iosr-JMCE   International Conference on RECENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract: The aim of the paper is to improve the wear resistance of the bearing material, through coating the Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) material on bearing steel (En31) by Physical Vapor Deposition(PVD) process. DLC possesses higher hardness with high wear resistance, low friction and chemically inert. Abrasive wear of both coated and uncoated specimen will be compared. In conventional bearings, material is subjected to a high cyclic loading and high levels of abrasion, the fatigue, friction and wear. When a bearing fails, it will affect the machine and reliability of the whole system. Therefore, prolonging the service life and reliability of the bearing by improving the wear resistance would be achieved by DLC coating.
Key Words: Diamond Like Carbon (DLC), Bearing steel (En31), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Abrasive Wear.

[1] M.S. Jellesen, T.L. Christiansen, L.R. Hilbert and P. Møller, "Tribological behavior under aggressive environment of diamond-like carbon film with incorporated nanocrystalline diamond particles", Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 206, pp. 434–439, 2011.
[2] S.E. Franklin and J. Baranowska, "Conditions affecting the sliding tribological performance of selected coatings for high vacuum bearing application", Wear, vol. 263, pp. 1300-1305, 2007.
[3] S. V. Hainsworth and N. J. Uhure, "Diamond like carbon coatings for tribology: production techniques, characterization methods and applications", International Materials Reviews, Vol. 52(3) ,pp. 153–74, 2007.
[4] M. Yatsuzuka, Y. Oka, M. Nishijima and K. Hiraga, "Performant DLC Films with Enhanced Wear Resistance", Vacuum, pp. 190-194, 2008.
[5] G. X. Xie, B. R. Zheng, W. Li and W. Xue, "Investigation of Interfacial Composition, Structure, and Topography on Tribometric Friction", Applied Surface Science ,Vol. 254 , pp. 7022 – 7028, 2008.
[6] M. Minn and S. K. Sinha, "Wear Failures of Plastics", Wear, Vol. 11, pp. 3830-3833, 2010.
[7] A. Anders, "Microstructural characterization of N, Ti mixed coatings deposited by plasma based ion implantation and magnetron sputtering deposition", Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 19, pp. 635-638, 1997.
[8] J. P. Hirvonen, J. Koskinen, J. R. Jervis and M. Nastasi, "Present progress in the development of low friction coatings", Surface Coatings &. Technology, Vol. 80(1–2), pp. 139–50, 1996.
[9] H. X. Liu, X. F. Wang, L. P. Wang and B. Y. Tang, "Wear behaviour and rolling contact fatigue life of Ti/TiN/DLC multilayer films fabricated on bearing steel by PIIID", Surface & Coatings Technology, Vol. 228, pp. 848-853, 2012.
[10] F. Masahiro, M. Ananth Kumar and Y. Akira, "Influence of DLC coating thickness on tribological characteristics under sliding rolling contact condition", Tribology International, Vol. 44, issue 11, pp. 1289-1295, 2011.

Abstract: In this paper focus on recent development of the study of nanoparticle based metal working fluids as used in the machining process. In the last 175 years the cutting fluids are widely used in the metal cutting operations to cool and lubricate between the tool and workpiece. In this work to investigate the machining of martensitic stainless steel 420 grade by the utility of multi walled carbon nano tubes dispersed with coconut oil as a metal working nano cutting fluids. In the asset of metal working nano cutting fluid and its behavior with respect to cutting temperature, surface finish have been analyzed. The results shows that carbon nano tubes based coconut oil has better surface finish and reduction of cutting temperature when compared to conventional cutting fluids is used as a coconut oil and dry condition. By using of Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array method to carried out for turning operations. And the analysis of variance is used to investigate the cutting parameters that affect the cutting performance in the operations.
Keywords: Anova, Cutting fluids, Machining, Nanoparticle, Taguchi.

