IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-2015

Abstract: Muslims should inculcate in their mind the idea that knowledge in Islam is sought and spread purposely for Allah's sake but not for one's recognition or fame as viewed by many. When searching for knowledge appropriate manners (A'daab) are to be observed with a view to getting beneficial knowledge from the teachers. This is because good manners lead to prosperity while bad ones lead to misery. The Prophet (SAW) was reported to have said in one of his traditions that "through good manners one reaches the status of the person who not only fasts but who also stands late in the night to pray". He also says in another Hadith that "Shall I not inform you of the most beloved to me and the one seated closest to me on the Day of Resurrection? Those of you who are best in manners". The two Ahadith quoted stress the importance of good manners expected to be imbibed by every Muslim who, particularly, wants his search for knowledge yield positive result. This is true if we only understand that knowledge cannot be acquired or gained by merely consulting books. Therefore, it is against this background that this article intends to discuss ethics in the search of knowledge: A note to Muslim students.

[1]. Abi Dawud Sulaiman bin al-Ash'ath al-Sijistani, Op. cit, Vol. 4. P. 400
[2]. Muhammad bn Hibban bn Ahmad Abu Hatim, Sahih Ibn Hibban, Mu'assasat al-Risalat, Beirut, 1414 AH, Vol. 2 P. 235.
[3]. Al-Imam al-Hafiz Abi Isah Muhammad bin Isah, Op. Cit, Vol. 9 Hadith No 2579. And Sunan Abu Dawud Vol. 10 Hadith No 3179, sourced in Maktabat al-Shamelah Software.
[4]. Qur'an 35:28
[5]. This quotation is available at www.islamtoday.com/showme 2.cfm? as at 2nd July, 2010
[6]. Sahih Muslim, Vol. 1 Hadith No 82. Sunan Abu Dawud Vol. 13 Hadith No 4293, Sunan al-Tirmidhi Vol. 17 Hadith No 1849 available in Maktabat al-Shamelah Software.
[7]. Qur'an 49:1

Abstract: The prosperity of India lies in the prosperity of Villages"--- Mahatma Gandhi As there is a lot of change in the occupational structure of India since independence. But change in the overall economy did not have a pronounced effect on rural economies as Indian population still depends largely on agriculture sector. So, pressure on land should be reduced by giving priority to Rural Non-Farm Activities(RNFA). Food Processing is one of the such Non-Farm Activity (NFA) which can play a crucial role in reducing unemployment, poverty and enhances development activities in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to explain about the significance and performance of important non-farm activity – The food processing industry (FPI) in India. Further it highlights the major problems faced by FPI. At last it concludes with some remedial measures for improving their performance.

Keywords: Rural Non-Farm Activities (RNFA), Food Processing Industries (FPI)

[1]. Unni, K. (1991). Regional Variations in rural non-agricultural employment- An Exploratory Anaysis. Economic and Political Weekly 26(3) pp.109-22
[2]. Chadha, S.K. (1999). Prospects of Agro Food Processed Industry, Political Economy Journal of India, vol.8, No.3 and 4, pp. 124-131
[3]. Chopra, Vipla (2002). Food Processing Industry in India, Political Economy Journal of India, vol.11,No.1 and 2, pp. 50-55
[4]. Bhaurrik, S.K. (2002). Employment Diversification in Rural India : A State level Analysis, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, vol.45,no.4, pp.619-744
[5]. Jagmohan (1997). And they call it reform, The Indian Express, Chandigarh, vol 43 (891), April 21, pp.6
[6]. Mitra, A., Mitra, S. (2005). Rural Non-farm Sector : A State level Profile ,in Rohini Nayyar and Alakh N.Sharma (eds.), Rural Transformation in India : The Role of Non-farm Economy. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, pp.121-136

Abstract: The glamour of public service which makes it distinct and more attractive is its pay system which includes retirement benefits. In recent years however this glamour is gradually fading away due largely to the uncertainties associated with the retirement benefit management as retirees continue to face hardship in getting their benefit as and when due. The situation remains perennial and has aroused the curiosity of these researchers on the subject matter. The study focused on retirement benefit management in Nigeria public service: challenges and prospects. Objectives of the study were: To assess the extent of contributory pension scheme in pension services in Nigeria. To find out the challenges facing retirement benefits management in Nigeria and to suggest measures that would ensure efficient management and effective retirement benefit management in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey design, using questionnaires as instrument of data collection. Data collected were represented in frequency, tables and analyzed using percentage. Findings revealed that the Pension Commission has been able to implement the contributory pension scheme to a high extent. It was also discovered that the major challenges facing PENCOM was inadequate manpower, while it was further revealed that more qualified personnel would help the commission perform better. The study recommended the establishment of a new agency to assist PENCOM in the area of enforcement, more funding to enable it establish officers in each state and close collaboration with anticorruption agencies to ensure timely detection and prevention of fraud in the pension industry.

