iosr-JMCE   Volume-23 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – June 2026

Abstract: The presence of fine-grained particles in sandy soils is widely recognized to influence their mechanical and geotechnical behaviour, yet its precise effect on compaction response under West African field conditions remains insufficiently documented. This study investigates the influence of varying proportions of fine-grained material on the compaction characteristics of sandy soil sourced from Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Sandy soil was collected from The Polytechnic Ibadan campus and reconstituted with 0%, 15%, and 30% by weight of silt passing the 75 μm (BS No. 200) sieve, yielding three independent samples designated S1, S2, and S3 respectively. The silt fraction was obtained from an active......

Keywords: Soil compaction; Fine content; Sandy soil; Maximum dry density (MDD); Optimum moisture content (OMC); Proctor test; Atterberg limits; Particle size distribution; AASHTO classification; Nigeria

[1]. AASHTO M 145-91 (2012). Standard Specification for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
[2]. ASTM D 854-14 (2014). Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[3]. ASTM D 4318-17e1 (2017). Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[4]. Azizi, F. (2000). Applied Analyses in Geotechnics (1st ed.). E & FN Spon, London, UK.
[5]. BS 1377-1 (1990). Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes — Part 1: General Requirements and Sample Preparation. British Standards Institution, London, UK.

Abstract: Background: The optimization of long-distance maritime routes involves complex tradeoffs regarding transit times, port congestion, and structural chokepoints, none of which are effectively represented in theoretical models. To fill this gap, this research paper proposes to create an empirical optimization model for the Shanghai to South Africa shipping corridor using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from 786 voyages. Methods: The optimization model created in this study was based on a composite score combining four criteria (transit time, congestion exposure......

Keywords: maritime route optimization; AIS data; China-South Africa corridor; CRITIC weighting; directional asymmetry; port congestion; Strait of Malacca; composite scoring model

[1]. Saeed, N.; Cullinane, K.; Sodal, S. Exploring the relationships between maritime connectivity, international trade and domestic production. Marit. Policy Manag. 2021, 48, 497-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2020.1802783.
[2]. Verschuur, J.; Koks, E.E.; Hall, J.W. Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 4351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32070-0.
[3]. Anson, J.; Arvis, J.-F.; Boffa, M.; Helble, M.; Shepherd, B. Time, uncertainty and trade flows. World Econ. 2020, 43, 2375-2392. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12974.
[4]. Mannarini, G.; Salinas, M.L.; Carelli, L.; Petacco, N.; Orovic, J. VISIR-2: ship weather routing in Python. Geosci. Model Dev. 2024, 17, 4355-4382. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4355-2024.
[5]. Wang, K.; Li, J.; Huang, L.; Ma, R.; Jiang, X.; Yuan, Y.; Mwero, N.A.; Negenborn, R.R.; Sun, P.; Yan, X. A novel method for joint optimization of the sailing route and speed considering multiple environmental factors for more energy efficient shipping. Ocean Eng. 2020, 216, 107591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107591.

Abstract: The aim of this work is to carried out the hardness and microstructure of wire produced from the recycled machined chips/scrap of aluminum alloy AA6082 aided by Friction Stir Extrusion Process (FSEP). This solid-state recycling technique is advanced principles of friction-based heating, plastic deformation to convert metal scraps directly into usable product. This process utilizes a rotating tool that generates localized heat through friction and pressure......

Keywords: Aluminum Alloys, Friction Stir Extrusion Process, Hardness, Microstructure

[1]. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and The Welding Institute-England, “Final Technical Reportˮ, (March 27, 2012), DE-EE003458.
[2]. ABDI BEHNAGH R, MAHDAVINEJAD R, YAVARI A, ABDOLLAHI M, NARVAN M.,“Production of Wire From AA7277 Aluminum Chips via Friction-Stir Extrusion (FSE)ˮ, J. Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(4) (2014), pp. 1484–1489.
[3]. Masoud Abdollahi, Reza Abdi Behnagh, Javad Ghasemi, Mohammad Kazem BesharatiGivi., “Solid-state recycling of aluminium alloy chips through friction stir extrusion (FSE)ˮ, Proceedings of Iran International Aluminum Conference (IIAC2014), May 25-26, 2014, Tehran, I.R. Iran.[4].
Reza Abdi Behnagh, Ninggang Shen, Mohammad Ali Ansari, Morteza Narvan, Mohammad Kazem Besharati Givi,Hongtao Ding., “Experimental Analysis and Microstructure Modeling of Friction Stir Extrusion of Magnesium Chips”, ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 138(2015), pp. 0410081- 04100811

Abstract: The aim of this work is to investigate the hardness and microstructure of wire produced from the recycled machined scraps of polymers through a Friction Stir Extrusion Process (FSEP). This an advanced solid-state technique plastic deformation to convert metal chips directly into wire. In this process a rotating tool called plunger is utilised to generates localized heat due to friction and a pressure applied to softening the material, enabling it to extruded through centre of a plunger hole 5mm in diameter without melting, to avoid the issues such as oxidation and gas porosity, results......

Keywords: Polo Polymers, Friction Stir Extrusion Process, Hardness, Microstructure.

[1]. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and The Welding Institute-England, “Final Technical Reportˮ, (March 27, 2012), DE-EE003458.
[2]. ABDI BEHNAGH R, MAHDAVINEJAD R, YAVARI A, ABDOLLAHI M, NARVAN M.,“Production of Wire From AA7277 Aluminum Chips via Friction-Stir Extrusion (FSE)ˮ, J. Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(4) (2014), pp. 1484–1489.
[3]. Masoud Abdollahi, Reza Abdi Behnagh, Javad Ghasemi, Mohammad Kazem BesharatiGivi., “Solid-state recycling of aluminium alloy chips through friction stir extrusion (FSE)ˮ, Proceedings of Iran International Aluminum Conference (IIAC2014), May 25-26, 2014, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
[4]. Reza Abdi Behnagh, Ninggang Shen, Mohammad Ali Ansari, Morteza Narvan, Mohammad Kazem Besharati Givi,Hongtao Ding., “Experimental Analysis and Microstructure Modeling of Friction Stir Extrusion of Magnesium Chips”, ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 138(2015), pp. 0410081- 04100811.
[5]. A. Hosseini, E.Azarsa, B.Davoodi, Y.Ardahani.,“Effect of process parameters on the physical properties of wires produced by friction extrusion method”, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol., 3(1)(2012), pp. 592-597

Abstract: The aim of this work analyzes the results using ANSYS–R15.0 in the friction stir extrusion process. In this process soft metal billet is held in a cylindrical stationary cartridge, a rotating plunger with axial force was applied from the top, due to this force and speed, friction has been generating and it helps to gets consolidate, plasticized then extruded in wire form through the central hole of the plunger. During this process the results could be obtained deformation, field distributions of von miss stress and thermal stress analysis in the billets can be studied......

Keywords: Billet, Friction Stir Extrusion, Process Parameters, Deformation, Stress.

[1] Jirang CUI, Hans J.ROVEN, “Recycling of automotive Aluminum”, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (20) 2010,pp.2057-2063.
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[3] Huang Pingsha,“ Environmental and economic benefit of recycling model of packaging waste: a case study on aluminumˮ, Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment,2(3)2004,pp.30-36.
[4] J. Gronostajski, A. Matuszak,“ The recycling of metals by plastic deformation: an example of recycling of aluminium and its alloys chipsˮ, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 92-93 (1999),pp. 35-41..