[1] L. Cheng, "Nanofluid heat transfer technologies," Recent Patents on Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 1-7, 2009.
[2] K. Lee, Y. Hwang, S. Cheong, Y. Choi, L. Kwon, J. Lee, et al., "Understanding the role of nanoparticles in nano-oil lubrication," Tribology Letters, vol. 35, pp. 127-131, 2009.
[3] M. Assael, I. Metaxa, K. Kakosimos, and D. Constantinou, "Thermal conductivity of nanofluids–experimental and theoretical," International journal of thermophysics, vol. 27, pp. 999-1017, 2006.
[4] S. Prabhu and B. Vinayagam, "Nano surface generation of grinding process using carbon nano tubes," Sadhana, vol. 35, pp. 747-760, 2010.
[5] P. Vamsi Krishna, R. Srikant, and D. Nageswara Rao, "Experimental investigation on the performance of nanoboric acid suspensions in SAE-40 and coconut oil during turning of AISI 1040 steel," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 50, pp. 911-916, 2010.
[6] M. A. Xavior and M. Adithan, "Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 209, pp. 900-909, 2009.
[7] S. Khandekar, M. R. Sankar, V. Agnihotri, and J. Ramkumar, "Nano-Cutting Fluid for Enhancement of Metal Cutting Performance," Materials and Manufacturing Processes, vol. 27, pp. 963-967, 2012.
[8] S. Narayana Rao, B. Satyanarayana, and K. Venkatasubbaiah, "Experimental estimation of tool wear and cutting temperatures in mql using cutting fluids with cnt inclusion," International Journal of Engineering Science & Technology, vol. 3, 2011.
[9] S. Prabhu and B. K. Vinayagam, "AFM investigation in grinding process with nanofluids using Taguchi analysis," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 60, pp. 149-160, 2012.
[10] T. Rajasekaran, K. Palanikumar, and S. Arunachalam, "Investigation on the Turning Parameters for Surface Roughness using Taguchi Analysis," Procedia Engineering, vol. 51, pp. 781-790, 2013.

Abstract: In this investigation, augmented surface has been achieved with dimples strategically located in a pattern along the tube of a concentric tube heat exchanger with the increased area on the tube side. Augmented surfaces to increasing the heat transfer coefficient with a consequent increase in the friction factor. In this analysis to modify the inner tube of double pipe heat exchanger using dimpled tube. The concentric tube heat exchanger is design from Juin Chen a.et.al. Correlation. In this design the inner tubes consider as the hot flue gas and outer tube is nano fluid. Here In this study the properties of nano fluid from the alumina as the nano fluid with ethyl glycol as the base fluid. a. From this design calculation the heat transfer co efficient is increased compared to plain concentric tube heat exchanger. Similarly the effectiveness is 8% increased compared to plain concentric tube heat exchanger. The theoretical results show that the using dimpled tube in concentric tube heat exchanger gives better performance. The modeling and analysis is carried out to vary the dimple tube cross sections, ellipsoidal and spherical shapes using CFD. Finally the enhanced dimple tube is compare with the theoretical, analytical and analysis the results.

[1]. Chinaruk Thianpong a, Petpices Eiamsa-ard a, Khwanchit Wongcharee b, Smith Eiamsa-ardc,"Compound heat transfer enhancement of a dimpled tube with a twisted tape swirl generator", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 36 (2009) 698–704.
[2]. David J. Kukulka a, Rick Smith b, Kevin G. Fuller b "Development and evaluation of enhanced heat transfer tubes'', Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 2141-2145
[3]. Juin Chen a, Hans Muller-Steinhagen b, Georey G. Ducy a, "Heat transfer enhancement in dimpled tubes,'' Applied Thermal Engineering 21 (2001) 535-547
[4]. J.E. Kim a, J.H. Doo a, M.Y. Haa, H.S. Yoon b, C. Son "Numerical study on characteristics of flow and heat transfer in a cooling passage with protrusion-in-dimple surface'' International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 7257–7267,.
[5]. M. A. Saleh(et.al.."Flow and Heat Transfer Performance of A Dimpled-Inter Surface Heat Exchanger-an Experimental /Numerical Study". Applied Thermal Engineering 21 2002).
[6]. Pedro g. vicente, alberto garcia, antonio viedma, Heat transfer and pressure drop for low reynolds turbulent flow in helically dimpled tubes'' , International journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 543–553.
[7]. Pedro G. Vicente *, Alberto Garcıa, Antonio Viedma "Experimental study of mixed convection and pressure drop in helically dimpled tubes for laminar and transition flow'' International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 5091–5105,
[8]. Suresh, M. Chandrasekar, S. Chandra Sekhar, " Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of CuO/water nano fluid under turbulent flow in a helically dimpled tube", Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 542–549.
[9]. S.F Tsai,et.al."Heat transfer in a conjugate heat exchanger with a wavy fin surface" surface'' International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 56 .(1999).
[10]. S.W. Chang a,*, K.F. Chiang b, T.L. Yang a, C.C. Huang, "Heat transfer and pressure drop in dimpled fin channels'', Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 23–40.

