on Awareness of HIV/AIDS among Bangladeshi Garment Workers. Springer Plus. 2013:1-7,doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-174.

Abstract: This study addresses important issues affecting under-five mortality in Zimbabwe. The objective of this research is to establish factors that are significantly impacting on child survival and to determine the survival rate of children under the age of five years. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier estimator were used for data analysis. Child survival was significantly influenced by two predictor variables, breastfeeding and immunisation status (p < 0.05). The Hazard ratios for variable breastfeeding and immunisation are 2.806 and 4.778 respectively. The survival functions for the children indicate a high survival rate especially in children who are well breastfed and those who are fully immunised. This study supports health policy interventions that enhance child survival. Immunisation and breastfeeding should be encouraged among mothers to enhance child survival.
Keywords: child survival, Cox Regression, factors, , Kaplan-Meier, hazard ratio.

[1]. Bawah, A.A., Phillips, J.F., Adjuik M., Vaughan-Smith, M., MacLeod, B., Binka. F.N. (2006) The Impact of Immunization on the association between poverty and Child Survival: Evidence from Kassena-Nankana District of Northen Ghana. Population Council Policy Research Paper 2006 No. 218
[2]. Government of Zimbabwe Ministry of Social Services, (2010) Millennium Development Goals Status Report for Zimbabwe 2010.
[3]. Kembo, J. and Van Ginneken, J.K. (2009). Determinants of infant and child mortality in Zimbabwe: Results of multivariate hazard analysis. Demographic Research Vol 21 Article 13 Pages 367-384
[4]. Klaauw, V.B and Wang, L. (2004) Child Mortality in Rural India (April 21, 2004).World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3281.
[5]. Kwabena, A. K. (2011) Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Under Five Mortality in South Africa-An Investigative Study. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 2 (2): 104-110

Abstract: Multiple variables leading to socio-economic discrimination include gender, caste, levels of father's education; father's occupation etc. may contribute to self-concept, academic achievement and achievement motivation. The present study attempts to explore whether various social categories of school going adolescents differ with respect to self-concept, academic achievement and achievement motivation. 846 students from 28 schools of West Bengal, India, constituted the sample chosen by SRSWOR by the sampling scheme of Rao, Hartley and Cochran (1962). To test hypothesis of simultaneous equality of a set of variables such as self-concept, academic achievement and achievement motivation across the social categories, ANOVA was undertaken. The results revealed that gender difference was significant for four dimensions of self-concept out of six dimensions considered. However, for academic achievement and achievement motivation, gender difference was not found to be significant. Caste wise students differed significantly in academic achievement. When father's education and occupation were considered, highly significant differences were observed for academic achievement and achievement motivation but insignificant difference with respect to dimensions of self-concept.
Key words: Self-concept, Academic Achievement, Achievement Motivation

[1]. Act for youth Upstate Center of Excellence. 2003. "Research facts and findings on adolescent self esteem", A collaboration of Cornell University, University of Rochester and the New York State Center for School Safety.
[2]. Adsul, R. K., Kamble, V., & Sangli, K.W. 2008. "Achievement motivation as a Function of Gender, Economic Background and Caste Differences in College Students". Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 323 - 327.
[3]. Ahluwalia, S. P. 1999. – "Manual for Children's Self Concept Scale", National Psychological Corporation, Agra.
[4]. Akinsanya, Omolade O., Ajayi, Kassim O. and Saloni, Modupe O. 2011. "Relative Effects of Parents' Occupation, Qualification and Academic Motivation of Wardson Students' Achievement in Senior Secondary School Mathematics in Ogun State", British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, Vol.3, No.2, 242-252.
[5]. Amalaha, B. M. 1975. "Academic achievement motivation of Ibo fifth formers", Dissertation Abstracts International. 36(1): 123 –A.

