IOSR-JAVS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-10 ~ OCT-2017

ABSTRACT: The existence of organic waste becomes an urban problem. The objective of the study is to develop composting techniques made from raw urban organic waste carried out massively. The research consists of two factorials; the treatment of factor I is the mixture of EM4 and urea, and factor II is the portion of market waste in the mixture of organic matter of dry and wastewater waste consisted of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%. The result of the study shows that there were biomass volume decline in the range of 25-70% and the change of pH which ran above 8 and after five weeks it was relatively stable under normal condition around 7. Moreover, there was high temperature change ranged from 40-500C and............

Keywords: dry leaf litter, wet garbage, mass composting

[1] Dahlan EN. 2002. Hutan Kota untuk Pengelolaan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta: Asosiasi Pengusaha Hutan Indonesia.
[2] Darmawan. 2011. Perlunya Cadangan Hutan Kota di Bangka Barat. Bangkapos: http://bangka.tribunnews.com/2011/07/28/perlunya-cadangan-hutan-kota-di-bangka-barat
[3] Foth, H.D. 1991. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. Terjemahan oleh Endang D.P.L., Dwi Retno, dan R. Trimulatsih. Gadjahmada University Press. Yogyakarta.
[4] Hakim, N., Y.M. Nyakpa, M.A. Lubis, G.S. Nogroho, Saul R.M., Diha A.M., Hong B.G., dan Bailey N.H. 1986. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. Universitas Lampung. Lampung
[5] Hardjowigeno, S. 1995. Ilmu Tanah. PT Media Tama Sarana Perkasa. Jakarta

ABSTRACT: This research experiment was conducted from January to March 2017, at the Agricultural Engineering Department Demonstration farm/ Egerton University Nakuru Kenya. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation scheduling on yield and water relation of French bean ( Phaseolus Valgaris L). The modified FAO Peneman Montieth Method was used to calculate ETo by adapting ETo calculator, crop coefficient was used to calculate evapotranspiration ETc, the water application levels were 100% of evapotranspiration (ETc), 80% ETc, 60%ETc, and 40%ETc . Based on these irrigation levels. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with four treatments and three replications...........

Keywords: Deficit irrigation. Water use efficiency. Evapotranspiration. French bean

[1] F. A. Blum, Effective use of Water (EUW) and not Water-use Efficiency (WUE) is the Target of Crop Yield under Drought Stress. Field Crop Res. 12, 2009, 112-119.
[2] M. Boyer, S, Speelman, and G. Van Huylenbroeck, Institutional analysis of irrigation management in Haiti: a case study of three farmer managed schemes. Water Policy, 13(4), 2011, 555-570.
[3] T. N. Cason, and R. T. Uhlaner, Agricultural Productions Impact on Water and Energy Demand: a choice modeling approach. ResourEnerg 13, 1991, 307-321.
[4] G. Condon, R. A. Richards, G.J. Rebetzke, G.D. Farquhar, Improving intrinsic water- use efficiency and crop yield. Crop Science, 42(1), 2002, 122-131.
[5] J.M Deumier, and P Peyremorte, Tool for Improving Management of Irrigated Agriculture Crops Systems, in: Irrigation Scheduling: From Theory to Practice, Proceedings ICID/ FAO Workshop. Sept- 1995, Rome. Water Report No 8, Fao.Rome

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted in a commercial greenhouse contains silty clay loam soil in Al-Abbasiya district in the province of Najaf for the spring growing season of 2016 to study the combined effect of bio-organic fertilization in some nutrients availability, growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumissativus). A randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two levels of bio-fertilizer (with and without) and three levels of organic fertilizer (0, 10 and 20 ton h-1) with three replications were used . Results showed that bio-fertilizing was significantly better than no bio-fertilizing in increasing Nitrogen Availability, plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, fruit moisture percentage and total yield. The different levels of organic fertilizer also affected the nutrients concentration and the availability of...........