Abstract: Control valves are one of the oldest valve types used for throttling application for all sizes due to better controllability and range. There are different types of globe valve available, but for control valve condition cage and plug designs are widely employed. Cage and design consist of body, valve cage, plug and an actuation mechanism.At present the globe valves designed for various purposes are of these 150/300/600/1500/2500/4500 classes. Now the requirements of globe valves are to control high pressure and high temperature, which doesn't come under these classes. My project is to design and analysis of multi stage 3000 rating globe valve. This project is about to design a globe valve, which can control high pressure required in the boiler which is used in thermal power plants and in petroleum refineries, which is not under the above given classes. The 3000 pressure rating globe valve is redesigned and two dimensional and the three dimensional design software are used to design the particular globe valve and the flow path analysis and stress analysis is done using analysis softwares.

[1] Failure of stainless steel check valve in oxygen service by Julio.J.Rago. Published in Journal of ASTM international about Internal damage due to past fires in oxygen valves.
[2] Selection of metals for oxygen valves by Emmznual Fano,Albert Fapuin.Published in Journal of ASTM international about Ignition by particles is identified in valves
[3] Evaluating the perfomance of the exhaust valves for vapor productive and chemical producitve dive suits.by David F.White Thomas C.Jeffery. Published in Journal of ASTM international about Valve operation depends on diaphram and seal properties.
[4] Case study of royal Austrian air force p3b Orion aircraft ground oxygen fire incident. .by John W Grubb Published in Journal of ASTM international about Need to use materials other than silicon rubber in oxygen valves . Failure analysis of fires in oxygen production process valves. By Harold esson ,Ghon Ginter Published in Journal of ASTM international about The chemical analysis is done.
[5] Contamination sensitivity of Hydraulic pump and valves by Stephan lehnar and George Jaccobs Published in Journal of ASTM international about Provisions for wear design to minimise wear are pointed out.
[6] Study of frequency response of control components in a pneumatic system. . by Ho Chang and Lianng chia chen Published in Journal of ASTM international about valve control.

Abstract: Truck chassis is a major component in a vehicle system. This work involves static and dynamics analysis to determine the key characteristics of a truck chassis. The static characteristics include identifying location of high stress area and determining the torsion stiffness of the chassis. The dynamic characteristics of truck chassis such as the natural frequency and mode shape were determined by using finite element (FE) method. Experimental modal analysis was carried out to validate the FE models. Modal updating of the truck chassis model was done by adjusting the selective properties such as mass density and Poisson's ratio. Predicted natural frequency and mode shape were validated against the experimental results. Finally, the modification of the updated FE truck chassis model was proposed to reduce the vibration, improve the strength and optimize the weight of the truck chassis. The major area of concern in the truck chassis was structural resonance at 52 Hz, experienced during the torsional and bending modes. Modifications to shift natural frequencies were proposed by increasing the thickness of the chassis center section by 2 mm and additional stiffener members located at the center of the base plate with a thickness of 10 mm. The overall modifications resulted in the natural frequency shifted by 13 % higher than the original value, increased the torsion stiffness by 25 % and reduced the total deflection by 16 %. The overall weight of the new truck chassis was increased by 7%.

