IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Cost, Availability and Distance as Correlates in Women's Access to Healthcare in Jere, Borno State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Esther Anenge Gbaden
	:	10.9790/0837-19770107

Abstract: This sociological study reports the results of a research carried out in 2007 to ascertain the ways in which financial cost of healthcare, availability of health service centres and distance to such facilities act in hindering women's' accessibility to healthcare in Jere Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. The women are mostly housewives, with minimal education and consequently low social status as such their inaccessibility to appropriate healthcare. Data gathering was via questionnaire administration and in-depth interviews. The quantitative and qualitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics of frequencies, and percentages. The findings indicate that, distance, cost and availability of services and facilities have effect on women's access to healthcare. Recommendations are that government should integrate women's position in healthcare policies, provide subsidies for healthcare and as well work towards an even spread of health facilities and services.

Key Words: Women, Healthcare, Availability, Cost, Distance, Barriers, Jere, Access.

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[3]. Dor, A., and J. Vander Gaag. (1988). The Demand for Medical Care in Developing Countries- Quantitative Rationing in Rural Cote d‟Ivoire. Living Standards Measurement. Washington D.C.: World Bank Study LSMS Working Paper No. 35
[4]. Egunjobi, L. (1983). Factors Influencing Choice of Hospitals: A Case Study of the Northern Part of Oyo State.Social Science and Medicine. 17(9): 585-589.
[5]. El-Nafaty, A.V. and B.A. Omotara. (1998). Perceived Causes of Eclampsia in Four Ethnic Groups in BornoState,Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2(1-2): 20-25.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of the Bhagavad Gita on R.W. Emerson's essay "The Transcendentalist". Uplifting the philosophy of Immanuel Kant to its highest level by R.W. Emerson.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shiva Durga , Prof. Dr. Anoop Gupta, Dr.Nitin Bhatnagar
	:	10.9790/0837-19770814

Abstract: R.W. Emerson‟s idealist and transcendental concepts like- Nature, the trinity of truth, goodness and beauty, lack of hypocrisy, intuition, great soul, connection of thoughts and motives with circumstance, relation of the self with the attribute less, to the Over Soul (Brahman), God within, law of Karm , Own Nature, modes of Nature , deity or personal God and its relation with everything divine, concepts of materialist and idealist are from the Bhagavad Gita. The philosophy of Immanuel Kant relating the Universe, the material and the mind was so complete that only a "Great Soul" like Emerson could uplift this philosophy to its highest philosophical level of Idealism, (of unity of soul and Brahman) hence creating an epoch, a completion and perfection to be reached by thought. Both Kant and Emerson actually formulated concepts that were present in Vedic Dharm. I have shown Emerson‟s idealist transcendentalist concepts are Vedic Hindu concepts.

[1]. http://www.emersoncentral.com/transcendentalist.htm. Hereafter Emerson‟s quotations from this reference are in italics with relevant Pg. No.
[2]. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Advaita Ashrama Publication May1999 Edition, ISBN 81-85301-46-8, Vol.3, Pg.251.
[3]. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Advaita Ashrama Publication May1999 Edition, ISBN 81-85301-46-8, Vol.3, Pg.249-250.
[4]. Religion of Love, Swami Vivekananda, Advaita Ashrama Publication, March 1999, ISBN 81-7505-091-8, Pg. 90.
[5]. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Advaita Ashrama Publication May1999 Edition, ISBN 81-85301-46-8, Vol.3, Pg.341-342.
[6]. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Advaita Ashrama Publication May1999 Edition, ISBN 81-85301-46-8, Vol.3, Pg.435.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Local Notion of Child Labour in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Supper Roland Okijie, Victor Effiong Ben
	:	10.9790/0837-19771518

Abstract: Current interest in the study of child labour has rejuvenated copious attention demanding for a better socio-economic deal for the children of Nigeria, and Akwa Ibom State in particular. This interest has not paid sufficient attention to the perceptions or notions of the local inhabitants, leading to the undermining of local beliefs and practices very crucial and fundamental to understanding and managing child labour. This paper examines traditional beliefs associated with child labour in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The paper builds on data sought and obtained from observations, interviews and focus group discussions. Findings in the study indicate that behaviours, attitudes and knowledge are fairly linked to tradition, and are key factors in dealing with child labour. The paper concludes by making a number of recommendations.

