iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2014

Abstract: CFD is a branch of Fluid Mechanics which rely on numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problem that involves fluid flow. CFD analysis has been conducted to analyze flow pattern of supersonic rocket nozzle at various degree of divergent angle by using two dimensional axis-symmetric model, which solves governing equation by a control volume method. Variation in parameters like velocity, static pressure, turbulence intensity and temperature are being analyzed. Objective of this research is to is to investigate best suited divergent angle. The phenomena of oblique shock is visualized and it was found that at 15 degree of divergent angle it is completely eliminated from nozzle. Also intensity of velocity is found to have an increasing trend with increment in divergent angle thereby obtaining an optimum divergent angle which would eliminates instabilities due to shock and satisfy the thrust requirement from the nozzle.
Keywords: shockwave; divergent angle; CFD analysis.

[1]. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, "An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics", British Library cataloguing pub, 4th edition, 1996.
[2]. Lars Davidson, "An introduction to turbulenceModels", Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers university of technology, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003.
[3]. Karna s. Patel, "CFD analysis of an aerofoil", International Journal of engineering research.
[4]. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh "CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software"

Abstract: Aluminium wheel rims used in transport vehicles are commonly produced by gravity die casting. Casting simulation studies are used to improve the quality of casting and to predict shrinkage, porosity and mechanical characteristics. Various FEM and VEM based casting simulation softwares are widely used in foundry. This paper discusses casting simulation of automobile wheel rim using ProCast. Solidification behaviour of the material and detection of hot spots in castings is studied and redesigned to eliminate these defects.
Keywords: aluminium alloy wheel, casting simulation, ProCast software.

[1]. M.R Bharkudarov, C.W Hirt (2005), Casting simulation: mould filling and solidification- Benchmark calculations using flow-3d.
[2]. Ravi, B (2005), Metal Casting – Computer AidedDesign and Analysi, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited,New Delhi
[3]. Viswanathan, W.D.Porter (2000), FeedabilityAnalysis and Optimization Driven by Casting Simulation,Indian foundry journal, 53(6), 71-78, 200
[4]. Application of Commercial Software Package "ProCAST" to the Prediction of Shrinkage Porosity in Investment Castings. www.mmat.ubc.ca/databases/Details.asp?id=354, accessed during February, 2011.

Abstract: In this paper, the linear Infinitely Variable Transmission in automobile engine use particular drive a Cam and number of follower rotary mounted a carrier plate to generate an auxiliary motion in equal number of planet gear the energy losses conventional transmission are unacceptable in scientific in manner. The variation of transmission including zero transmission ratios in cam and follower. The IVT has number of identical an unit ,each unit contain tree dimensional cam, cam follower, groove wheel, one way clutch(gear planet), though each unit rotational motion is converted in an oscillatory liner motion of variable amplitude and rectified to the rotation motion again. The motion maximum linear transmission ratio to the system depends on geometric design factors. This paper reviews the transmission system with a concept proposal for Infinitely Variable transmission.

Keywords: Infinitely Variable Transmission, Cam, Angular Ratio Velocity Theorem, Positive Drive.

[1] Dr. N. Arunkumar, Infinitely Variable Transmission Using Four Bar Mechanism, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) 2014; 6(4):170-176
[2] Amjad M. Abood, A Novel Cam-Based Infinitely Variable Transmission, Journal of Kerbala University, 2010; 8(4): 61-74
[3] Ranbir Singh, a brief review of transmission in automobiles, International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, 2012; 1(2) :222-226
[4] Konstantin Ivanovo, A CAD Design of a New Planetary Gear Transmission, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Research, 2014; 4(2):1063-1067.
[5] F.G. Benitez, J.M. Madrigal, J.M. del Castillo, Infinitely variable transmission of Ratcheting drive type based on one-way clutches, Journal of Mechanical Design, July 2004; 126:.673-682.

Abstract: The distribution of stress triaxiality is determined in the vicinity of notch defect performed in the specimen submitted to compression load. The calculations are carried out by using 3D finite element analysis. The evaluation of notch stress intensity factor is made by using the volumetric approach. A new method to evaluate the effective distance in this approach is proposed.
Keywords: Stress triaxiality, notch defect, stress intensity factor, volumetric approach and effective distance.