[1]. Dave Anderson and Grey Schede. Development of a Multi- Body Dynamic Modal of a Tractor – Semi trailer for Ride Quality Prediction. International Truck and Engine Corp. 2001.
[2]. I.M. Ibrahim, D.A.Crolla and D.C. Barton. Effect Of Frame Flexibility On The Ride Vibration Of Trucks. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K. August 1994.
[3]. Pomulo Rossi Pinto Filho. Automotive Frame Optimization. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. November 2003.
[4]. Zaman @ Bujang, Izzudin and Abd. Rahman, Roslan (2006). Application of Dynamic Correlation Technique and Model Updating on Truck Chassis. 1st Regional Conference on Vehicle Engineering & Technology, July 2006.
[5]. Lonny L. Thomson, Jon K. Lampert and E. Harry Law. Design of a Twist Fixture to measure the Torsional Stiffness of a Winston Cup Chassis. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson Univ.1998.
[6]. Murali M.R. Krisna. Chassis Cross-Member Design Using Shape Optimization. International Congress and Exposition Detroit, Michigan. February 23-26,1998.
[7]. Wesley Linton. Analysis of Torsional Stiffness and Design Improvement Study of a Kit Car Prototype. Cranfield University, September 2002.
[8]. Marco Antonio Alves Jr, Helio Kitagawa and Celso Nogueira. Avoiding Structural Failure via Fault Tolerant Control – An Application on a Truck Frame. Detroit, Michigan November 18-20, 2002.
[9]. http://www-5.jeep/vensuite/vehiclecompare.jsp
[10]. Jerome Deweer and Tom Van Langenhove. Identification of the Best Modal Parameters and Strategies for FE Model Updating. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2001.

Abstract: A Manufacturing world which concentrated on design, product development, production rate and profit now has to focus on tool life, human welfare and environmental issues due to the fulfillment of statutory requirements and quality aspects. This paved way for the birth of the several approaches for risk assessment and control of occupational hazards. In the metal working industry, one of the most important issues is the heat generated in cutting process. High temperature in metal cutting degrades the tool life, surface integrity, size accuracy and machining efficiency. Main objective can be achieved by maintaining the important cutting fluid parameters and operating procedures during the machining process. Detailed studies have revealed that the exposure to cutting fluid has harmful effects on human health due to inhalation and skin contacts. Also sever contamination impacts on the environment in the form of air and land pollutions resulting from vapor released during machining process and disposal of used oil. This project focused on the quality improvements of cutting fluid and the standard practices of usage during the machining operation mainly attributed on reduction in cutting zone temperature and minimize its adverse effects on human health and environment.

[1]. Afzal , A., 2004, "Fatigue Behavior and Life prediction of steel material and PM Connecting Rods," Master's Thesis, University of Toledo.
[2]. Balasubramaniam, B., Svoboda, M., and Bauer, W., 1991, "Structural optimization of I.C. engines subjected to mechanical and thermal loads," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 89, pp. 337-360.
[3]. Bhandari, V. B., 1994, "Design of Machine Elements," Tata McGraw-Hill.
[4]. Folgar, F., Wldrig, J. E., and Hunt, J. W., 1987, "Design, Fabrication and Performance of Fiber FP/Metal Matrix Composite Connecting Rods," SAE Technical Paper Series 1987, Paper No. 870406
[5]. Ishida, S., Hori, Y., Kinoshita, T., and Iwamoto, T., 1995, "Development of technique to measure stress on connecting rod during firing operation," SAE 951797, pp. 1851-1856.
[6]. Park, H., Ko, Y. S., Jung, S. C., Song, B. T., Jun, Y. H., Lee, B. C., and Lim, J. D., 2003, "Development of Fracture Split Steel Connecting Rods," SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper No. 2003-01-1309.Serag, S., Sevien, L., Sheha, G., and El-Beshtawi, I., 1989, "Optimal design of the connecting-rod", Modeling, Simulation and Control, B, AMSE Press, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.49-63