[1]. Aderinto,A. A. (2000), "Social Correlates and Coping measures of Street children: A Comparative study of street and non-street children in Southwestern Nigeria‟ Child Abuse and Neglect. 24(9): 1199-1213
[2]. Andvig, J. C. (2001), Family-Controlled Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa A Survey of Research. Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No. 0122, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank
[3]. Baland, Jean-Marie and Robinson, J. A. (2000) "Is Child Labor Inefficient?‟ Journal of Political Economy. 108(4); 663-679.
[4]. Bass, L. E. (2004), Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lynne Rienner Publishers
[5]. Basu, K. and Van, P. H. (1998). The economics of child labor. The American Economic , Review, 88(3), 412–427
[6]. Bhalotra, S. and Heady, C. (1998), "Child Labor in Rural Pakistan and Ghana: Myths and Data." Working Paper. Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Ict on Science Learning To Enhance Motivation of Secondary Level Students: An Analytical Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nandini Banerjee, Amarnath Das
	:	10.9790/0837-19771923

Abstract: Present century has witnessed a great progress in the field of science and technology which has led to extensive developments in the academic sector also. To cope with this growth in education sector, ICT i.e., Information and Communication Technology has a vital role to play. That is why the present study has emphasized to understand the impact of ICT on science learning to enhance motivation of secondary school students. From this angle of vision the objectives of this study have been stated and the gravity of the problem has been unfolded. On the basis of different researches a review has been made. The descriptive survey method followed by multivariate exploratory approach was employed for the present study. A purposive sampling technique was used. The sample has been consisted of 100 secondary school students of either sex of West Bengal government aided secondary schools. The sample is from eight secondary schools situated in different places of two districts viz. Burdwan and Bankura. A Likert type scale for Assessment of motivation in science learning with the impact of ICT was developed and standardised for the study. The data was organized and analyzed by factor analysis technique in SPSS Statistical Software. The extracted Principal component factors were interpreted. In course of this analysis and interpretation it was seen that the obtained first five principal component factors with highest loading clearly indicated the role of ICT in science learning motivation. Keywords: ICT, Motivation, Principal Component Factor, Science Learning, Secondary Schools.

[1]. Becker, H. J., 2000, Pedagogical Motivations for Student Computer Use that Leads to Student Engagement, Education Technology, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 5-17
[2]. Bhattacharya, I. & Sharma, K., 2007, India in the knowledge economy – an electronic paradigm, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 543- 568
[3]. Chandra, S. & Patkar, V., 2007, ICTS: A catalyst for enriching the learning process and library services in India, The International Information & Library Review, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-11
[4]. Collis, B., 1989, Using information technology to create new educational situations, International Congress on Education and Informatics, UNESCO, Paris
[5]. Glynn, S. M., Brickman, P., Armstrong, N., & Taasoobshirazi, G., 2011, Science Motivation Questionnaire II: Validation With Science Majors and Nonscience Majors, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 48, No. 10

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Reading All The Way to Functional Literacy: Using Same Language Subtitling in Television Programmes in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Divya Jyoti Randev
	:	10.9790/0837-19772429

Abstract: Many countries around the world have benefitted from same language subtitling in films and television programmes. Subtitles help the learner use listening and spoken skills to enable word recognition and build vocabulary. Research by several scholars has established a positive relationship between reading same language subtitles and improvement in language skills. This contributes to the development of functional literacy which ultimately leads to an increase in literacy levels. India has experimented on a small scale with same language subtitling where respondents were exposed to music based programmes, thus promoting entertainment-based learning. India can learn from the benefits reaped by other countries by implementing subtitling in academics and improving teaching techniques to promote intensive learning. The technique can be applied to various genres of programmes on television so that learners can learn by watching a programme that interests them, therefore, not considering learning to be a tedious, obligatory task.
Keywords: Captions, functional literacy, same language subtitling, subtitles, reading