Keywords: PENCOM, public service, retirees and Pension Commission.

[1]. Adegbayi, A. (2005) Pension Industry Development in Nigeria: the Thrust of Pension Reform Act 2004. Lagos: Legal and Corporate Service Department , Leadway Assurance Company.
[2]. Ahman, M. (2006). The Contributory Pension Scheme: Institutional and Legal Frameworks. Bullion. Vol. 30 No. 2. Abuja Central Bank of Nigeria.
[3]. Ardo, M.B (1992) "‟Application of the Provisions of Public Officers (Special Provision). Decree No. 17 of No. 102 of 1979‟‟ in Proceedings of the Ministerial Workshops on the Nigeria Civil Service Reforms 1988, Lagos: ASCON.
[4]. Athley, R.C, (1980). The Sociology of Retirement, Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Company Inc.
[5]. Babasola, S. (2010) Military Pensioners Protest non Payment of Arrears. Guardian News Online.
[6]. www.ngrguardiannews.com/news / nn81017.utm.
[7]. Babbie, R. (1973) Survey Methods. California: Words Worth Publishing Company Inc.
[8]. Balogun, A. (2006) Understanding the New Pension Reform Act (PRA 2004). Bullion Vol. 30 No. 2 Abuja. Central Bank of Nigeria.
[9]. Chambers, (2004) 21st Century Dictionary. Edinburgh : Harrop Publishers Ltd.
[10]. Eme, E.I and Ugwu S.C (2011) The Laws and Administration of Retirement in Nigeria: A Historical Approach. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review. Vol. 1. No .2 . Kuwait. www. Ajbmr.org.

Abstract: This work examined the solid waste management in Enugu metropolis for urban administration. Over some period now Enugu metropolis has witnessed big volume of solid waste that adversely affected urban administrator's capacity to plan. The improper management of solid waste in Enugu metropolis constituted health hazards to the citizens. A survey research method was adopted in the study and two hypotheses guided the study. Data generated were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and chi-square. The findings showed that irregular collection of solid waste affects urban development in Enugu metropolis and that lack of strict enforcement of environmental laws is responsible for indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. It is therefore recommended that Government should enforce strictly all the environmental related bye-laws, generate sufficient funds for solid waste management and also checkmate indiscriminate dumping of waste by the citizens and ensure timely carting away refuse dumps in the metropolis.

Keywords: Enugu metropolis, Refuse, Urban administration, Government and bye-laws.

[1]. Agunwamba, J.C (2001) waste Engineering and management tools, Enugu: immaculate pub. Ltd.
[2]. Atuegbu, B. C. (2007). Waste Generation and management in Enugu city", unpublished B. Sc. Project, Department of Geography and Regional planning, University of Benin, Nigeria.
[3]. Chukwu, A.O. (2002). The effects of indiscrimination disposal of plastic waste in the Environment: A case study of Enugu" An Unpublished BURP Dissertation of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus
[4]. Chukwu, K. e. (2007). Recycling of used plastic products: its sanitary and commercial production in Enugu State" paper presented at a stakeholders work- Shop on converting waste to wealth through waste Recycling organized by ESWAMA January 30-31, 2007.
[5]. Chukwuemeke, E.O. (2012), " The challenges of waste management to Nigeria's Sustainable Development: A case study of Enugu State International" journal Of Research Studies in management, vol.1 No .2, pp 81

Abstract: Although spirituality as the fourth dimension of health has received a high significance in recent years, it has been scarcely addressed sociologically by social researchers. The purpose of this research conducted in an interpretative paradigm is to identify the prominent types of physicians' perception of spirituality and the obstacles preventing spirituality from being integrated in Iran's medical care system. The data has been collected by in-depth interviews with faculty members of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences including internists, psychiatrists, and cardiologists.

