IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-10 ~ Oct-2015

Abstract: While evaluating final examination answer sheets, I come to know that students are overshadowed with the concept of writing in the way of texting. Their overuse of Android phones having so many social networking sites has made their language even rotten. They subconsciously write Gr8 instead of Great. The idea of presenting this paper struck into my mind because we basically learn and use English as second Language. English did not come to us naturally. So, we have to use correct English with proper use of Grammar, spellings, construction and syntax. The present paper will throw light on the after effects of texting and give some suggestions to overcome them. Those who learn English as second language have to be cautious about their Grammar, Pronunciation and construction. But this pseaudo-modernism of language is really making an ugly look of language. We can say that using unconventional grammar when texting is not a consistent sign of poor grammatical abilities, although there may be links between some aspects of grammatical skill and grammatical violations in text messages. Spellings have become so degradable that language has lost its beauty. This paper is an attempt to bring this problem into notice and to find its solution.

[1]. Bernard, S. (2008, May 28). Zero-thumb game: How to tame texting. Retrieved from: http:// www.edutopia.org/text-messaging-teaching-tool
[2]. Cheng, J. (2009, February 24). Study confirms TXT SPK doesn‟t hurt kids‟ language skills. Retrieved from: Ars Technica: http://arstechnica.com
[3]. Crystal, D. (2006). Language and the Internet (2ndEd.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Crystal, D. (2008, July 5). 2b or not 2b? The Guardian, Features & Reviews, p.2. Retrieved February 12, 2009, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jul/05/saturdayreviewsfeatures.guardian review E
[5]. Ortlieb, E. (2012). Texting fluency: The new measurement of literacy proficiency? In E. Ortlieb, Educational Research & Innovations (CEDER Yearbook) (pp. 157-175). Corpus Christi, TX: CEDER, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.

Abstract: The paper will be an effort to study elegies of Muhammadu Bello and that of his sister Nana Asma'u upon their uncle Abdullahi, especially on the emotion they both expressed in their individual elegy, as well as an effort to compare the two elegies, in order to discover where they met or differed in the level of strong emotion or otherwise. The paper will be divided into sub-headings, as follows: Intrduction, Arabic Poetry in the Jihad Period, Biography of Muhammadu Bello, his elegy on Abdullahi bn Fodio and his emotion in the elegy, Biography of Nana Asma'u, her elegy on Abdullahi bn Fodio and her emotion in the elegy, comparative Studies between the two elegies on emotion, conclusion, and endnotes.

[1]. Sambo Wali Junaidu, The Sakkwato Legacy of Arabic Scholarship In Verse Between 1800-1890, a thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of London, School for Oriental and African Studies, February 1985, p. <<<
[2]. Shehu Ahmad Sa‟idu Galadanci, Harakatu el- Lugah el-Arabiyyah wa Adabiha fi Nigeria, min 1804-1960 A.D. Darul Ulumi, Cairo, 1974, p. 128
[3]. Babikir Qadri Mare, Shi‟iru el-Ratha‟a fi Sokoto khilal el-Qarni el-Tasi‟I Ashara el-Milady, Darul Ummah, Kano Nigeria, 2010, P. 3
[4]. El- Wazir Junaidu, Ifadatu el-Talibeen, Dar el –Watha‟q, Sokoto, P. 52
[5]. Babikir Qadri Mare, op. cit. P. 7
[6]. Babikir Qadri Mare, loc. cit.
[7]. Babikir Qadri Mare, op. cit. P. 8

Abstract: The present study aims at study of psychological aspect of Tantiya Bheel's revolution a revolutionary from Nimaad region of M.P., among the five varieties of revolutionaries , The Founders, The Professional Revolutionaries, The Scholars, The Agitators, and The Generals. he comes under agitator category due to the reasons of being socially deprived, The economic conditions of that time resulted in severe social deprivation of peasants and down trodden and thus Tantia became a cult figure Masiah for Bheels and adivasies of central India. KeyWords: The Founders, the Professional Revolutionaries, the Scholars, the Agitators, and the Generals.