[1] Government of India, Census Terms. Available from: http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/Census_Terms_link/censusterms.html (Accessed 8 March 2014).
[2] Government of India, Census of India 2011. Available from: http://www.devinfolive.info/censusinfodashboard/ (Accessed 24 February 2013).
[3] B. Kothari, and T. Bandyopadhyay, T. (2010), Can India‟s literate read? International Review of Education, 56 (5-6), Springer, 2010, 705-728.
[4] U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Statistics, Highlights from the 2003 international adult literacy and lifeskills survey (ALL), 2005. Available from: http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/all/results.asp (Accessed 13 February 2014).
[5] M. Walker, ISA 2009 plus results: performance of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics and science for 10 additional participants, (Melbourne: ACER Press, 2011). Available from: http://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=pisa (Accessed 8 March 2014).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Secondary School Student's Perception towards Agriculture Subject in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Kamau Titus Njoroge, John Aluko Orodho
	:	10.9790/0837-19773036

Abstract: The study sought to examine the secondary school student's perception towards agriculture subject in public secondary schools in Nairobi County. The objectives of the study were: i)to examine the enrollment profile of students in Agriculture between 2009 and 2013,ii) find out students' perceptions regarding the availability of teaching resources and iii) determine students' perception regarding level of difficulty of Agriculture subject. The study was premised on the production Function Theory in education postulated by Psacharopoulos and Woodhall which refers to the process by which inputs are converted to outputs. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design using questionnaires as the main data collection instrument. Data was provided by 304 randomly students taking Agriculture subject in secondary schools in Nairobi County. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme version 20.The major findings were that although there was a declining enrollment trend , the enrolled students had positive attitude towards Agriculture subject. However, the teaching and learning of the subject was constrained by inadequate instructional resources, especially the tools, demonstration land and agricultural equipments. It was therefore recommended that the subject should remain an elective subject due to shortage of land and equipment, and the few students taking the subject should be motivated by receiving some of the farm produce and specialized training beyond the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development syllabus to make the learners acquire modern agricultural techniques through internet and e-learning mode. [245 words].

Key words: perceptions towards agriculture, attitude, secondary schools, Nairobi County, Kenya

[1]. Bargetuny, MC (1999).Women's Education an Career Opportunities in Kenya. Nairobi: Nairobi Bowen, L. & Richman, M. (2000): middle schools student's perceptions of the school environment. Journal of social work in education, 13, 22, 69-82
[2]. Broughton, A. (2003): The school success profile, Technology. Human services Journal, 21,
[3]. Powers, J. (2006): Assessing the functioning of schools as learning organizations .Journal for schools and children, 13, 29, 20 Creativity . Publishing Company.
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[5]. Morris, S.R & Sheffield.J.R. (1976).Agriculture in Secondary Schools, Case Studies of Botswana, Kenya and Tanzania. New York: The African American Institute.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dismal Transition, Retention and Performance of the Girl-Child: What are the Explanatory Variables in Rhamu Town, Mandera County, Kenya?
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Aftin K. Dube, John Aluko Orodho
	:	10.9790/0837-19773746

Abstract: This study sought to examine the dismal transition, retention and performance the girl-child in secondary schools in Rhamu Town in Mandera County, Kenya. The major research question is; what are the explanatory variables for this dismal participation? The study was premised on the Classical Liberal Theory of Opportunity and Darwinism whose major tenet is that each person is born with a given amount of capacity, which to a large extent is inherited and cannot be substantially changed. Mixed methods employing descriptive and multi-case studies research designs were used to conduct the study in Rhamu Town. A combination of purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to draw 18 teachers, 120 students and 54 parents yielding a total sample size of 192 subjects to participate in the study.

Keywords: Access, Attitude, Coping mechanism, gender disparities, retrogressive cultures, retention and progression, Rhamu Town, Mandera District, Kenya.

[1]. Brook,.S.E .(2013).Sampling Issues in qualitative research. Research Methods in education. Aryl Publishers.
[2]. Chimombo, J. (2009). Changing Patterns of access to Basic Education in Malawi: Comparative Education. 297-31. Brook,. S.E .(2013).Sampling Issues in qualitative research. Research Methods in education. Aryl Publishers
[3]. Eshiwani, G.S. (1993). Education in Kenya since Independence. Nairobi: East Africa Educational Publishers Limited.
[4]. Juma, M.N. (1994) Determinants of Female Participation in primary Education: A study of Kwale and Taita- Taveta districts. Nairobi: Kenyatta University. Unpublished PHD Thesis.
[5]. Knight, J.B. & Sabot,R.H.(1990). Education, Productivity and Inequality. The East African Natural Experiment. New York: Oxford University Press.
[6]. Lockheed, M.E. &Verspoor, A.M. (1991) Improving Primary Education in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Financing of Public Primary Schools and the Provision of Educational Facilities to enhance quality in Primary Schools in Rigoma Division, Nyamira County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Gideon Mochere Motuka, John Aluko Orodho
	:	10.9790/0837-19774754

