IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-7 ~ JULY-2014

ABSTRACT: Nigerian coastline and estuarine fishing communities recently witnessed the invasion of seaweed identified as Sargassum hystrix var. fluitans (Børgesen 1914) during a 16 month survey conducted between May 2011 and August 2012. It was observed that the sea weed occurred mainly during the rainy season (May – August). The spread and distribution of Sargassum hystrix var. fluitans along the coastal and estuarine fishing communities negatively impacted fishing activities as it limited access to fishing ground, clogged fishing gears mainly mono and multifilament gillnets which resulted in loss of man hours used in clearing the seaweed and preparing the gears for next fishing trips. Floating mass of the seaweed also served as aggregating device and provided food and shelters for fish, shell fishes and juvenile sea turtles. Proximate analysis of nutrient constituent of Sargassum hystrix showed 14.33% moisture, 6.55% protein, 1.90% lipid, 18.5% ash, 58.72% carbohydrate and 17.00% fiber. Using LaMotte spectrophotometer, mineral constituent consisted of 0.48ppm nitrate nitrogen, 170.00ppm potassium and 16.70ppm phosphate which suggested that Sargassum hystrix var. fluitans can provide minerals for the development of other agricultural products of economic importance.
Key words: Seaweed, Fishing gear, Nutrient, Minerals and Conservation.

[1]. Abowei J.F.N. and C.C. Tawari, (2011). A Review of the Biology, Culture, Exploitation and Utilization Potentials Seaweed Resources: Case Study in Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 3(04): 290-303.
[2]. Akinyemiju, O.A. (1987). Invasion of Nigerian waters by water hyacinth J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 25: 24 – 26.
[3]. AOAC (2000) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. AOAC International, Md., USA. 2000pp.
[4]. Arasaki S and Arasaki T (1983) Low Calorie, High Nutrition Vegetable from the sea. Japan Pub, Tokyo. In: Brody T (1999) Nutritional biochemistry, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London. 32-52pp.
[5]. Bruun, P., 1983. Beach scraping - is it damaging to beach stability? Coastal Engineering, 7, 167-173.
[6]. Cahyana A. H., Shuto Y. and Kinoshita Y, (1992). Pyropheophytin as an antioxidative substance from the marine alga, Arame (Eiseniabicyclis). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 56, 1533-1535.
[7]. Carr, A. (1986). Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads. BioScience 36(2):92-100.
[8]. Conaway, C.A. and Wells, J.T. (2005). Aeolian dynamics along scraped shorelines, Bogue Banks, North Carolina. Journal of Coastal Research, 21, 242-254.

ABSTRACT: The study of assembling, controlling and manipulating matter on molecular or atomic size is called Nanotechnology in brief known as Nano. Nanotechnology is the study of material of lesser than size 100 nm or smaller in size. Silver nanoparticles are silver particles between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. Silver is well known for its excellent conductivity and antimicrobial effects. They have a much larger surface area, higher efficiency while using less material. They have been used as an ingredient in biocides, in transparent conductive inks and pastes, and in various consumer and industrial products that need enhanced anti-microbial properties. In the present research programme we have synthesised silver nanoparticles using the extract of Cassia auriculata, Datura metel, Ocimum sanctum and Carica papaya plants. The principle of green synthesis of silver nano particles has been used. The botany of plants have been furnished along with the figure of the plant. The UV visible spectra of the silver nano particles have also been described. The synthesised nano particles are evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Novelty of this present study is that the plant extract is very cost effective and eco friendly and thus can be economic and effective for the large scale synthesis of silver nano particles applicable for various drug therapies.
Keywords: Silver nano particles, anti-microbial activity, Cassia auriculata, Datura metel, Ocimum sanctum, Carica papaya.