Keywords: Cucumber plant , Fertilization , Bio fertilizer , green house

[1]. Albahrani I. Q. 2015. Effect of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Humic acid on Phosphorus Balance, Nutrient Availability and Yield of Maize. Ph.D. Thesis Univ. of Baghdad Iraq.
[2]. Al- Juthery, H. W. 2011. Effect of different fertilizers sources and rates and irrigation methods on growth and yield of potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) . Ph.D. Thesis Univ. of Baghdad. Iraq.
[3]. Al-Kafaf, AlaaAbd Ali 2006. Resistance of cucumber seedlings death caused by Pythiumaphanidermatun(Edson) Fitz. Fungi by Bio pesticide Floramel, Baslien and ChemopesticideBetanol and its role to improve the growth and production. Ph.D. Thesis Univ. of Kufa.
[4]. AL-Sahaf, F. H. 1989. Applied plant nutrition. Dar AL-Hakamah press . Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research. Iraq
[5]. AL- Shammary, A.A. and O.Y, Saud. 2013. The effect of spraying by some organic nutrients and growing up manner the characteristics and component of growth and harvest of three hybrids of cucumber under protected cultivation conditions. J. Agr. Univ. of Diylala . res 5(2) : 283-294.

ABSTRACT: Glasshouse experiment was setup to find out the suitable ratio of sulphur and nitrogen for optimal biomass and glucosinolate production suitable for biofumigation using Brassica juncea (cv. Caliente 199).Sixteen treatment combinations were used and the parameters assessed include shoot and root biomass, leaf glucosinolate (GSL) level. Statistical analysis was conducted using GENSTAT software (17th edition). Results of two-way ANOVA showed significant interactions of the treatments on root biomass (p = 0.005). However, no interaction of the treatments was seen on the shoot biomass (p = 0.517). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to assess the amount of GSL in the composite leaf samples (to obtain its rough estimate, regardless of blocking), and the results showed.........

Keywords: biomass, biofumigation, glucosinolate, Brasicajuncea, nitrogen and sulphur

[1]. Aliki H.M., Reade JPH, and Back M.A. 2014. Effects of Concentrations of Brassica napus(L.) Water Extracts on the Germination
and Growth of Weed Species. Allolopathy Journal. 34 (2): 287-298
[2]. Back M. A., Barker A. and Evans A. 2015. Field-based studies to support the practical use of biofumigation in the management of
potato cyst nematodes in Great Britain. In: Back M., Blok V., Grove I., Hockland S. and Pickup J. Ed: 4th Symposium of Potato
Cyst Nematode Management (including other nematode parasites of potatoes). Newport. Association of Applied Biologists. Aspects
of Applied Biology 130. Pp. 101-103
[3]. Brady N.C. and Weil R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. 12th ed. Pp 495 and 531. ISBN 0-
13-852444-0
[4]. Doheny-Adams T, Redeker K., Kittipol V., Bancroft I. and Hartley S.E. 2017. Development of an efficient glucocynolate extraction
method. Plant methods. 13:17 pp 1-14. Doi 10.1186/s13007-017-0164-8
[5]. Fourie, H., Ahuja, P., Lammers, J. and Daneel, M. 2016. Brassicacea-based management strategies as an alternative to combat
nematode pests: A synopsis. Crop Protection. 80: 21-41

ABSTRACT: Agriculture financing and affordable credit access are important mechanisms necessary for the promotion of agricultural production and rural development. It is a common belief that credit availability for smallholder farmers is the main factor for rural development. Recognizing this, the Federal Government of Nigeria established the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund. The aim of this scheme is to provide a guarantee on loans granted by banks to farmers for agricultural production thereby developing the agricultural sector in Nigeria. The present study, therefore, assessed the performance of the scheme in achieving this objective. While the supply of credit to farmers by financial institutions has improved since the intervention of the Central Bank of Nigeria who has increased the capital base of the ACGSF, findings revealed...........

Keywords: Agriculture, credit, policy, rural development, Nigeria

[1]. Azih, A background analysis of the Nigerian agricultural sector (1998 to 2007). Report submitted to Oxfam NOVIB Economic Justice
Campaign in Agriculture November, 2008.
[2]. N.O. Adedipe, P.A.Okuneye and I.A. Ayinde,The relevance of local and indigenous knowledge for Nigerian agriculture. Paper presented
at the International Conference on Bridging Scales and Epistemologies: Linking local knowledge with Global Science in Multi-Scale
Assessment. March 16 -19, 2004. Alexandria Egypt.