1]. Aten, Jamie D. and Leach, Mark M. (Eds). (2009). Spirituality and the Therapeutic Process; A Comprehensive Resource from Intake to Termination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
[2]. Barr, Amy L. (2008), Exploring the Most Salient Factors in Spiritual Development with Hospice Nurses, Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 18: 123-136
[3]. Bussing, Arndt, Hirdes, Almut Tabea, Baumann, Klause, Hvidt, Neils Chirstian and Heusser, Peter(2013), Aspects of Spirituality in Medical Doctors and Their Relation to Specific Views of Illness and Dealing with Their Patients‟ Individual Situation, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Retrieved from http:// dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/734392
[4]. Chattopadhyay, S. (2007), Religion, spirituality, health and medicine: Why should Indian physicians care? Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 53(4): 262-266, DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.33967
[5]. Curlin, Farr A., Roach, Chad J., Gorawara-Bhat, Rita, Lantos, John D. and Chin, Marshall H. (2005), How Are Religion and Spirituality Related to Health? A Study of Physicians‟ Perspectives, Southern Medical Journal, 98(8):761-766.
[6]. Deal Belinda (2010), A Pilot Study of Nurses' Experience of Giving Spiritual Care, The Qualitative Report, 15 (4):852-863.
[7]. Egan, M., & Swedersky, J. (2003). Spirituality as experienced by occupational therapists in practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57: 525–533.

Abstract: Regional head election, as it is stipulated in Law No. 12 Year 2008 concerning Regional Government, has given an opportunity to independent candidates, and this is not contrary to the Indonesian constitution, 1945 Indonesian Constitution. This is also applied to Regional head election in Aceh through Law No. 11 Year 2006 concerning Government of Aceh. But in government of Aceh regulations, there is a regulation, Article 256, which states that an independent candidate is only for the first round election. According to the decree of the Constitutional Court No. 35/PUU-VIII/2010, Article 256 does not have binding legal force. Until MoU Helsinki was signed in Finland on August 15, 2005. One of the points in the MoU was a Law No.11 Year 2006 concerning Government of Aceh and on the representation of Aceh people. This law states about accommodating independent candidates in Regional head election in Aceh. But Article 256 of this law also states that the independent candidates are only for the first round election. The Constitutional Court then revoked Article 256 with the consideration that the case of independent candidates did not contradicted to MoU Helsinki and to the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. This would arouse friction in Regional head election Aceh in 2011.

Keywords: Regional head Election, Independent Candidate, MoU Helsinki

[1]. Arbas, Cakra, Jalan Terjal Calon Independen Pada Pemilukada di Provinsi Aceh, PT. Sofmedia, Jakarta, 2012.
[2]. Lubis, M. Solly, Ilmu Negara, Mandar Maju, Bandung, 2007.
[3]. The 1945 Indonesian Constitution.
[4]. Law No. 12 Year 2008 concerning Regional Government.
[5]. Law No. 11 Year 2006 concerning Government of Aceh.
[6]. Law No. 32 Year 2004 concerning Regional Government.
[7]. Law No. 44 Year 1999 concerning the Special Status of the Province of Aceh.

Abstract: This research article is an effort to examine the Danger of De -Culturation in the novels of Kamala Markandaya`s'' Possession ''.The novel Possession deals with the theme of loneliness and alienation which comes out after East-West confrontation. In this story, the protagonist Valmiki, the great oriental artist whose art stifles in an alien culture. He feels himself suffocated in an alien environment. Though he gains recognition, but he loses his spontaneity. A rich English woman lady Caroline Bell discovers the talent of painting in the South Indian boy, Valmiki. She takes him to England polish him as an image of the great Indian artist. As a matter of fact, Valmiki becomes a popular artist and enjoyed name, fame and glamour of the Western culture. But at the same time, he feels that he destroyed his soul. He feels culturally estranged in an alien land At the end of the novel he has to break with Lady Caroline Bell an come back to India. This article is concerned to make an intensive study of the Danger of De culturation in the life of estranged protagonist Valmiki who positions himself in the search of identity.

Keywords: Aculturation, De-culturation, Alienation, Exile and Isolation.

[1]. Kamala Markandaya, Possession, Bombay, Jaico Publishing House, (1994)
[2]. Usha Bande, "I Search I Find: Valmiki‟s Quest in Kamala Markandaya‟s Possession‟ Osmania Journal of English Studies, (1989)
[3]. Bai, K. Meera, "Identity Crisis: The problem of the cultural Transplants" in Indian Women Novelists, Vol. 1 Ed. R. R. Dhawan, New Delhi, Prestige Books, (1991)
[4]. Ramesh K. Srivastava, "Woman as Possessor: A Reflection of Markandaya‟s Antipartriarchal Rage and Divided Consciousnes in Possession" Punjab Journal of English Studies. 4.1, (1989), p. 53.

