iosr-JCE  Volume-28 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. - Aug. 2026

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing from a tool that supports human decisions into systems capable of independently analyzing information, making judgments, and executing actions. This development has created an important debate regarding the appropriate level of human involvement in AI-based decision-making. Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) AI retains human participation at critical stages of the decision process, whereas Fully Autonomous AI operates with limited or no direct human intervention after deployment. Both approaches provide significant benefits, b.....

Key Word: Artificial Intelligence, Human-in-the-Loop, Autonomous AI, Decision-Making, Trust, Explainable AI, Human Oversight, AI Governance

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Abstract: This article presents the analytical solution and the solution obtained via the Galerkin weighted-residual method for a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam subjected to equal and opposite moments at its ends. This condition produces pure bending, characterized by a constant bending moment and quadratic deformation.
Background: Euler-....

Key Word: Galerkin weighted residual method; Euler–Bernoulli beam; beam deflection; analytical solution; structural mechanics; finite element method; ASTM A36 steel.

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