[1]. A. Parveen, A.S. Roy, and S. Rao, Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cassia auriculata leaf extract and in vitro evaluation of Antimicrobial activity. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 3 (2), 2012, 222-228.
[2]. S. Prashanth, I. Menaka, R. Muthezhilan, N.K. Sharma, Synthesis of plant-mediated silver nano particles using medicinal plant extract and evaluation of its anti microbial activities. Int J Eng Sci Tech 3(8): 2011, 6235-6250.
[3]. K. Ratika, and A. Vedpriya, Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from aqueous leaf extracts of Carica papaya and its antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomater Biostruct 3(1): 2013, 17-20.
[4]. C. Udayasoorian, K. Vinoth, and R.M. Jayabalakrishnan, Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Cassia auriculata. Digest J Nanomater Biostruct 6(1), 2011, 279-283.
[5]. D. Jain, H. K. Daima, S. Kachhwaha, and S. L. Kothari, Synthesis of plant mediated silver nanoparticles using papaya fruit extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Digest J Nanomater. Biostruct 4(4), 2009, 723 – 727.

ABSTRACT: Most Africans live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. These predominantly small-scale farmers face many challenges, including food security, rising poverty and natural resource degradation. To increase the productivity, profitability and sustainability for the farmer who needs greater access to affordable yield-enhancing inputs, including well-adapted seeds and new methods of integrated soil fertility management as well as output markets where they can convert surplus production into cash. To address these needs, the Rockefeller foundation established the alliance for a Green revolution in Africa. In Nigeria, the federal government established so many Agricultural Extension organizationsand credit facilities e.g. Operation Feed the Nation (O.F.N), Green Revolution Programme(GRP), Agricultural Development Programme (ADP), National Accelerated Food Production Programme(NAFPP), Nigerian Agricultural and Co-operative Bank (NACB)etc, to strengthen small-scale crop farming to support work across all key aspects of Nigeria agricultural value chain. These organizations were to lift millions of small-scale farmers and their families out of poverty and hunger.
Keywords: Agriculture, crop, land, rural area, small-scale farmers,

[1] FAO, 2006. The State of Food and Agric. U.N.FAO Rome.
[2] Elemo, K.A. Vumar, J., Olukosi and Ogunbile A.O, 1988. Review of research work on mixed cropping in the Nig. Savanna. Miscellaneous paper institute for Agric Res. Savanna.
[3] Ani, A.O. 1999. An impact study on the adoption of improved agric. Tech. by groundnut farmers in Itarul L.G.A of Borno, Nig. Nig. J. Rural development: Pg: 19-25.
[4] Oyaide S.O. 2000 Characteristic, Problems and significance of Farmer, pp 2 – 15.
[5] Okoro, C.O. 1988 "Farm Settlement Experiment in Eastern Nigeria. The Uzo –Uwani Example.The Nigerian Journal of Ed., vol. 1.No.1.
[6] FAO, 1990 Sustainable Food Production in Sub-Sahara Africa

ABSTRACT: Use of saline water in irrigated agriculture, as a means of its disposal, was evaluated on a field experiment that conducted in season (2012/2013) at sites of NRC farm, Nubaria, Behaira Governorate to study the effect of saline water injected rates (0, 15 and 30 %) under surface drip (SD), subsurface drip at 10 (SSD10) and 20 cm (SSD20) at soil depth on vegetative growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gemmaiza 9). The experiment design was randomized complete block in two factors. Results showed that irrigation systems, SSD20, has a promotive effect on the both wheat grain and straw yield, and the percentage of the increase was 6.9 and 5.7 %, respectively as compared with SD irrigation system. While the percentage of the increase was 1.7 and 1.8 % comparing SSD10 with SD irrigation system for grain and straw yield, respectively. According to the saline irrigation water effect, data noticed that increasing water salinity rate associated with decreasing in wheat yield of both grain and straw and the reduction percentage were 38.5 and 40.0 in same sequences comparing 30 % saline water with 0 %., while 15 % saline water decrease yield of grain and straw by about 16.5 and 16.1 %, respectively. That is, even though the field appears to have plenty of moisture, the plants wilt because the roots are unable to absorb the water. Increasing water salinity at 15 % reduced WUE of wheat grain and straw by about 11.6 and 16.2 % and the reduction were 37.5 and 39.8 % at saline water 30 % for same sequences. Responses of wheat growth to water deficits vary depending on wheat species and growth stages. Highly positive correlation's coefficient was attained among wheat plant characters, except with water consumptive during growing season of wheat plant. Water consumptive was negatively correlated with the other studied wheat plant characters.
Key words: Saline water, Irrigation systems, Wheat, Water use efficiency