Abstract: Chigadza mapfihwa and kuroodzera are practices that are deeply embedded in African culture, as a way for the elders to accumulate young wives in exchange of cattle and grain. This article was focusing at how children's rights have been infringed through these forced marriages. Previous studies on this concept have not voiced the echo of children in such unions. Yet, it is clear that children exposed to intergenerational atrocities are suffering daily yet they are not being listened to.The paper was based on a field research conducted on interpretivism basis/ qualitative design. A sample of fifty (50) participantswas drawn using purposive and chain referral sampling. Data was gathered through forty (40) interviews and as a way to enrich the data gathered, three focus group discussions were conducted. Data presentation was through thematic content analysis. From the field researchpoverty and lack of sustainable livelihoods is the main cause of these cultural practices. The participants lamented coercion through restricted access to family finances, often reprimanded that they are just consumption agents who parasitically devours on patriarchal income, yet alone the reason for their deprivation is the same source of their oppression which is kuroodzera and chigadza mapfihwa.

Keywords: Credit marriage, Replacement of a deceased wife, intergenerational atrocities, culture, poverty and forced marriages

[1]. Baker. B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. Journal Information, 107(6)
[2]. Berger. P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1991). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge (No. 10). Penguin UK
[3]. Connolly, M & Morris, K. (2012): Understanding Child and Family Welfare, Palgrave Macmillan, New York
[4]. Declaration and Agenda for Action of the World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of childrenavailableat<http://www.ilo.org/public/english/comp/child/standards/resolution/stockholm.htm> (accessed on 1October 2006
[5]. Goody, E. (1973): Bride wealth and dowry in Africa and Eurasia. In Bride wealth and Dowry, J.R. Goody and S.J. Tambiah (eds.). Cambridge papers in Social Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1-58.
[6]. Moto, F. 2004. Towards a study of the lexicon, sex and HIV/AIDS: Nordic Journal of African Studies 13, 3: 343–362
[7]. Melton, G. (1994): Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundation for a new national strategy (1994) Guiliford Press, New York.

Abstract: Mukherjee's protagonists are all sensitive and are differently trained in the new ethnic imagination. They are tossed in an environment of ambivalence regarding their identity, racism, sexism and other social oppression. They negotiate displacement and face the multicultural reality in the process of cultural differentiation and assimilation. Bharati Mukherjee has explored many facets of diasporic consciousness and immigrant experience of dislocations, ruptures and relocation of the migrant women in her fictions. She has dealt with the ambivalence of their psychic and spatial identity and the trauma of dislocations at multiple levels. The impact of patriarchy on the Indian society varies from the one in the West and therefore Mukherjee has tried to evolve her own strand of feminism grounded in the truth of compulsory displacement that they recurrently undergo. Indian expatriate writers do not write from all exclusive foreignness of their identity but their writing reflects the perspective of someone caught between two cultures. Migrancy and dislocation, either consensual or conflictua.,

[1]. Homi K. Bhabha. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.p. xx.
[2]. Malashri Lal. "Bharati Mukherjee: The "Maximalist‟ Credo." Contemporary Indian English Fiction: An Anthology of Essays.Ed. K.N. Awasthi, New Delhi: ABS Publications, 1993.p.2.
[3]. Bharati Mukherjee. Desirable Daughters. New Delhi: Rupa &Co.2006.p.27.
[4]. Alison B. Carb. "An Interview with Bharati Mukherjee,‟ op.cit. p.654.
[5]. The Location of Culture. op.cit. p. 62.
[6]. F.Fanon."Concerningviolence‟,TheWretchedof the Earth (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), qtd in Bhabha. The Location of Culture, p.62.
[7]. Homi K. Bhabha. The Location of Culture. op.cit.p. 62.

Abstract: Town manado has big prospect to round into commercial town through development of reclamation of coast done by various investors with various development and has opened various employment to increase earnings so that happened attitude change. Purpose of research is to know development impact of coastal reclamation to life of chartered investment counsel social comunity coastal area in Kota Manado. Thereby number of populations is 75 and sample is 75 using quantitative research by using product analysis moment.