Abstract: The thrust of this paper was to examine the financing mechanisms for the development of physical facilities that enhance pupils' academic excellence in primary schools in Rigoma Division, Nyamira County, Kenya. The study was premised on a modified cost-effective model proposed by Aiken 1970 which consists of basic elements of external systems, student inputs, financial inputs, other relevant characteristics and their outcomes. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design predicated on the premise that the variables of the study had already occurred before the study was undertaken. The study used a sample size of 97 subjects comprising headteachers, teachers, pupils and members of parents' teachers association (PTA). The main research instruments used were questionnaires, focus group discussion (fgds) guidelines and observation schedules. Mixed methods of data analysis involving qualitative and quantitative approaches were utilized to triangulate the data. The major findings of this study were that Government funding of schools was grossly inadequate. Parents through PTA highly subsidized the finding of schools in the study locale by conducting occasional fundraisings and soliciting funds from philanthropic organizations, albeit inadequate. It is recommended that individual schools should also encourage teachers to improvise the instructional materials that are in short supply to enhance quality of teaching and learning [206 words].

Key words: Financing, public primary schools, physical facilities, Effective teaching, Rigoma Division, Nyamira County, Kenya.

[1]. Abong'o, M. N. (1987)."An Investigation of the Techniques and Procedures of Financing Primary schools Facilities in Kenya. A Case Study Of Government Maintained Primary Schools in Kisumu Municipality. 1974-1985" M. Ed. Thesis. Nairobi: Kenyatta University.
[2]. Alkin, M. (1970). "Evaluating Net Cost-Effectiveness of Instructional Programmes" in WITTROCK, M. C. & WILEY, D. (Eds.) Evaluation of Instruction, Issues and Problems. New York, Rinehart& Winston.
[3]. Birimana, B. & Orodho, A.J.(2014). Teaching and Learning resources and teachers effective classroom management and content delivery in secondary schools in secondary schools in Huye District, Rwanda. Journal of Education and Practice. Vol.5, No.9, 2014, pp.111-122.www.iiste.org .
[4]. Brook, S.E.(2013). Selecting a sample. Educational Research,250.
[5]. Daily Nation. (1998). "Review 8-4-4 System of Education" 24th Jan. Nairobi: Nation Newspaper Ltd.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Income Benefits of Moringa vis-à-vis Other Leafy Vegetables to Female Traders in Jalingo Markets, Taraba State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Tee, Norbert Terver , Lobiya, John Kassa , Benneth O. Anokwu
	:	10.9790/0837-19775560

Abstract: This study compared the financial benefits of female traders obtained from Moringa oleifera with that from other leafy vegetables in Jalingo Local Government Area markets. It also identified challenges of trade in Moringa leaves in the area. Data collected from 120 respondents through a semi-structured questionnaire were analyzed using Prioritization matrix, Gross Margin (GM) analysis, and ANOVA. Daily mean Gross Income (GI) from Moringa leaves (NGN1127.84) and Amaranthus (NGN503.84) ranked first and second respectively with scores of 16 and 12. Sorrel leaves (NGN367.80) and Ceratotheca leaves (NGN380.42) ranked third and fourth respectively with 7 and 5 as scores. Daily mean GM of trade in Moringa leaves was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that from Amaranthus, Sorrel and Ceratotheca leaves. Trade in Moringa leaves therefore generated higher financial benefits than the other leafy vegetables. The challenges of its trade were poor sheds/storage facilities, inadequate processing equipment and sources of credit, as well as rottenness and seasonality in yield. The study recommended the provision of rural infrastructures as well as processing and storage facilities to improve trade benefits to the traders from these commodities.

Key words: Challenges of trade, financial benefits, Jalingo LGA, leafy vegetables, Moringa

[1] Wikipeadia. (2000). Moringa; Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa. Wikipeadia the free encyclopedia.2000
[2] Rodovich, T. (2009). Farm and forestry production and marketing profile for Moringa (Moringa oleifera) in: Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). Specialty crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), (Holualoa, Hawai'I, 2009). Available at; http://agroforestry.net/scps

[3] Quattrocchi, U. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. (3: M-Q. CRC Press, 2000).