[1] Abd El-Hady, M. and Ebtisam, I. El-dardiry, 2005. Sandy soils characteristics as affected by irrigation with sewage water. 1-Some physical characteristics and water use efficiency. Egypt.J. Appl. Sci., 20 (7), 288 – 301.
[2] Abdel-Hady, M., I. Ebtisam, El-Dardiry and M.Y. Tayel, 2011. Assessment of some hydrophysical properties for selecting irrigation methods. J. of applied sciences research Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(6): 997-1006.
[3] Ali M H, Hoque M R, Hassan A A, et al., 2007. Effects of deficit irrigation on yield, water productivity, and economic returns of wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 92: 151–161.
[4] Allen R. G., L. S. Pereira, D. Raes and M. Smith, 1998. Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.
[5] Ayars J E, Hutmacher R B, Schoneman R A. , S. S. Vail, T. Pflaum, 1993. Long term use of saline water for irrigation. Irrigation Science, 14: 27–34

ABSTRACT: Field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 at the Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, Nubaria region, Behera Governorate, Egypt to study the effect of (Fertigation/ irrigation time ratio)fertigation time relative to the irrigation process time and type of fertilizers used on the water distribution uniformity and yield and water use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency of the some macronutrients (N, P and K) of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Bronco) planted insandy loam soil.
The results could be summarized in the following: completely soluble fertilizers produced higher yield comparing with traditional fertilizers under different modern chemigation systems , whereas drip irrigated snap bean crop produced 20.1% more in yield, by using completely soluble fertilizers comparing with solid one. The highest onion yield was 4.93 Ton/fed using completely soluble fertilizer.

Key words: drip irrigation, fertigation, fertilizers, clogging, snap bean, sandy soil.

[1]. Boman, B., and T. Obreza. 2002. Fertigation nutrient sources and application considerations for citrus, University of Florida, IFAS Circular 1410. http://edis. ifas.ufl.edu/CH185.
[2]. Boman, B., S. Shukla, and D. Haman. 2004. Chemigation equipment and techniques for citrus. University of Florida, IFAS Circular 1403.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH184.
[3]. Burt, C., K. O'Connor, and T. Ruehr. 1998. Fertigation. California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, Irrigation Training and Research Center.295 p.
[4]. Charles M.(2007). Fertigation chemicals, FERTIGATION.295 pp.
[5]. EL-Gindy, A. M, M. Y. Tayel, K. F. EL-Bagoury, and KH. A. Sabreen .2009. Effect of injector types, irrigation and nitrogen treatments on emitters clogging; MisrJ.Ag. Eng., Vol. 26(3):pp. 1263-1275.

ABSTRACT: Upland taro [Colocassia esculenta var. antiqurium (L). Schott] is a crop of tremendous economic and social importance for its nutritive values, high energy yield per unit area, wide adaptability and high level genetic diversity. Yet received little attention for its genetic improvement and limited studies have been conducted on molecular evaluation of the crop. The objective of present study was to study the genetic divergence among twenty genotypes of upland taro using D2 and principal component analysis. As per cluster analysis, the genotypes were grouped into six clusters consisting of 4, 9, 3, 1, 2 and 1 genotypes which revealed that there exist considerable diversity among the genotypes. Some of the local collections viz., BCC 15, BCC 18 and BCC 25 were very close to each other and may be a duplication which was evident in the D2 analysis. As per dendrogram, Muktakesi was also closely related to Topi. Highest genetic dissimilarity was noticed between the genotypes BCC 21 and BCC 30, BCC 18 and BCC 30 and between BCC 30 and BCC 46. But, considering the magnitude of genetic distance, contribution of different characters towards the total divergence and magnitude of cluster means for different characters, the genotypes FC-4, FC-11, PKS-1, BCC-32, BCC-30 and Muktakeshi might be selected as suitable genotypes for future breeding program.
Keywords: Dendrogram, genetic diversity, parent selection, RAPD profiling, Upland taro.