[1]. Arthur Hatto, "Revolution: An Inquiry In To Usefulness of An Historical Term". Mind, Vol L, VIII, p.517. [2]. Brian Martin, Creating Rebels; Review of and commentary on Frank J. Sulloway, Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives (New York: Pantheon, 1996)Published in Freedom, Vol. 58, No. 22, 15 November 1997, p. 4 [3]. Charles E. Ellwood ; " A Psychological Theory of Revolution". The American Journal of Sociology,vol II(1905-1906),pp.49-59. [4]. Charles Ogelsby; "The Revolted", in Lutz and Brent, On Revolution ,P.60. [5]. Chalmers, Johnson, Revolutionary Change, Boston (1966), "Revolution : The Implication of Political Concept", pp.1-14. [6]. Henna Arendt; On Revolution (NY1965) Frontispiece . [7]. James C.Davies, "Towards Theory of Revolution ", in William Lutz and Harry Bent,eds.(On Revolution)Cambridge Mass.,1971pp.68-84;C.G.Jung, Analytical Psychology: Theory and Practice: The Tavistock Lectures (N.Y., 1970),P.50
[8]. Jurgen Habermas, Theory and Practice , Boston 1973,p.30.

Abstract: Based on representative longitudinal data (CNEF 1980-2013) the paper analyzes the level and the determinants of earnings dynamics for different cohorts of female and male employees in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Notwithstanding country differences concerning the existing institutional settings of the labor markets, educational systems, and family role models the empirical results show decreasing earnings mobility in the work history.

[1]. A. Atkinson, and T. Piketty, T., Top Incomes – A Global Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
[2]. D. Antonczyk, B. Fitzenberger, and K. Sommerfeld, K., Rising Wage Inequality, the Decline of Collective Bargaining, and the
Gender Wage Gap, Labour Economics, 17, 2010, 835-847.
[3]. D. Autor, L.F. Katz, and M. Keaney, The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market, American Economic Review Papers and
Proceedings, 96, 2006, 189-194.
[4]. D. Card, A. Mas, E. Moretti, and E. Saez, Inequality at work: the effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction, American Economic
Review 102(6), 2012, 2981-3003.
[5]. C. Dustmann, J. Ludsteck, and U. Schönberg, Revisiting the German Wage Structure, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(2),
2009, 843-881.
[6]. J. Gernandt, and F. Pfeiffer, Rising Wage Inequality in Germany, Journal of Economics and Statistics, 227, 2007, 358-380.

Abstract: Government of Bangladesh took several policies to empower women in true sense but still unable to ensure the rights of women in every aspects of their life. Not only rights of general women are negligible but also rights of women government officers and rights of women people's representatives are insignificant in some aspect of their working area. This research work focuses on present scenario of empowerment of women people's representative of local government in the context of Union Parishad of Bangladesh.

[1]. Peter, Jakirul Islam and Mia, Md. Idris; Women Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation: A Study of RD-12 Project Under BRDB in Jamalpur District, Journal of Rural Development Vol.33 no. BARD Comilla, Bangladesh, pp.27-40(2006)
[2]. Hossienie Abdullah Al-, Chowdhury Mohammad Shahjahan and Islam Fakhrul, Empowering rural women in bangladesh: the role of union parishad as a local self-government body, SUST, Journal of Public Administration, Vol.2, pp51-52 (2009)
[3]. Hossain, Maleque, Anwar and Talukder, Abdul Maleque, Women Particaipation in Local Government: Expectations and Performances- A Case Study of Union Parishad, Journal of Public Administration Quarterly vol. 36, September 2005.pp.49-63 (2005)
[4]. Ali, Md. Almas, The Role of Union Council in Empowering Women at the Grass-Roots level: An Inquiry into the Problems and Prospects,MiazeePublicaitions, Dhaka, pp.1-44(2006)

Abstract: The paper investigates the spatial and temporal growth pattern of the census towns. This is a rural area and not recognized as town by the state. Secondly to find out that census towns are product of agglomeration economies across all districts of west Bengal. Thirdly to investigate the spatial inequality of access to the basic services of this spatially transformed area and make a comparison with statutory urban area of the state. West Bengal is one of the most urbanized states of India. According to the 2011 census West Bengal has 31.87 percent of urban population and it was 27.48 percent in 1991.

