iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2014

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. Although straight vegetable oils can be used in diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel. In this study, Mahua oil was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain mahua oil methyl ester. This biodiesel was tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, constant speed, compression ignition diesel engine to evaluate the performance and emissions.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Renewable energy; Transesterification

[1]. Srivastava A, Prasad R. Triglycerides- based diesel fuels. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 2000;4: 111–33.
[2]. Vellguth G. Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuels for diesel engines. Society of Automotive Engineers paper No-831358, 1983.
[3]. Barie NJ, Humke AL. Performance and emission characteristics of a naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuels. Society of Automotive Engineers paper No-810262, 1981.
[4]. Freedman B, Pryde EH, Mounts TL. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 1984;61(10): 1638–43.
[5]. Fangrui MA, Hanna MA. Biodiesel production a review. Bioresource Technology 1999;70(1):1–15.
[6]. Nelson LA, Fogila TA, Marmer WN. Lipase- catalyzed production of biodiesel. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 1996;73(8):1191–5.

Abstract: Almost all two-wheelers are provided with a facility of a horn to be used to make aware of the presence of the vehicle on road and to maintain a safe distance between two vehicles or to communicate for any other safety reasons. The horn is a crucial element as it is directly related to safety of the vehicle and the person using it. Thus the horn is most important element in the vehicle system and hence it is expected to function properly for a longer time. Most problems of failure of two wheeler horns are due to fatigue failure of spring element in warranty period.

[1]. R.K. Luo a, W.J. Mortel a, X.P. Wub "Fatigue failure investigation on anti-vibration springs" Engineering Failure Analysis 16 (2009) 1366–1378.
[2]. Sid Ali Kaoua a, Kamel Taibi a, Nacera Benghanem a, Krimo Azouaoui b, Mohammed Azzaz " a Numerical modelling of twin helical spring under tensile loading." Applied Mathematical Modelling, 35 (2011) 1378–1387.

Abstract: In the Present paper effect of angle of incidence on Stiffness derivative of a delta wing with Curved leading edges for attached shock case in Supersonic Flow has been studied. A Strip theory is used in which strips at different span wise location are independent of each other. This combines with similitude to give a piston theory which gives closed form solutions for stiffness derivatives at low supersonic to high supersonic Mach numbers.

1]. Pike. J, "The pressure on flat and anhydral delta wings with attached shock waves", The Aeronautical Quarterly, November 1972, XXIII, Part 4, pp. 253-262.
[2]. Hui, W.H., "Stability of Oscillating Wedges and Caret Wings in Hypersonic and Supersonic Flows", AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, Aug. 1969, pp.1524-1530.
[3]. Carrier, G.F. 1949, "The oscillating Wedge in Supersonic stream", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 150-152, March.
[4]. Hui, W. H., "Supersonic/hypersonic flow past on oscillating flat plate at high angles of attack", ZAMP, Vol. 29, 1978, pp. 414-427.
[5]. Hui, W. H., "Supersonic and hypersonic flow with attached shock waves over delta wings", Proc of Royal Society, London, 1971, A. 325, pp. 251-268.

Abstract: This paper is aimed at analyzing exhaust components from TATA and PERKINS diesel engine generators. Exhaust gas analyzer is used in performing the analysis, and a printer from the analyzer is used in printing the value obtained from the analysis. Analysis and discussion is then made based on the details obtained from the analyzer printout. Also, the exhaust gas analysis shows that, carbon monoxide value for TATA is 279ppm and for PERKINS, it is 494ppm, showing higher carbon monoxide emission value from PERKINS generator exhaust. In g/kWh, TATA value is 0.70g/kWh and PERKINS value is 1.17g/kWh as seen in the appendix. It is observed that both TATA and PERKINS emit far below the emission limit which is 11.2g/kWh, and as such making both fit for use.

[1]. Arthur, S. and Chaim. G. (2009). Thermodynamics from concept to applications, Second Edition, Taylor and Francis group, (CRC Press), London.
[2]. Dara, S.S (2006). A textbook of Environmental chemistry and pollution control, S.Chand and Company limited, New Delhi.
[3]. Douet .J, (1998). Going up in smoke. The history of the industrial chimney, Victoria society, London.
[4]. Dabelstein, w. Arno, R., Schutze, A., and Klauss R., (2007), Automotive fuels in Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. John Wiley and son‟s Inc, weinheim.
[5]. Goldberg, D. (2006). Fundamentals of Chemistry, Fifth Edition. Mc Graw Hill, London.
[6]. Hillier, V.A.W, (1993) Fundamentals of vehicle technology, fourth Edition.F.W pit tuck books publishers, Nelson Thorns ltd. New York.