Abstract: Recently 304 stainless steel finds many applications like Automotive, Aerospace, Nuclear, Chemical and Cryogenics. The cylindrical grinding parameters on 304 stainless steel are conducted using Taguchi design of experiments of L9 orthogonal array was selected with 3 levels with 3 factors and output parameter of Surface Roughness is measured. The quality of the surface describes the relationship between the cutting speeds, feed rate, depth of cut and surface roughness are measured. High quality of the machining is done using the cylindrical grinding operation. Quality of the surface depends on the size and shape of the workpiece used. After conducting experiment, it is optimized by S / N ratio and analyzed by ANOVA and predicted that cutting speed is a dominating parameter of cylindrical grinding.
Keywords: Cylindrical Grinding, Surface Roughness, Taguchi Design, ANOVA Analysis.

[1]. V. Pallavi, Anoop kumar and T. Mohandas (2012). Optimization of turning parameters for surface roughness using taguchi method. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering. Vol. 5 : Issue 2.
[2]. Kalidass. S, Palanisamy. P and Muthukumaran. V (2013). Prediction and optimization of surface roughness for end milling operation using Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. Vol. 8 : 028-037.
[3]. Surinder kumar, Meenu and P.S. Satsangi (2012). A genetic algorithmic approach for optimization of surface roughness prediction model in turning using UD-GFRP composite. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences. Vol. 19, 386-396.
[4]. Suresh. P and Marimuthu. K (2012). Optimization of process parameters during machining of Al-SiC composites. Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. Vol. 7, 176-183.
[5]. Qiyong Zeng, Kai Wu, Xiaofeng Zheng and Ming Zhu (2012). Influencing factor analysis of workpiece surface roughness and measuring system design for the main factors in high speed machining. Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technology. Vol. 4(1), 69-78.
[6]. M. Janardhan and Dr. A. Gopala Krishna (2011). Determination and optimization of cylindrical grinding process parameters using taguchi method and regression analysis. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. Vol. 3, No. 7, 5659-5665.
[7]. Deepak Pal, Ajay Bangar, Rajan Sharma and Ashish Yadav (2012). Optimization of grinding parameters for minimum surface roughness by taguchi parameter optimization technique. International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Vol. 1, 74-78.
[8]. C. Thiagarajan, R. Sivaramakrishnan and S. Somasundaram (2011). Cylindrical grinding of SiC particles reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. APRN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 14-20.
[9]. M. Kiyak, O. Cakir and E. Altan. A study on surface roughness in external cylindrical grinding. Achievements in Mechanical and Materials Engineering. Conference proceedings. 459-462.
[10]. M. Janardhan and A. Gopala Krishna (2012). Multi-objective optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughness and metal removal rate in surface grinding using response surface methodology. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology. Vol. 3, Issue 1, 270-283.

Abstract: This article investigates the optimization of dry sliding performances on the aluminum hybrid metal matrix composites using Taguchi method. The parameters selected for this experimental study are applied load, sliding velocity and sliding distance. Using a pin-on-disk apparatus, dry sliding wear test is performed. The experiments were carried out using taguchi technique with an L27 orthogonal array. The validity of the developed model is checked by applying Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The results reveal that with increasing applied load, sliding distance and sliding velocity the wear rate was also increasing. The molybdenum disulphide composite showed less wear in comparison to the MoS2free composite.
Keywords: Aluminium Matrix Composites, Wear, Taguchi technique, Molybdenum Di Sulphide ,Titanium Carbide.