[3]. A.B. Oluwatayo, A. Sekumade, and S. A. Adesoji, Resource Use Efficiency of Maize farmers in Rural Nigeria: Evidence from Ekiti
State, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(1), 2008, 91 – 99.
[4]. M.A.Y. Rahji, and S. B. Fakayode, A Multinomial Logit analysis of Agricultural Credit Rationing by Commercial Banks in Nigeria.
International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 24, 2009, 90-100www.eurojournals.com/finance. (2009).
[5]. O. Nwankwo, Agricultural Financing in Nigeria: An Empirical Study of Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative and Rural Development
Bank (NACRDB): 1990-2010. Journal of Management research, 5(2), 2013, 28-44

ABSTRACT: Cactus species have a worldwide expansion and are known since antiquity for a wide range of uses and properties. It has been used as a nutrient as well as a medicine in different cultures. In Greece Opuntia species grow almost everywhere in arid, semiarid and rocky areas following the pattern of wild plantation. The fruit from the species Opuntia ficus indica L. Miller is known as cactus pear and because of its delicious flavor is considered as a gift of nature. The aim of the present study is an attempt to assess the microbiology of the cactus pear fruit, collected from semi-arid and rocky areas in Greece. To this purpose 120 cactus pear fruits have been collected from the region of Epirus, in..........

Keywords: Opuntia ficus indica L. Miller, pathogenic bacteria, Lactobacillus

[1]. E. Pimienta, El nopal tunero. Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico 1990.
[2]. A. Flores-Hernández, I. Orona-Castillo , B. Murillo-Amador, J. L. García-Hernández & E. Troyo- Diegue,. Yield and
physiological traits of prickly pear cactus L.pal4 (Opuntia spp.) cultivars under drip irrigation. Agriculture Water Management. 70,
2004, 97–107.
[3]. C. Flores-Valdez, Importancia del nopal. In C.A. Flores Valdez, ed. Nopalitos y tunas, producción, comercialización, poscosecha e
industrialización. 1a ed. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Mexico, Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y
Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial (CIESTAAM), 2003, 1–18.
[4]. FAO. Agro-industrial utilization of cactus pear. Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division (AGS), 168. Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00153 Rome, 2013, p. 150
[5]. M. Patrick Griffith. The origins of an important cactus crop, opuntia ficus-indica (cactaceae): new molecular evidence. American
Journal of Botany 91(11), 2004, 1915–1921.

ABSTRACT: The possibility of submerged sorption of probiotic cultures, such as Bacillus sp. 8 and Bacillus sp. 9 on vermiculite, as well as the survival ability of probiotic cells on the sorbent during prolonged storage were studied. Strains started to sorb on vermiculite in 2-3 hours. The sorption process lasted 7-8 hours. Cells sorbed on vermiculite in ratio of 1: 1 showed the preservation of the cell titer at the control level for 6 months at room temperature, which showed their suitability for long-term storage.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis,sorption, vermiculite.

[1] Z.V. Pskhatsieva, Dynamics of live masses of broiler chickens using probiotic and sorbent, Bulletin of the Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, 3, 2015,21-24.
[2] N.A.Pyshmanova, Z.V. Pskhatsieva,Enterosorbents in feeding meat chicken,Collected scientific works of the Stavropol Scientific Research Institute of Animal Breeding and Feed Production, 3,2012, 38-41.
[3] K.A.Makarov, S.A. Kibardin,Immobilized drugs in medicine,(Moscow: Medicine, 1980) 128.
[4] S.I. Kononenko, Ways to reduce the influence of unfavorable feed factors on the animal organism, Scientific Journal of the Kuban State University of Agriculture, 119 (05), 2016, 1-20.
[5] A.K. Tokhtakhunova, G.D. Zolotilina, G.V. Cherkasova, Kh.M. Khamidova, Antagonistic activity and antibiotic susceptibility of probiotic microorganisms isolated from healthy calves faeces,Uzbek Biological Journal, Special issue (microbiology), 2012, 61-64.
[6] A.A.Netrusov,M.A. Yegorova, Large practical workshop on microbiology,(Мoscow: Academy, 2005).

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to produce the variant of embryogenic callus (somatic embryo=SE) which was resistant to various culture filtrate (CF) media of S. rolfsii races and produced resistant peanut lines to S. rolfsii races infection. This research was inisiated of characterized and anastomosis group testing of S. rolfsii from the field collection with mycelial compatibility groups. The next step were development of embryogenic calluses population, making of CF media of S. rolfsii and in vitro selection, regeneration of resistant embryogenic callus, seed production of R1 generation, and evaluation of somaclone peanut against infection of various S. rolfsii races. Result of study showed that 1) embryogenic callus selected in a selection medium containing CF more than one S. rolfsii race generated..........

Keywords: Somaclonal variation, in vitro selection, S. rolfsii.