Abstract:The concept of Emotional Intelligence has become a very interesting topic of psychological research in recent years. Emotional intelligence is still not completely understood, but the important thing is that Emotions play a very critical role in the overall quality of personal and professional lives. The purpose of the present research was to study Emotional Intelligence among Indian and Foreign Students with respect to demographic variables ( Gender, age , Educational Qualification, Marital Status , Level of Sociability , Birth Order, Socioeconomic Status and Religion ) – A comparative study . Sample consisted of 400 students . 200 Men and 200 Women .The age range of 20 to 35 years from different Ph.D , M.Phil and MA courses . The sample was drawn from education institutes such as Osmania University ( OU ) , English and Foreign Language University (E F L U) , Hyderabad Central University (HCU) and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University ( JNTU ) - India . The number of 32 foreign countries studied and compared with Indian students in this research . Tools used in the present study to collect data was Emotional Intelligence Inventory - N Shutte (1998). Later the data was analyzed by using ANOVA , Independent t , Mean Score , Standard Deviation and Pearson Correlation . Results presented that there was no significant differences between Indian and Foreign students with respect to total score of Emotional Intelligence but it was found that Foreign students showed higher Emotional Intelligence as compared to Indian students in two Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence 1- Other's Emotion ( Understanding and recognizing other people's emotion ) and 2- Optimism (A mental attitude or world view that interprets situations and events as being best ). It was concluded from this study that there was no differences between Girls and Boys with respect to Emotional Intelligence .It was also found that Foreign students showed higher emotional intelligence as compared to Indian students as regards to age group between 25-30 . Results also indicated that there was no statistically significant differences between Indian and Foreign students in Emotional Intelligence with respect to the other Demographic variables included to : ( Gender , Educational Qualification, Marital Status , Level of Sociability , Birth Order, Socioeconomic Status and Religion ) in this study.

[1] J D. Mayer ,University of New Hampshire, USA , P Salovey,Yale University, USA (2004 ) Emotional Intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings.
[2] Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam.
[3] J.J Maini ( 2007 ) the relationship among dimensions of Emotional Intelligence as predictor variables of organizational citizenship behaviour among Indian .
[4] M,J Samavati ( 2009) the study on Emotional Intelligence among male and female.
[5] F. Naghavi, M. Redzuan ( 2011) the antithetical findings with respect to gender and Emotional Intelligence.

Abstract: The main goal of every microfinance institution (MFI) is to operate profitably in order to maintain its stability and improve growth and sustainability. However, existence of high levels of loan default problem in microfinance industry negatively affect the level of private investment and constrain the scope of microfinance institution credit to borrowers as MFIs have to compensate for loan default/delinquency losses. The success of individual MFIs in credit risk management is largely reflected in the proportion of delinquency's loans to gross lending. Factors such as credit policies, loan recovery procedures, and loan appraisal process are viewed as critical drivers of loan delinquency occurrence; each of these factors significantly affects loan delinquency performance in MFIs in Kenya. The study used primary data. The study target population compromise 59 MFIs registered by Association of Microfinance Institutions of Kenya (AMFIK). A descriptive survey design was used to carry out a census of 59 microfinance institution in Kenya, this is because of the small size population .The data was collected through a structured questionnaire and administered to MFIs loan officers for response. Multiple regression analysis was used to establish relationship between loan delinquency and credit policies, loan recovery procedures, and initial loan appraisal in MFIs in Kenya. A total of 48 questionnaires were administered of which 45 were adequately respondent to and considered for analysis, this formed 94% response rate. The findings indicated that all the three factors tested had a significant impact on the loan default rate, thus the micro-finance institutions have a cause to worry if they have to reduce the loan default rates by considering the three factors under the study..

[1]. Armendariz, B, and Morduch, J. (2005). "MicroFinance: Where Dowe Stand?" In Financial Development and Economic Growth: Explaining the Links, edited by C. Goodhart. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
[2]. Buvinic, M. (1997). Women in poverty: A new global underclass. Foreign Policy, 108, 38-53.
[3]. Bystrom, H. (2007). Structured microfinance. Lund University in Lund, Sweden: Swiss printers
[4]. Beatrix, A. & M. Jonathan, (2005). The Economics of microfinance. London: England Press
"Chapters 4-8". Means and ends: The idea of capital in the West, 1500-1970. New York: Palgrave Macmillan