[1]. Gopalakrishnan.S, Murugan.N. Production and wear characterization of AA 6061 matrix titanium carbide particulate reinforced composite by enhanced stir casting method, Composites: Part B 2012: 43: 302 – 308.
[2]. Falcon-Franco.L, Bedolla-Becerril.E, Lemus-Ruiz.J, Gonzalez-Rodríguez.J.G, Guardian.R, Rosales.I. Wear performance of TiC as reinforcement of a magnesium alloy matrix composite, Composites: Part B 2010: 42: 275 – 279.
[3]. Rajnesh Tyagi. Synthesis and tribological characterization of insitu cast Al–TiC composites , Wear 2005: 569-576
[4]. Kostornov.A.G, Fushchich.O.I, Chevychelova.T.M, Varchenko.C.T, and Kostenko.A.D, Prospects Of Improving The Tribotechnical Characteristics Of Titanium Composites, Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 2013: 51: 686-696.
[5]. Zhiwei Liu, Qingyou Han, Jianguo Li. A developed method for producing in situ TiC/Al composites by using quick preheating treatment and ultrasonic vibration. Composites: Part B 2012: 43: 2429 – 2433.
[6]. Winer.W.O. Molybdenum Disulphide as a Lubricant: A Kevie of the Fundamental Knowledge. Wear 1966: 422–452.
[7]. Jiaren Jianga, Arnella.R.D, Gajendra Dixit. The influence of ball size on tribological behavior of MoS2 coating tested on a ball-on-disk wear rig. Wear 2000: 243: 1-5.
[8]. Stolarskia.T.A, Tobe.S. The effect of spraying distance on wear resistance of molybdenum coatings Wear 2001: 249: 1096–1102
[9]. Dhanasekaran.S, Gnanamoorthy.R. Abrasive wear behavior of sintered steels prepared with MoS2 addition. Wear 2007: 617–623
[10]. Xiong Dangsheng. Lubrication behavior of Ni–Cr-based alloys containing MoS2 at high temperature. Wear 2001: 17: 1094-1099.

Abstract: Tamanu oil (calophyllum inophyllum oil), a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northward of northenmarians islands and the ryukyu island in sarthen japan and westward throughout Polynesia. It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can used in diesel engine. The present work examined the use of a Tamanu oil, a new possible source of alternative fuel for direct injection diesel engine. The blend of 20% Tamanu oil with 80% diesel can be used in unmodified diesel engine. The Brake thermal efficiency increases the engine. The emission like CO and HC and NOx emission reduced.
Keywords— Tamanu oli, Performance, Emission.

[1] Dalai, A.K., N.N. Bakhshi, X. Lang, M.J. Reaney, P.B. Hertz and Munson, ―Production of Diesel Fuel Lubricity Additives from Various Vegetable Oils‖, Annual Interim Report for Canodev Research Inc.April (2000).
[2] Haas, M.J., Improving Economics of Biodiesel Production through the Use Low Value Lipids as Feedstocks: Vegetable Oil Soap stack, Fuel Processing Technology 86, 1087-1096 (2005).
[3] Zhang, Y., Dube M. A., McLean D. D. and Kates M. ―Biodiesel Production Economic Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis‖, Bioresource Technology 90, (2003) 229-240
[4] Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF (2007) possible methods for Production. Renewale and Sustain Energy Review. 11, 1300 - 1311
[5] Gray KA, Zhao L, Emptage M (2006) Bioethanol. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 10
[6] Odling - Smee L (2007) Biofuels bandwagon hits a rut. Nature,446, 483.
[7] Scubert C (2006) Can biofuels finally take center stage? NatBiotechnol 24,777
[8] Xu H, Miao X, Wu Q (2006) High quality biodiesel production from a Chlorella protothecodies by heterotrophic growth in fermenters. J 126, 499.
[9] Kalmar MA and Masjuki HH, Biodiesel from palm oil — an analysis of Properties and potential, Biomass Bioenergy, 23(2002) 471-479
[10] GoudVV,PatwardhanAVandPradhanNC,StudiesontheEpoxidation oil by hydrogen peroxide, Techno, 97(2006)1365-1371.