[1] Backman PA, Brenneman TB. 1997. Stem-rot. In : Burelle NK, Porter DM, Kabana RR, Smith DH, Subrahmanyam P, (Ed.). Compedium of peanut disease. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
[2] Bains PS., Bisht VS. 1995. Anastomosis group identity and virulence of Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected from potato plants in Alberta, Canada. Plant Dis. 79 : 241-242
[3] Benhamou N, Chert I. 1996. Parasitism of Sclerotium rolfsii by Tricoderma harzianum : ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the interaction. Phytppathology 86:405–416.
[4] Carling DE, Rothrock CS, MacNish GC, Sweetingham MW, Brainard KA, Winters SW. 1994. Characterization of anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) of Rhizoctonia solani. Ecology and Epidemiology 84: 1357-1393.
[5] Cazares, B.X., Ortega F.A.R., Elenes L.F., Medrano R.R. 2011. Drought tolerant in crop plant. American Journal of Plant Physiology. Academic Journal Inc.

ABSTRACT: The effect of bovine mastitis causing Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) biofilm (BF) vaccine on lymphocyte subpopulations with respect to CD4 and CD8 cells was evaluated in lactating cows by flow cytometry. In all, eighteen cattle in early lactation which were free from mastitis were subjected to trials. Bentonite clay based S.aureus BF and free cell (FC) vaccines were administered at 0, 30 and 60 days using Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) in the first shot. In flow cytometric analysis, S.aureus BF vaccinated group showed a significant enhancement in CD4 and CD8 cells. The percentage of CD4 and CD8 increased significantly in the S.aureus BF vaccinated groups than in the control group and furthermore, in comparison with S.aureus FC vaccine, the percentage of CD4 and CD8 cell population found to be marginally increased on days 60 and 90 and significantly increased on day 120 post vaccination.

Keywords:Mastitis; Bovine; Staphylococcus aureus; Biofilm vaccine; Cell mediated immune response

[1] GOMEZ, M.I., SORDELLI, D.O., BUZZOLA, F.R. and GARCIA, V.E., 2002. Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus in the Mouse Mammary Gland by Local Immunization with a Live Attenuated Mutant. Infect. Immun.,70: 4254–4260.
[2] BASELGA, R., ALBIZU, I., DELACRUZ, M., DELCACHO, E., BARBERAN, M. and AMORENA, B., 1993. Phase variation of slime production in Staphylococcus aureus: implications in colonization and virulence. Infect. Immun.,61:4857–4862.
[3] CHANDRASHEKHARA, N., 2009. Immunological evaluation of Escherichia coli biofilm vaccine in cattle.M.V.Sc. thesis, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, India.
[4] CUCARELLA, C., TORMO, M.A., UBEDA, C., TROTONDA, M.P., MONZON, M., PERIS, C., AMORENA, B., LASA, I. and PENADES, J.R., 2004. Role of biofilm-associated protein bap in the pathogenesis of bovine Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Immun.,72: 2177–2185.
[5] FLYNN, J.L., 2006. Lessons from experimental mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Microbes infect.,8(4):1179-1188..

ABSTRACT: The aim of the paper was to present the effect of different types of organic mulches on soil temperature, during the cultivation of broccoli. The experimental work was carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental field on University of Forestry – Sofia, with broccoli, cv. Fiesta F1. For the aim of the study were used different waste products from agriculture as organic mulches, which were: spent mushroom compost, barley straw, grass windrow and combination with spent mushroom compost and grass windrow. Mulched plots were compared with two control variants – hoed control plots, and non-hoed and non-weeded control plots. The mulching materials were spread manually in a 5-6 cm thick layer, after strengthen the seedlings of broccoli. The soil temperature was recorded once a week, at a depth of............

Keywords:broccoli, barley straw mulch, grass windrow mulch, soil temperature, spent mushroom compost mulch

[1] Tjeertes, P. Brassica oleracea L. (cauliflower and broccoli), in Grubben, G. J. H., and Denton, O. A. (Ed.). Vegetables: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Part 2, (Earthprint Limited, 2004) 139-143
[2] Gray, A. R. Taxonomy and Evolution of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Economic botany, 36 (4), 1982, 397-410
[3] Heather, D. W., J. B. Sieczka, M. H. Dickson and D. W. Wolfe, Heat tolerance and holding ability in broccoli. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science. 117(6) 1992: 887-892
[4] Mikova, A. Influence of the vegetation cover on the soil temperature. Plant Science, 41, 2004, 216-219. In Bulgarian
[5] Prunty, L., and J. Bell, Soil temperature change over time during infiltration. Soil Science Society of America J. 69 (3), 2005, 766-775..