Abstract: In the construction of highway embankments, earth dams and many other engineering structures. It is recommended that three contractors must achieve a compacted field dry unit of 90%-95% of the maximum dry density. The values are often affected by varying percentages of large aggregate which consultants and contractors do not usually put into consideration. In this research work three methods of handling rock sized aggregates which include compacting the whole sample (method 1) compacting only samples passing through sieve No. 4 (4.75 mm) and (method 2) using rock correction equation. It is discovered that correction methods (methods 2 & 3) are consistent when percentage passing through sieve No. 4 is greater than 30. It is recommended that the average values of the correction methods be used rather than depending on only one correction method.

Keywords: compaction, rock sized-aggregates, rock correction

[1]. Braja M. Das (2005) "fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering" 2nd edn, Ontario.
[2]. Donaghe, R. T and Townsend, F. C (1976) "scaling and replacement effect on compaction characteristics of earth-rock mixtures" soil specimen preparation for laboratory testing (ASTM STP 599) Am. Soc. For testing and material Philadelphia Ra. 348-377.
[3]. Hoston SL and Waish K. D. (1993) "comparison of rock correction methods for compaction of clayey soils" Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering 119(4) pg763-778
[4]. Procedure for performing laboratory compaction of soils containing gravel (1990). Method USBR 5515-89, US Dept of the interior, Bureau of reclamation. Denver, Colo.

Abstract: Nowadays, metal matrix composite is more acceptable because they are suitable for applications requiring combined strength and thermal conductivity, damping properties,and lower density. The properties of MMCs enhance their usage in automotive and many applications. In the field of automobile, MMCs are used for pistons, brake drum, cylinder block because of better corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Fly ash is used as the reinforcement to produce the composite by stir casting. Fly ash is chosen because of its low cost and low density. It is available in large quantities as solid waste while burning coal in thermal power plants. Due to low weight it can be applied in automobile and thus improving its life. In this literature survey the mechanical properties like tensile strengh, compressive strength and hardness were reviewed. But the wear and the frictionalcharacteristics are inaddequately addressed in this literature. \

Keywords: Metal matrix composite, fly ash, stir casting, aluminum alloy

[1]. H.C.Anilkumar, H.S.Hebbar and K.S.Ravishankar, "Mechanical properties Of Fly Ash Reinforced Aluminium Alloy (al6061) Composites", IJMME, 2011, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp. 41-45.
[2]. Vivekanandan.P, Arunachalam.V.P, "The Experimental Analysis of Stir Casting Method on Aluminium-Fly Ash Composites", IJCET, 2013, Vol.3.
[3]. Sandeep Kumar Ravesh, Dr. T. K. Garg, "Preparation & Analysis for Some Mechanical Property of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Sic & Fly Ash", IJERA, 2012, vol.2, issue6, pp.727-731.
[4]. K.N.P.Prasad, M.Ramachandra, "Effect of Squeeze Pressure on The Hardness and Wear Resistance of Aluminium Fly Ash Composite Manufactured by Stir-Squeeze Casting", IJEI, 2013, vol.3, issue 4, pp.01-08.
[5]. K.N.P. Prasad, M. Ramachandra, "Evaluation Of Factors Affecting Sliding Wear Behaviour Of Al-Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composites By Using Design Of Experiments", IJMER, 2013, Vol.3, Issue 5, pp 2591-2599.
[6]. A. AnandhaMoorthy, Dr. N. Natarajan, R. Siva Kumar, M. Manoj Kumar, M. Suresh, " Dry Sliding Wear and Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium/Fly ash/Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Taguchi Method", IJMER, 2012, Vol.2, Issue.3, pp-1224-1230.

Abstract: This paper presents the stress analysis for predicating the behavior of flat thin inflatable membrane structure in MATLAB. This is having square shaped with a thickness in millimeter fabricated using the various smart materials. Within structural member, it is subjected to pre-stress rather than bending or moments. The deployable structure has the low weight (minimal mass to achieve high acceleration); large area & durable (easily withstand the temperature changes, micrometeoroid hazards in outer space). The objective of this paper is to optimize the smart material for the space satellite technology so that the light weight inflatable structure attracts in satellite application. The observations show the good agreement of finite element results.

[1]. David Cadogan, Craig Scheir, Anshu Dixit, Jody Ware, Janet Ferl, Dr. Emily Cooper, Dr. Peter Kopf, Intelligent Flexible Materials for Deployable Space Structures, 06ICES, 1991, 1–10.
[2]. S. C. Gajbhiye, S. H. Upadhyay and S. P. Harsha, Vibration Analysis of an Inflatable Torus, AIAA JOURNAL, Vol. 51, No. 6, 2013
[3]. S.C. Gajbhiye , S.H. Upadhyay, S.P. Harsha, Finite element analysis of an inflatable torus considering air mass structural element, advances in Space Research 53 163–173, 2014
[4]. Berger H., Form and function of tensile structures for permanent buildings, Journal of Engineering and Structures, vol. – 21, 1999, 669–679.
[5]. Gyuhae Park, Eric Ruggiero, Daniel J. Inman, Dynamics testing of inflatable structures using smart materials, Journal of Smart Materials and Structures, vol. – 11, 2002,147–155.