[1]. Ackley Gardner, 1997, The Macroeconomics theory, Translated by Paul Sihotang, Indonesia University (UI, 1 Press,) Jakarta.
[2]. Azwar, 1998, Position of Man, Theory and Pengukuran, Seri Psikologi, Liberti, Yogyakarta.
[3]. Ahmad AH, 1991, Education Sociology, Rineka Creature, Jakarta.
[4]. Doyle Paul Johnson, 1996, The Classic Sociology theory and Modern, Volume I Penerbit PT Gramedia Jakarta.
[5]. Djatmiko Yayat Involves, 2002, Behavior Of Organization, Publisher Alfabeta Bandung.
[6]. Dahuri, Rokhmin Cs Rais, J. Ginting SP., Sitepu MJ. 1996, Management of Resource Regional Coastal Area and Ocean Inwroughtly, PT. Pradya, Paramita, Jakarta.

Abstract: This research was informed by the Whorfian view that language exerts a great influence on worldview and attitudes. The work was based on Claude Shannon's Communication Theory. The study examined the forms, shades and manifestations of sexist language in two popular Nigerian newspapers. It established that sexism in language is a bias, not only against women, but also against men. Expressions like, men of the underworld, gunmen, for which there are no female equivalents in the language lend credence to this assertion. A total of 206 articles, cutting across editorials, opinion pages, news reports, interviews and political columns were critically reviewed. The newspapers selected were from the September and October 2011 editions and the June 2012 of the two newspapers. The data used in this research work were collected from the articles covered in the two newspapers. This was done through a thorough examination of the data. The example words from the newspapers were first isolated and then analysed against the background of the type of sexist language they represented. Statistical tables and charts were used, where relevant to represent the data. The study revealed that 'generic masculine words' were the most commonly used sexist form in Nigerian newspapers.

Keywords: Claude Shannon, gender neutrality, language and gender, sexism, Whorf

[1]. Teri, K. & Gamble, M ,Communication works(New York, McGraw Higher Education,2002).
[2]. Sunderland, J. Issues of language and gender in second and foreign language education, Language Teaching, 33, 2000, 203-223.
[3]. Nair, R. Recognizing sexist language through children literature. English Teacher, 34, 2003, 51-54.
[4]. Holmes, J, An introduction to sociolinguistics(Essex, Pearson Education Limited, 2008).
[5]. The Punch Newspaper, (Monday June25th, 2012).
[6]. The Guardian Newspaper, (6th September, 2011).
[7]. The Punch Newspaper, (Sunday October 30th, 2011).
[8]. The Guardian Newspaper, (25th June, 2012).
[9]. Gostin, L., Vanchieri, C., & Pope, A. (Eds.) Today's prisoners (Washington DC, National Academies Press, 2007).

Abstract: Human resource development practitioners have employed systematic training cycle approach to build competencies of the business trainees over the years. In this approach training needs analysis forms the principle components of the training as it strengthens foundation for the effective delivery of training programmes. In Marsabit Central and South Districts of Marsabit County, Kenya, business training providers have tried applying training needs analysis in their training programmes with mixed levels of successes and failures. Consequently this study was carried out to establish the effects of training needs analysis on the competencies of business trainees in the study areas. Using descriptive survey design and simple random sampling techniques, 345 trainees and 81 trainers were surveyed. The study established that at 95% level of confidence, target group analysis (p=0.000), man analysis (p=0.002) and ad hoc analysis (p=0.000) had significant effects on the competencies of the business trainees. However, operational analysis (p=0.720) and community analysis (p=0.945) did not have significant effects on the competencies of the business trainees in the study areas. The study therefore recommends that business training providers should enhance use of target group analysis, man analysis and ad hoc training needs analysis techniques. Further studies are also recommended to establish why the operational and target community analysis did not have effect on the competencies of the business trainees in the study areas.

Keywords: Competencies, training needs analysis, skills, knowledge, attitude

[1]. Agochiya, D. (2011). Every Trainer`s Handbook. 2nd Edition. New Delhi: Sage Publishers.
[2]. Aids for Africa. (2010). Women Grants Projects. Retrieved from: www.aidsforafrica.org/member
[3]. Aswathappa, K. (2008). Human Resource Management: Text and Cases. New Dlhi: Tata MacGraw-Hill
[4]. Banfield, P. and Kay, R .(2008).Introduction to Human Resource Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[5]. Bryman, A. (2008).Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press
[6]. CARE International.(2010). Small Business Management Skills: A Community Based Approach. Nairobi: CARE International in Kenya.
[7]. Denby, S. (2010).The Importance of Training Needs Analysis.Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 42, Issue 3

Abstract: the present study aimed to investigate the relationship of co-dependency and relationship satisfaction among spouse of alcohol abusers. It was hypothesized that there is significant relationship between co-dependency ad interpersonal satisfaction among spouse of alcohol abuser. It was also hypothesized that higher the denial, self- esteem, control and compliance will predict lower interpersonal satisfaction among spouse of alcohol abuser. A sample of seventy female spouse acquired through addiction treatment centre's of lahore city. The data was collected through purposive sampling technique. Am i co-dependent scale and relationship satisfaction survey was administered. Correlation and regression analysis was used to find out the relationship of co-dependency and relationship satisfaction of spouse among alcohol abusers. Results shows that there is significant relationship between the variables.