[1] D.L. Plucknett, Edible aroids: Alocasia, Colocasia, Cyrtosperma, Xantbosoma, In: Simmonds NW (Ed.) Euolution of Crop Plants. (London: Longman, 1976) 10-12.

[2] K.M. Kuruvilla and A. Singh, Karyotypic and electrophoretic studies on taro and its origin. Euphytica, 30, 1981, 405–413.

[3] D.J. Coates, D.E. Yen, and P.M. Gaffey, Chromosome variation in taro Colocasia esculenta: implications for its origin in the Pacific. Cytologia, 53, 1988, 551-560.

[4] W.K.F. Plarre, Clonal variability of taro in the central highlands of Irian jaya. In. Chandra, S. (Ed.) Edible aroids. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984) 173-177.

[5] T. Tanimoto and T. Matsumoto, Variations of morphological characters and isozyme patterns in Japanese cultivars of Colocasia escuelnta Schott and Colocasia gigantia Hook, Japanese Journal of Breeding, 36, 1986, 100-111.

ABSTRACT: Spices are those plants the products of which are made use as food adjunct to add aroma and flavor. Majority of the Nigeria population, particularly in the village depend on natural medicines derived from herbs and spices. The area of study is Southeast Nigeria, which is made up of five states: Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo. It has a total population of 16.38 million people with about 75% or 8.78 million in rural areas, of which about 49.38% are women. A multi-stage sampling, were purposefully selected from Abia, Imo and Enugu states. This was followed by random selection of two (2) local government Areas from each of the three (3) states. The following data were collected; a) the socio- economic characteristics of the farmers, involvement in farming and marketing. Descriptive statistics: percentages and frequency were used to assess gender involvement in spice production. Results showed that women were predominately involved in spice production, processing and marketing in the study area due to culinary and medicinal importance. Most rural dwellers are women who labour day and night to sustain the family,s food supply and provide extra income of the households. Women of Southeast Nigeria engage in production, processing and marketing of various kinds of spices. The production chain of these spices are within the home garden, where no extra payment is made for the land, which is one the major constraints. Keywords: Women, production, spices, questionnaire, respondents.

[1]. Scully, Terrance. 1995. The art of cookery in the middle Ages. Ipaswich: boydell press. ISBN 0-85115-611-8. Pg.9-11.
[2]. Weiss, E. A. 2002. Spice Oxon CABI. Publishing. Pp 102-103. ISBN 08519960501..
[3]. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2007. Gender equality, Ft//ftpFAO/docrep/FAO/011/0765e.
[4]. Elson, D. 1990. Labour markets as gendered institution. Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues, world development, 27 (3) 611-627.
[5]. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1993. Agricultural Extension and farm women in the 1980,s. FAO Rome.
[6]. Ellis, F. 1993. Peasant economics farm houses and Agraian development 2nd ed. Cambrigde.

ABSTRACT: The study examined farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change in Obowo Local Government Area of Imo state, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers in the area, ascertain the level of awareness of farmers on the effects of climate change, and assess the adaptation strategies of different farming systems to climate change. Validated and well structured questionnaire were used to collect data from sixty randomly selected farmers. Data analysis was done using simple and inferential statistical tools such as frequency counts, mean, and ordinary least square multiple regression. The study showed that majority of the farmers were males (60%) with a mean annual income of N155844.58 and mean age of 47.16 years. Their major source of information on climate change was from friends/neighbours (informal sources) (mean = 2.70) and very few (mean = 0.92) sourced information from the print media (newspaper). Their major idea of climate change was excessive rainfall. Their major adaptation strategies in the area were by the use of mixed cropping (Mean = 2.75), mulching (mean = 2.50) and cover crops (mean = 2.60). Only very few of them adopted minimum tillage and practiced afforestation as a measure with very low mean adaptation of 0.10 and 0.50 respectively. None of them practiced irrigation farming. The factors influencing farmers' adaptation to climate change included level of education, farm size, farm income and age. The study showed that age has an inverse relationship to climate change adaptation. It was therefore recommended that agricultural extension workers should increase their level of service on the use of afforestation as a mitigation measure on climate change.