Abstract: This paper provides information on the design of an On Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS) for military aircrafts. It explains the physiological oxygen requirements of the human body in both a normal environment and in a hypoxic environment. It also includes an overview of gaseous oxygen system and liquid oxygen systems. A basic understanding of how each system operates is then specifically addressed in its own titled section. The charts, tables, and schematics provide a specific example of the oxygen system design and its performance. A comprehensive overview of the theoretical oxygen requirements of the human body at altitude is also provided. A detailed list of specifications and standards applicable to aircraft oxygen systems is included.
Keywords— GOX, hypoxia, life support system, liquid oxygen, LOX, OBOGS, PPO2

[1] SAE-AIR825/6
[2] SAE-ARP 1532
[3] Joint service specification guide 2010-10
[4] NASA/CR-2001-210903 On-board oxygen generation system
[5] Mil-D-85520
[6] Christopher T. Carey, A Brief History of US Military Aviation Oxygen Breathing Systems

Abstract: In the rapidly changing world the source of power production is mainly established on the conventional source of energy. But due its depletion and its impact on the environment the prevailing source of energy does not meet the energy required for the forthcoming decades. There arises a need of finding an alternate source of energy. This physical exertion focuses on cost effective method of utilizing the renewable and clean energy. Study has been done on different existing flat plate collector's behaviors and compared to reduce the cost of collector. To carry out this the ceramic coated tiles are used to diminish the cost of panel, insulation, maintenance, durability and its life considerations. The investigation presents optical and thermal properties of the collector, which are calculated by using experimentation. The cost of prepared flat collectors is economical and beneficial which is designed, fabricated and tested on the base of the locally available materials and presented in this critique.
Keywords—Binary to Excess-1 converter(BEC),Carry Select Adder(CSLA),Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Multiplexer (MUX),Ripple Carry Adder(RCA),Exclusive OR(EX-OR).

[1] O. J. Bedrij, "Carry-select adder," IRE Trans. Electron. Comput., pp. 340–344, 1962.
[2] B. Ramkumar and H. M. Kittur, "Low Power And Area Efficient Carry Select Adder",IEEE Trans.,2012.
[3] B. Ramkumar, H. M. Kittur, and P. M. Kannan, "ASIC implementation of modified faster carry save adder," Eur. J. Sci. Res., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 53–58, 2010.
[4] Y.Kim and L.S.kim,"64-bit carry-select adder with reduced area",Electron.lett" vol.37,no.10,pp.614-615,may 2001.
[5] J.M.Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits-A Design Perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall,2001.

Abstract: An Axis-symmetric finite element model of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pressure vessel is established by ANSYS finite element software. A parametric finite element model of Glass fiber/epoxy composites is proposed to predict the damage evaluation and failure strength of composite hydrogen storage vessels. The maximum stress, Hoff-man, Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu failure criteria are used to determine the failure properties of composite vessels. A solution algorithm is proposed to investigate the progressive damage and failure properties of composite structures with increasing internal pressure.
Keywords—Finite Element; GFRP Pressure Vessel

Journal Papers:
[1]. Vasiliev, V.V., Krikanov, A.A., and Razin, A.F. New generation of filament woundcomposite pressure vessels for commercial applications, Composite structures. 62 (2003) 449-459
[2] Nagesh, Finite-element Analysis of Composite Pressure Vessel with Progressive Degradation, Defence Science Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1,January 2003, pp. 75-86
[3] Javad Marzbanrad,Amin Paykani,Amir Afkar,Mostafa Ghajar, Finite-element Analysis of Composite high-pressure storage Vessels (2003)
[4] Chen Jianqiao, TangYuanfu, GeRui,AnQunli , GuoXiwei , Reliability design optimization of composite structures based on PSO together with FEA (2013)
[5] Carlos G. Dávila,Failure Criteria for FRP Laminates in Plane Stress(2003)
[6] Cheol-UngKim,Dong-HoonKang,Chang-Sun Hong,Chun-Gon Kim ,Optimal Design of Filament Wound Structures Based on The Semi-geodesic Path Algorithm (2003)
[7]. T.-L. Teng, C.-M. Yu, and Y. Y. Wu,optimal design of filament-wound composite pressure vessels(2005)
[8]. Onder,First failure pressure of composite pressure vessels(2007)
[9] David T.W. Lin1, Pham Duy Hai1, Chin-Hsiang Cheng,Optimal Design of the Composite Laminate Vessel Based on SCGM(2012)
[10]. M.Xia.,H.Takayanagi. ,K.Kenmochi., Analyze of multi layered filament wound composite pipes under internal pressure(2001)