[4] Fahey,J.W.(2005). Moringa oleifera: A review of the medical evidence for its nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic properties part1, Trees for Life Journal. 1997. Available online at: http:// Moringgamalunggay.com/john- Hopkins.pdf. Retrieved on 24th March, 2013

[5] Johnson, B.C. Clinical Perspectives on the Health Effects of Moringa oleifera: A Promising Adjunct for Balanced Nutrition and Better Health. (KOS Health Publications August 2005).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Critique of the Question of African Philosophy
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Omotosho I. F
	:	10.9790/0837-19776166

Abstract: The history of African philosophy as a distinct academic discipline has witnessed a lot of controversies, debates, arguments and counter-arguments bordering on the issue of the existence or non existence of the discipline. This debate has been described by an erudite scholar, Makinde, as unnecessary. According to him, if African philosophy exists, then do it, teach it and write it instead of engaging in endless debate on its ontology. The focus of this paper is to examine his arguments in support of his (Mankinde's) claim that there is African philosophy. This is to show how his arguments authenticate African philosophy as a"specie" of philosophy thereby putting an end to this controversy. This is because, an end to this controversy, will move African philosophy forward to contribute to human, social and political development through its ethics, social and political philosophy, to mention a few.

[1]. Appiah, K.A. (1992) "The Myth of an African World" in Appiah, K.A. (ed.), In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press)
[2]. Bolaji I. O (1992) : God and Yoruba belief London: long man ltd
[3]. Dain, Bruce R. (2002) A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic (New York: Google Books)
[4]. Eze, E.C. ed. (1997) Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers)
[5]. Gbadegesin. O (1998): "Indi duality, community and moral order" in The African philosophy reader; P.H Coetzee and APJ Roux eds. London, Routecdge.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Obstruction amongst Juveniles in Relation towards School Ambiance
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manpreet Kaur
	:	10.9790/0837-19776774

Abstract: We encounter with increasing complex problems in today's world. Success in the complex world depends on our ability to solve these problems. This ability can be developed through education. Education, no doubt occupied a very important place in the intellectual and social development of man. Whatever a man learns during his life, whatever he experiences by living may be termed as education. Education, the foremost weapon for social reform, is now under the forces of change. Newly formed branches of knowledge and techniques of education facilitate the physical, mental and emotional development of the learners. School ambiance is always being helpful in developing plans to optimize the student's productive activities for achieving the goals of education the present study has great significance for the students as well as educational planners in understanding school ambiance in relation to obstruction.. The main goal of present research is to study school ambiance and their relationship with obstruction and their effect on behavior of the juveniles.

Keywords: obstruction, school ambiance, juveniles

[1]. Aldrigde, J.M.&Fraser, B.J.(2000),A cross- cultural study of classroom lerning environmemt research. An International Journal, Vol.3,pp.101 -134.
[2]. Balbir, K. (1987). "To study obstruction in relation to socio-metric status." M.Ed. dissertation.
[3]. Best , John W(2001) Research in Education, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
[4]. Bhalla (1984) "Comparative study of social behaviour and school adjustment of resident and nonresident students" An unpublished M.Sc. (H.Sc.) Thesis
[5]. Bhatia, Narang(1989) Principles of Education (Methods and Techniques)
[6]. Parkash Brothers 546 ,Books market, Ludhiana.
[7]. Bhatnagar, A.B (1977) "Construction and standardization of the treatment ambiance inventory". Educational Trends, Vol.12 (1),pp.47-56

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Transition of Students from Student to Work Life
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mohit Sadarangani, Ms.Rekha R Ahuja
	:	10.9790/0837-19777587

Abstract: Hugh Prather once said ‗Just when I think I have learned to live, life changes', this gives us an example of how life throws so many challenges at us and we have to adapt ourselves to it without any second thought. We grow every minute with certain life events and experiences. Considering this fact we understand that every individual is changing and transforming from what he/she was. We undergo major transitions in our life, be it moving to a new city, addition of a new member to the family or someone passing away, when we finish our studies and start working considering it being our first job, also when we grow from the different stages being a child to an adult to old age all these transitions are a part of every individual. Transition can be defined the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another. (Oxford english dictionary, 2003) The difference is that some people adapt to this fast paced constantly changing world while some don't. The skill to adapt to the change, indicates the people who are constantly succeeding in life and are more satisfied with it. All of us tend to blame our surroundings for what we are but when that changes, it can be disorienting. For example marriage changes your identity from a single person to being with a partner similarly a new job changes your identity or role at work or in life from being a non-earning individual to an earning individual. Students being the individuals to go through this transition of study life to work life makes it very interesting for us to know the experiences they have and also if they find it difficult to cope up with the transition.