Key words: Farmers, Strategy, Climate Change, Adaptation, Nigeria

[1]. Onumadu, F. N. (2010). Agro forestry Extension. As an Effective Tool for Mitigating Climate Change in Nigeria. In: S. K. Adeyoju and S. O. Bada (eds.) Readings in Sustainable Tropical Forest Management: Essays in Honour of Professor Labode Popoola .Zenith book House 3, Lydia Close, Ashi, Bodija Pp 53-75
[2]. Popoola, L .(2010). Understanding Climate Change .Context , Drivers and Impacts .Tribune News paper .Saturday , June 5 ,2010 . Fraser, E. (2008). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture. Retrieved on March 20, 2013, from www.wikipedia.org /wiki/climate/change
[3]. Fraser, E. (2008). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture. Retrieved on March 20, 2013, from www.wikipedia.org /wiki/climate/change.
[4]. Oladipo, E. (2010). Towards Enhancing the Adaptive Capacity of Nigeria: A Review of the Country‟s /state of Preparedness for Climate Change Adaptation. Report submitted to Heinrich Boll Foundation, Nigeria
[5]. FAO (2010). Climate – Smart Agriculture, Policy, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation, FAO, Rome

ABSTRACT: The study analyzed livestock farmers' willingness to pay for extension services in South East Nigeria. Data were collected with structured and validated questionnaire from 360 randomly selected farmers .Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a 4-point likert type scale. Results showed that only 35.30% of the farmers were willing to pay for agricultural extension services. The results also showed that farmers were willing to pay for extension services in home stead fish production, improved productions in poultry and piggery, but were not willing to pay for techniques in animal feed formulation and in sheep and goat productions. Farmers agreed that paying for extension services would make extension more need and problem centered and would increase the commitment of extension staff. This study concludes that both private and public extension services should be encouraged to exist side by side.

Keywords: Agricultural extension, Livestock Farmers, Questionnaire, South East Nigeria ,Willingness to pay.

[1]. Wolf. S. A. (Ed). 1998. Privatization of information and Agricultural Industrialization: BocaRaton: FL: CRC Press.
[2]. Swanson B. E. 2008. Global review of good agricultural extension and advisory service practices. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
[3]. Agumagu, A. C. 2001. Privatization, commercialization and sustainable Agricultural extension in Nigeria. Proceeding of the seventh Annual National conference of Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria PP 113 – 118.
[4]. Mitei, R. 2001. Improving Extension Systems in Tropical Agriculture. Washington, D. C: The World Bank
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ABSTRACT: D-lactic acidosis or Floppy kid syndrome (FKS) is a disease condition in kids characterized by decline in blood pH and elevated anion gap resulting in metabolic acidosis. A case of six day old goat kid was reported at University Goat and Sheep farm with clinical signs and laboratory findings suggestive of FKS. In spite of intense therapy the kid succumbed to death on third day of treatment. Distended abomasum with hemorrhage was seen on gross observation. Histopathology revealed abomassitis with hemorrhagic streaks.

Keywords: Abomassitis, hemorrhage, clotted milk

[1]. Klein, C., Bostedt, H. and Wehrend, A. 2010. D-lactate elevation as a cause of metabolic acidosis in newborn goat kids. The potential role of milk ingestion as etiopathogenetic factor. Tierärztl Prax. 38: 371-376
[2]. Riet-Correa, F., Tabosa, I.M., de Vasconcelos, J.S. and Medeiros, J.M. 2004. Goat Mole Syndrome ("Floppy Kid") – floppy kid syndrome. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 24: 111-113
[3]. Smith, M.C. and Sherman, D.M. 2009. Nutrition and metabolic diseases. Goat medicine. John Wiley and sons, Inc, publication, USA, 871p