[1]. Bhagat R. B (2010), "Access to Basic Amenities in Urban Areas by Size class of Cities and Towns in India". International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai-400088.
[2]. Chatterjee, M (2013) A preliminary Discussion on the census 2011 Results, Urban India, Vol-33, Issue- I, Jan-June
[3]. Denis, E. Mukhopadhyay, P. et al (2012) "Subaltern Urbanization in India" Economic & Political Weekly, vol xlvII no 30
[4]. Diamond, B, D and Tolly, S, G (Ed) (1982) The Economics of Urban Amenities, Academic Press Inc, London
[5]. Kundu, A. (2011) Trends and processes of urbanization in India. Human Settlements Group
[6]. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
[7]. Lanjouw. P, and R. Murgai. (2010) Size Matters: Urban Growth and Poverty in India 1983-2005. Mimeo, Development Economics Research Group, the World Bank.

Abstract: The construction sector providing largest number the employment opportunities after agriculture. NOIDA city is known for its industrial and constructed city and commercial area follows the development of Residential, Industrial and Institutional properties. In the matter of employment, the construction sector also plays a significant role for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Constructed commercial building has attracted a large number of workers to NOIDA from different states. Rural to urban migration exist in this sector, mostly urban construction rural migrant an over third of rural migrants work in construction sector. Those who were working on the NOIDA construction sites, they are in engaged in different types labour economic activities. And duration of migration of workers in the NOIDA city was based on short time of period, approximate 70 percent workers (male and female) based on years (less than 1, up to 1 and 2 to 3).

[1]. Dileep Kumatr (April 2013), "Inimitable issues of construction workers": Case study.
[2]. T. Subramani, V. Jayaraman (May 2015), "Analysis of construction workers migrate from industries".
[3]. Akbar Hossen, Arif Uddin Khan, Zakia Sharmin, Tania Jannatual Kubra (2015), "Internal Migration and condition of female construction workers: A study in Chittagong city": International letters of school and humanistic science. vol. 46. p.p.1-13
[4]. Ashok Basirat Akinola, Anil Kumar, Indira Krishna, Satish Chetlapalli (2013), "Vulnerability profile of migrant construction workers to HIV/AIDS in an urban area in South India":- a cross sectional study. Vol. 17, Issue 4, pp. 75-77
[5]. Benjamin Zeitlyn and Priya Deshingkar, Bridget Holtom (May 2014), "Internal and Regional migration for construction work": A Research Agenda. Working paper 14
[6]. Jagannath Adhikari & Priya Deshingkar (April 2015), "How migration into urban construction work impacts on rural household in Nepal."

Abstract: Literacy implies the ability to read and write as well as understand. But practically it involves a broader aspect. Literacy is the sole input for human resource development. It also helps in overcoming the hurdles of life. Education is one of the foremost necessities for all round development of human being. It ensures long and prosperous living. Literacy feeds in being educated. For a country or state a better literacy rate helps to improve the performance in the context of a number of socio-economic indicators. A better literacy facilitates low infant mortality, low maternal mortality, low rates of fertility, better life expectation, better human capital formation, better standard of living etc. Historically there exist wide gape in literacy rate and educational attainment between the male and female.

[1] Basak, P. and Roy Mukherji, S. (2012): District Level Variation in Literacy Rate in West Bengal, International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 1, Issue. 7, Pp. 1-19.
[2] Bandyopadhyay, M. and Subhramanian, R. (2008): Gender Equity in Education: A Review of Trends and Factors, Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transition and Equity, Research Monograph No. 18, NUEPA, Pp. 1-15.
[3] Ram, D. (2014): Sex and Residence-wise Analysis of Literacy in Rajasthan, Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2, Issue. 3, Pp. 23-28.
[4] Som, K.S. and Mishra, R.P. (2014): Literacy and Their Differential in West Bengal, International Journal of Science and Research, Vol. 3, Issue. 6, Pp. 1537-1545.
[5] Balakrishnan, et al. in, Balakrishnan, R and Dubey, M (Ed.) (2008): Social Development in Independent India: Paths Tread and the Road Ahead, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, Pp. 110-163.

Abstract: Raiganj College (University College) is one of the biggest colleges in the northern part of West Bengal which was established in 1948, affiliated by Calcutta University. The campus sprawls over an area of 13.63 acres of land which contents various traditional subjects with honours and general courses in Under-graduate level. The college was recognised by U.G.C. as per its Act 2(f) and 12(B) since 1956. The college has been taken over by the University of North Bengal in 1968 as University College. Indeed the Raiganj College is as like Presidency College of North Bengal for the scholasticism. So many scholars passed out from this institution and served the country and abroad in various fields.