[1]. (n.d.). Retrieved from csulb.edu: www.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696quali.htm
[2]. (2003). Retrieved from Oxford english dictionary: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/transition
[3]. Aquilino, W. S. (1997). From Adolescence to Young Adult: A Prospective study of Parent-Child Realtions during the Transition to Adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family , 670-686.
[4]. D.Wayne Osgood, E. M. (2010). Vulnerable Populations and the Transition to Adulthood. The Future of Children. Transition to Adulthood , 209-229.
[5]. Diana E. Papalia, S. W. (2004). Human Development. The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The World'sFar Side: Being and It'sother in the Poetry of Boleslaw Lesmian
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Amechi N. Akwanya
	:	10.9790/0837-19778896

Abstract: The poetry of Lesmian is among the most striking of the entire modernist tradition. The format is often narration, but the incidents and the sequences that unfold are so far removed from human experience as to raise questions of overall intelligibility. As an order of words, the poems are also strange and alienating because the words are not always established members of the repertoire and often name entities and actions outside the realm of the knowable. As a result, meaning is hard to work out at any level literal or figural. But they always have an arresting quality that cannot be ignored. The readings available in English are not many, but the arguments for the ultimate cause of the poetry in a vision thought to be the author's tend to be purely speculative. In this paper, based on the understanding of poetry as a movement of thought, risked and satisfied, as Roland Barthes would say, the poems are seen as following the possibilities of existence beyond the exclusive antonyms, being and nothingness. At the risk of an epistemology having the entire oeuvre in its sights instead of the poems as individual and independent utterances, use is also made of the features which recur or re-echo across poems as threads to activate a dialogue between them.

Keywords: epistemology, intelligibility, myth, self-sufficiency, sufficient reason

[1]. Barthes, Roland. Image – Music – Text. London: Fontana Books, 1977. Print.
[2]. Benveniste, Emile. Problems in General Linguistics. Miami: University of Miami Press, 1971. PDF.
[3]. Bradley, Arthur. Derrida=s Of Grammatology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. PDF.
[4]. Brock, Werner. >Introduction=. Being and Essence. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1949. PDF
[5]. Coates, Paul. Words after Speech: A Comparative Study of Romanticism and Symbolism.London: Macmillan, 1986. Print.
[6]. Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Trans. GayatriChakravortySpivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. Print.
[7]. ---. Writing and Difference. Trans. Alan Bass. London: Routledge Classics, 2001. PDF.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Offenses against the quality of life : What about the responsibility of multinationals ?
Country	:	Morocco
Authors	:	Nadia Lamchichi , Fatima Zahra El Arif
	:	10.9790/0837-197797100

Abstract: In the era of sustainable development and the green economy, it has become essential to wonder to what extent the laws applicable to multinationals may include legal standards of environmental protection, putting into question the social and penal responsibility of multinationals. This paper is a modest attempt that fits in this sens.

Keywords : Multinationals, Social Responsibility, Penal Responsibility, Law applicable to multinationals

[1] Addan Nieto Martin, Elément pour un droit pénal de l'environnement, Revue de science criminelle, 2012.
[2] Antoine Bernard, Elin Wrzoncki, La responsabilité pénale des transnationales-L'action de la FIDH, AJ Pénal, 2012.
[3] Benoît Grimonprez, Pour une responsabilité des sociétés mères des faits de leurs filiales, Revue des sociétés, 2010.
[4] Caroline London, L'environnement, une nouvelle donne économique, Petites affiches n° 78, 30 juin 1995.
[5] Christian Huglo, La réparation des dommages écologiques : Entre discussions de principe, transposition incomplète du droit communautaire et apport constant de la jurisprudence, Gazette du palais n° 356, 22 décembre 2007