ABSTRACT: Sub acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) or subclinical rumen acidosis is an economically important and common condition seen in well managed dairy cattle herd as a consequence of feeding high grain and low fibre diet resulting in subsequent ruminal fermentation disorders and other changes which adversely affects production performance and finally economy of cattle rearing. Diagnosis of the condition is a tedious task as the clinical changes will be expressed only at an irreversible stage. Proper management of the postpartum cattle along with adequate feeding practices will help in prevention of the condition and improving economy of the farm. Keywords: economic loss, postpartum, ruminal acidosis, transition cow management

[1]. O.Al-Zahal, E.Kebreab, J.France, M.Froetschel, and B.W.McBride, Ruminal temperature may aid in the detection of subacuteruminal acidosis. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 2008, 202-207.
[2]. J.M.D. Enemark, R.J,Jorgensen, and P.S. Enemark, Rumen acidosis with special emphasis on diagnosis aspects of subclinical rumen acidosis: A review. Veterinarijair Zootechnika., 42, 2002, 16-29.
[3]. E.Khafipour, L.Shucong, J.C.Plaizier, and D.O. Krause, Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacuteruminal acidosis. Applied Environ. Microb., 75,2009, 7115-7124.
[4]. M.K.Krause, and G.R.Otzel, Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review. Anim.Feed. Sci. Technol., 126, 2006, 215-236.
[5]. K.V. Nordlund, E.F. Garrett, And G.R. Oetzel, Herd-based rumeno-centesis: A clinical approach to the diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian – Food Animal 17, 1995, S48–S56.

ABSTRACT: The immune status assessment clarified that both phagocytic percentage and indices significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the 3 studied probiotic groups as compared with their untreated control group at all studied intervals (1-5 weeks of age). Obtained findings showed significant clear tendency for elimination of S. Typhimurium intestinal enumeration at all studied intervals (P≤0.05), provided that complete intestinal clearance could be achieved in Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Pichia anomola (Lactolife-Av+) and Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Pichia anomola plus Bacteriophage (Lactolife-Av+B) treated groups at 14 days post infection. A significant reduction (P≤0.05) in intestinal and cecal enumeration of C. perfringens were obtained on using the studied probiotics provided that best results have been obtained on using Lactolife-AV+B followed by Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lactolife–Av) then Lactolife-Av+. Experimental infection with pathogenic E. coli serogroup O78 resulted in reduction of chicken mortality with a lesion scoring reaching 1.27, 2.53 and 0.63 in Lactolife–Av, Lactolife-Av+ and Lactolife-AV+B treated groups as compared with 4.36 in untreated control group respectively. There was increase in jejunal villus length in all treated groups provided that the highest villus length and villus height crypt depth ratio were recorded in Lactolife-Av+ treated group when compared with the other 2 treated groups. The crypt depth of the jejunum was slightly increased in Lactolife-Av group and Lactolife-Av+B group as compared to the control group while decreased in Lactolife-Av+ group. The ileum revealed increased villus height in all treated groups as compared with the control but highest ileal villus height was recorded in Lactolife-Av+ group. While the crypt depth was decreased in all treated groups as compared with their controls and the highest villus height crypt depth ratio was achieved in Lactolife-Av+ group.

Key words: Probiotics, Broiler chicken gut integrity, Immune response, Chicken bacterial Enteropathogen

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[3]. Awaad, M. H. H., Manal, A. Ali, Sahar A. Zoulfkar and Basma Shalaby (2003 a). Effect of Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces boulardii as Probiotics on intestinal and cecal colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Egypt. J. Vet. Sci. Vol. 37: 127-136.
[4]. Awaad, M. H. H., Sahar A. Zouelfakaar and Manal A. Ali (2003 b).Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium and oligosaccharides to reduce cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers. J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Assoc.63:55-62.
[5]. Awaad, M.H.H. , A.M. Atta, M. Elmenawey, B. Shalaby, G.A. Abdelaleem, K. Madian, K. Ahmed, D. Marzin, G. Benzoni and D.K. Iskander (2011). Effect of Acidifiers on gastrointestinal Tract Integrity, Zootechnical Performance and Colonization of Clostridium Perfringens and Aerobic Bacteria in Broiler Chickens. Journal of American Science, 2011; 7: 618-628.