Abstract: This paper present the modal analysis for the predicating the behavior of inflatable membrane structure of general square shape with a thickness in millimeter using the various smart material which optimally within structural member subjected to edge- constrained rather than applying bending or moments. A numerical solution for membranes may also be found using the finite element method. In this paper flat thin membrane choose to analysis the behavioral effect of the multi-layered membranes using the properties of different smart material and compare their results in terms of frequency and out plane deflection with mode shape. This analysis makes more effective to select the smart materials in the space technology. Vibration analysis of arbitrary square shape membrane is also done using a finite element package, ANSYS APDL. The analysis shows good agreement in finite element solutions.

Keywords: Boundary condition, finite element, material property, membrane, mode shape, natural frequency, out plane displacement.

[1]. D.S. Wakefield, Engineering analysis of tension structures: theory and practice, Journal of Engineering and Structures, Vol.–21, 1999, 680–690.
[2]. S. C. Gajbhiye, S. H. Upadhyay and S. P. Harsha, Vibration Analysis of an Inflatable Torus, AIAA JOURNAL, Vol. 51, No. 6, 2013
[3]. S.C. Gajbhiye, S.H. Upadhyay, S.P. Harsha, Finite element analysis of an inflatable torus considering air mass structural element, advances in Space Research 53 2014,163–173.
[4]. C.H. Jenkins, Gossamer Spacecraft: Membrane and Inflatable Structures Technology for Space Applications, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol.–191, AIAA, Inc., New York.
[5]. C.H. Jenkins, Nonlinear dynamic response of membranes: state of the art-update, Journal of Applied Mechanical Revised. Vol.–9(10), 1996, 41–48.
[6]. Mysore, G.V., Liapis S.I., Dynamic analysis of single-anchor inflatable dams, Journal of Sound Vibration, Vol. 215 (2), 1998, 251–272.

Abstract: The modeling and forecasting of floods and their consequences requires a good approximation of the runoff. Due to lack of rainfall and runoff gauge stations, it has become difficult to understand hydraulic condition of a river basin. Before applying the techniques of modeling we need to obtain the information about the specific region such as typical terrain , type of soils, cropping system and management practices followed. In the present study we are going to discuss the various aspects of modeling and the tools available.

Keywords: Modeling, rainfall, runoff, hydrological data, watershed.

[1]. Singh, V. P. & Woolhiser, D. A. (2002). Mathematical modeling of watershed hydrology. J. Hydrol. Eng., 7(4), 270-292..
[2]. Chen, C. W., Dean, J. D., Gherini, S. A. & Goldstein, R. A. (1982). Acid rain model hydrologic module. J. Environ. Eng. ASCE 108 (E3), 455-472.
[3]. Crawford, N. H. & Burges, S. J. (2004). History of the Stanford Watershed Model. Water Resour. Impact, 6, 3-5.
[4]. Freeze, R. A. & Harlan, R. L. (1969). Blueprint for a physically-based, digitally-simulated hydrologic response model. J. Hydrol., 9, 237-258.
[5]. Crawford, N. H. & Linsley, R. K. (1966). Digital simulation in hydrology: Stanford Watershed Model IV. Technical report No. 39, Department of Civil Engineering,Stanford University, 210.
[6]. Johanson, R. C., Imhoff, J. C., Kittle, J. L. & Donigian, A. S. (1984). Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF). User‟s Manual for Release 8. Report No.EPA-600/3- 84- 066.Athens, Ga.: U.S. EPA Environmental Research Lab.

Abstract: Conventional buildings produce high amount of greenhouse gas, large quantity of construction and demolition debris (which decrease landfill capacity), disturbs the natural resources and also it consumes a big part of energy and water. Implementation of various simple and sustainable techniques practiced individually can help in many ways to create a structure that is environment friendly, consumes minimal natural resources and at the same time be economical in nature.