[1]. B.C.Allen, F.A.Gait, C.G.H.Allen, H.F Howard. Gazetteer of Bengal and North East India
[2]. J.C.Sengupta. Gazetteer of India: West Dinajpur
[3]. Francis Buchanan(Hamilton), Geographical Statistical and Historical Description Of the District or Zila, of Dinajpur in the Province, or Soubah of Bengal
Books
[4]. Minute Book of Raiganj Coronation High School
[5]. University of Calcutta, the Calender 1952, Volume I.

Abstract: The question of non-indigenous national language has occupied a more central position in our national development planning. Ethno linguistic pluralism has been at the base of Nigerian's political life since amalgamation in 1914. This is confirmed by the colonial policy, which demarcated the country along this ethno linguistic pluralism. This in part has created political and economic instability in Nigeria federation. This development actually gave rise to the issue of a National language exemplified in our perspective, National Language Policy on Education (1981).

[1]. Awoniyi, T.A. The teaching of African languages. Hodder and Stoughton, 1982.
[2]. Bamgboṣe, Ayọ. Language and the nation: The language question in sub-Saharan Africa. Edinburgh Univ Pr, 1991.
[3]. Bloch, B, and George L.T. Outline of linguistic analysis. Published by Linguistic Society of America at the Waverly Press, 1942.
[4]. Crystal, D. "Relative and absolute in intonation analysis." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 1.01 (1971): 17-28.
[5]. De Ferdinand, S. "Course in General Linguistics." (1960).
[6]. Fishman, J. "Language Problems of Developing Nations." (1968).
[7]. Gimson, A.C., and Ramsaran S. "An introduction to the pronunciation of English". London: Edward Arnold, 1970.
[8]. Pye, L.W. "Aspects of political development." (1966).

Abstract: Berunanpukuria is the largest mouza in the Icchapur Nilganj Gram Panchayet of Barasat-I Block in North 24 parganas in West Bengal. Berunanpukuria is situated on the middle of Barrackpur-Barasat highway in the vicinity of Barasat town. The village is large with an area of 152.92 sq.km. It has a population of 2162(according to 2001 census.) In the past(before 10 years) time the village was fully dependent on agriculture and fishery. But after the education institutions were set up the village become a developed village and in future it will become educational hub as well as an urban area. Here the study mainly focuses on the identification of socio-economic and cultural transformation of the village due to set up of education institution (W.B.S.U & Kingston Educational institute).

1. Hart, Betty (1995). Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children.
2. Hoff, E.; Laursen, B.; Tardif, T (2002). M. Bornstein, ed. Handbook of parenting: Volume 2, Biology and ecology of parenting. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association. pp. 231–252.
3. Clark, Eve (2009). First Language Acquisition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-521-51413-2.
4. Markus, H.; Conner, A (2013). Clash!: 8 cultural conflicts that make us who we are. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press. pp. 89–112. ISBN 1101623608.
5. Kusserow, A (1999). "De-Homogenizing American Individualism: Socializing Hard and Soft Individualism in Manhattan and Queens". Ethos 27 (2): 210–234. doi:10.1525/eth.1999.27.2.210.

Abstract: The Bombay Presidency had its varied angles manifested through the scholastic deliberations and discourses but the settlement pattern of Bombay presidency hardly received the attention it deserved from the sociological point of view. The present paper attempts to throw light on the spatial settlements of the Bombay Presidency in the colonial era and aftermath of colonial era. The present theme is more intriguing to unearth hitherto discreetly hidden social cry that talks about the settlement pattern and residential areas of the slum dwellers in Mumbai that akin to the hierarchical grading system. The villages as we believed to have its distinct population settlement with the locality of dalits at the periphery, however the paper argues that the urban areas or the Mumbai city was not remained immune from the influence of caste system. Though it can be seen that the caste observance in the customary practices of the Bombay public, their settlement pattern cannot be ignored for space makes lots of difference in shaping the social relations and mind set of the people.

KEYWORDS: settlement pattern, graded hierarchy, caste discrimination

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Abstract: धर्म .....

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