Keywords: Co-dependency, relationship satisfaction, spouses of alcohol abusers, interpersonal satisfaction

[1]. T. Cermak, Co-addiction as a disease. Psychiatric Annals, 21(5), 1991, 266-272.
[2]. M. Beattie, Codependent No More: How to Stop Controlling Others and Start Caring for Yourself, 2 (USA: Hazelden Publishing, 1987).
[3]. K. Kanjanapipatkul, (2003). Development of family and peer support groups: a hand book of addiction recovery issue (Sri Lanka: Colombo Plan drug Advisory Programme, 2003).
[4]. L. Spann and J. Fischer, Identifying co-dependency. The Counsellor, 8 (1),1990, 87-100.
[5]. G. E. Dear, The Holyoake Co-dependency Index: further evidence of factorial validity. Drug and alcohol review, 21 (1), 2009, 47–52.DOI: 10.1080/09595230220119354.
[6]. P. Wright, and K. Wright, Measuring codependents close relationships: preliminary study. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 1990, 335-344.
[7]. E. Harteny, Definition of denial. (2014). Retrieved on Dec, 2013 from http://www.addictions.about.com/

Abstract: The paper assess whether government participation in public-private partnership has brought improved service delivery and efficiency in governance. The operations of government like any other private institutions require continuous evaluation in the form of performance measurement system for improvement, satisfaction of customers, employees and stakeholders. Data was administered Lagos waste management authority and public. The extent of efficiency in service delivery and governance; and the effectiveness of performance measurement usage were measured using an index computed from questionnaire items. The data was subjected to Mann-Whitney independent sample test. Significant differences were observed in the assessment of staff and the public on public-private partnership service delivery efficiency. The public confirmed that waste service delivery is efficient as it had yielded quality service and cleaner environment. The study recommended therefore that for continued public confidence in governance, efficiency in service delivery and the use of performance measurement techniques should not be undermined or sacrificed for political gains. This can be facilitated through conscientious monitoring of the outsourced services.

Keywords: Public-Private Partnership, Waste management, Performance measurement, Service delivery, Efficiency.

[1]. Bettignies, J. E and Ross, T. W., (2004).The economics of public-private partnerships. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, 30(2): 135-154
[2]. Bititci, U. Carrie, A., &Turner., (2002). Integrated performance measurement systems: Structure and dynamics, in Business Performance Measurement: Theory and Practice. Neely, Andrew, editor. NY: Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Bonache, A. B. &Maurice, J., (2010). A best evidence synthesis on the link between budget participationand management performance. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 2(12).
[4]. Coltman, T., Devinney, T. M., &Midgley, D. F.,(2011). Customer relationship management and firm performance.Journal of Information Technology: Advance online publication, 25 January;doi:10.1057/jit.2010.39
[5]. Eggers, D. W., (2008).Closing the infrastructure gap: the role of public-private partnerships.A Deloitte Research Study: Lagos-Nigeria.
[6]. Hood, J. & P. C., Young (2003). The Risk Management Implications of Outsourcing Claims Management Services in Local Government.Journal ofRisk Management, 5(3): 7-17

Abstract: Media refers to means of mass communication such as TV, radio, newspapers, etc. Media, be it any type, reaches the remotest corners of our country. As the literacy rate is increasing, Indians realize the need for more and more information. Newspapers, national and regional, focus on the various aspects of information : political, social, economic, sportive, etc. Radio is also a good source of information and entertainment. It helps a great deal during emergency or some disaster. Like radio, TV, too, is a very powerful media. With a continuous flow of news about business, sports, etc, TV has turned out to be a useful electronic media. Internet is an indispensable tool of our economic sector.

[1]. Khan, Jahangir, Teaching, Learning: Basic of Electronic Media. New Delhi, Shipra Publications, 2006.
[2]. Sharma, K. C., Journalism in India: History, Growth, Development. New Delhi, Regal Publications, 2007.
[3]. Bhatia, Arun, Impact of Internet on Journalism. New Delhi, Akansha Publishing House, 2005.