[1]. U.S. Green Building Council. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2014, from Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design: http://in.usgbc.org/leed
[2]. BREEAM. (2010). Retrieved March 19, 2014, from Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method: http://www.breeam.org/
[3]. Development, M. o. (2011). Urban India . Retrieved April 5, 2014, from urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap4.pdf
[4]. Dr. Poonam Kumar, D. L. (2013). Green Buildings in India: A Path Ahead For Sustainable Development. International Journal of Scientific Research , 1-2.
[5]. GW Planet For Ward. (2009). Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://www.planetforward.org/idea/spray-on-a-power-plant-for-every-building-how-to-generate-electricity-on-existing-windows

Abstract: Go Green has become a global slogan today. We desperately need to save the environment which is the resource of life on earth. Unfortunately the development in technology is clubbed with the diminishing of the resources or polluting the environment. The various factories and industries, automobiles, mining processes are causing damage to our environment. It has been a big challenge for technologists, engineers and scientists to save environment and natural resources without compromising with the quality of performance, development rate and comfort level of society. We have come a long way in developing the materials and techniques which may help to save environment and control depleting resources for future generation. Green buildings is a concept on the same theory.In the effective view green construction includes, increasing energy efficiency of a building usinggreen natural or renewable resources instead of non-renewable resources. In this paper we are presenting the factors to be considered to decide the selection of materials for green construction.
Keywords: Energy efficient,green construction,improved air quality, material efficiency, renewable resources.

[1]. Burton Hamner (2007). "Effects of Green Purchasing Strategies on SupplierBehaviour", Greening the Supply Chain, 2, 25-37, 2007.
[2]. C.R. Carter. "Inter-organizational atecedentsand determinants of environmental purchasing: Initial Evidence from the Consumer Products Industry", Decision Sciences, 29(3), 659-684, 1996.
[3]. IbuchimOgunkah and Junli Yang, "Investigating Factors Affecting Material Selection: The Impacts on Green Vernacular Building Materials in the Design-Decision Making Process", MDPI Journals on buildings, 2, 1-32, 2012.
[4]. Bidhan Sharma andGeeta Mehta, "An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Natural Pozzolana (Clay)", International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT),3(5), 2014.
[5]. H. Klee, The cement sustainability initiative, In: 3rd Internationalsymposiumsustainability in cement concrete, Istanbul, Turkey, 21-23 May (2007).

Abstract:In this paper, Decision Support System (DSS)for site selection of seawater desalination plant has beendeveloped. The general methodology includes two main steps for site selection. The first stepis togenerate a list of possible locations depending on the criterion of minimizing water transportation cost. This is established by using non-linear objective function.In the second step, the location is optimized using Multicriteria analysis(MCA) taking into account important factors affecting the optimization process.Each factor is given a weight according to its importance from one to eight. As a case study,the developed DSS is applied on coastal cities of northwest of Libya. Those cities located between Ras-EJdarand Musrata.Sample results are shown in this paper in order to explain the developed DSS.
Keywords: Decision Support System, Multi-criteria analysis,Desalination, Libya, Site Selection.

[1]. Goodland, R.J.A., The urgent transition to environmental sustainability. 2013, The Environment General Authority: Tripoli.
[2]. Alamin, S., A. Fewkes, and S. Goodhew. Investigating the sustainability of water management in Alwahat, Libya. in The Sustainable City VI. 2010. Spain: Wessex Institute.
[3]. Mahmoud, M.R., H. Fahmy, and J.W. Labadie, Multicriteria Siting and Sizing of Desalination Facilities with Geographic Information System. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2002. 123(2).
[4]. Andrianne, J. and F. Alardin, desalination site selection on North-Africa coasts. Desalination, 2004. 165.
[5]. Study of the water situation in Libya and the strategy for the management of water resources, part 3. 2002, General Authority for Water, Tripoli.

Abstract: An ever-increasing growth in the urban areas has put up a new challenge in the domain of urban transportation. The complexity of the problem is enhanced by the limitations in the option available, space available, their inter-relationships and also the ease with which these options serve to cater to the present requirements. Meanwhile as the world is becoming smaller and smaller, the urgency to communicate, travel and transport faster is growing by leaps and bounds. Technology on one hand is acting as a catalyst in this process and on the other hand is providing with solutions to cater to this process. Urban transportation with all its complexities and challenges has attracted the interest of planners and engineers to seek solutions. One such solution is PRT (i.e. Personal Rapid Transit) which has proved promising as a solution to the problem stated above. This paper discusses PRT with respect to technology, its prospect in a developing nation like India and also the feasibility to provide it, if possible, in Lucknow. The paper covers extensively all the aspects of this new means of Urban Transportation and also maps the transportation requirements of Lucknow with a prospective solution with the help of this technology.
Keywords: Urban transportation, Personal Rapid Transit, Tramways, Urban Transportation Policy, Ambient Air Quality, Podcar, Guideways.

[1]. Detailed Project report of Lucknow Metro Railway project
[2]. "Assessment of ambient air quality of lucknow city during pre-monsoon, 2011", findings of a random survey, Presented on world environment day, 2011, by Indian institute of toxicological research, Lucknow
[3]. Census 2011, population of Lucknow Urban agglomeration, Government of India
[4]. A Report on Urban Transportation Policies, Ministry of Urban Transportation, Govt of India
[5]. Amritsar Personal Rapid Transit System Detailed Project report by M/s Fairwood Green Transport