[1] C. Betegon, J. W. Hancock, Two parameter characteristics of elastic-plastic crack tip fields, J. Appl. Mech. 58, pp. 104-101, (1991). [2] N.P. O'Dowd, C.F. Shih, Family of crack tip fields characterized by a triaxiality parameter I: Structure of fields, J. Mech. Phys. Solids; 39, pp. 898-1015, (1991).

[3] H. Clausmeyer, K. Kussmaul, E. Roos, Influence of stress state on the failure behaviour of cracked components made of steel, ASME, Appl. Mech. Rev. 44 (2), pp. 77-92, (1991).

[4] O. Akourri, I. Elayachi, Stress Triaxiality as Fracture Toughness Transferability Parameter for Notched Specimens, International Review of Mechanical Engineering, (2007).

Abstract: Leachates from waste dumping sites always find its way into surface and underground water through percolation and surface run-off whenever there is rainfall – This is due to problems of improper waste disposal and management especially in developing countries. Thus, influences of these leachates on water qualities of the study area were analyzed. Water samples were taken from stream and well water around the waste dumping sites in the study area and necessary laboratory tests were conducted on them.

[1] W. O. Adebayo, Waste Generation Disposal and Management Techniques in an Urbanization Environment – A Case Study of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, Research Journal of Applied Science, 1(1), 2006, 155 - 160.

[2] E. O. Akudo, G. U. Ozulu, and L.C. Osogbue, Quality Assessment of Ground Water in Selected Waste Dumpsites Areas in Warri, Nigeria. Environmental Research Journal, 4(4), 2010, 281 - 285.

[3] B.A. Adelekan, and K.D. Abegunde, Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil and Groundwater at Automobile Mechanic Village in Ibadan, Nigeria, International Journal of Physical Science, 6(5), 2011, 1045 - 1058.

[4] O.O. Odukoya, T.A. Arowolo and O. Bamgbose, Effect of Solid Waste Landfill on Underground and Surface Water Quality at Ring Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Global Journal of Environmental Science, 1(1), 2002, 45 - 52.

Abstract: Sequel to continuous failure of structures all over the country, adequate knowledge of the geotechnical characteristics of underlying soils at construction sites has become very desirable for foundation design and construction of civil engineering structures. This study aims at investigating and establishing the sub-soil types and profile to determine the engineering characteristics of the underlying soils within the Ikorodu Campus of the Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria and recommend appropriate foundation and road pavement design. Forty Dynamic Cone penetrometer tests were performed alongside eight borings which were accomplished using percussion rig with augers.

[1]. R.C Murat, (1970). Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in Southern Nigeria (African Geology, University of Ibadan Press, Ibadan, Nigeria) 1970
[2]. A.N Amadi,; C.J Eze,; C.O Igwe,; I.A Okunlola, and N.O Okoye, Architect's and geologist's view on the causes of building failures in Nigeria. Modern Applied Science, Vol.6 (6), 2012, 31 – 38.
[3]. A.I Olayinka,. and O.O Osinowo, Integrated geophysical and satellite imagery mapping for groundwater assessment in a geological transition zone in south-western Nigeria, SAGEEP, Vol. 22, 2009, pp977-987.
[4]. S.O Olabode and J.A Adekoya, Seismic stratigraphy and development of Avon canyon in Benin (Dahomey) basin, southwestern Nigeria, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 50, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 286–304
[5]. E.O Longe, Groundwater Resources Potential in the Coastal Plain Sands Aquifers, Lagos, Nigeria, Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3(1), 2011, 1-7

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is studying the characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine Ricardo E6 performance and emissions run with natural gas and diesel in dual fuel mode. In dual fuel operation, the major part of the energy released resulted from the combustion of the gaseous fuel. In the other hand, the small amount of diesel fuel provides an ignition source. Equivalence ratios, engine speed, and injection timing effects on the brake specific fuel consumption and engine exhaust emissions were examined for natural gas-diesel fuel operation and compared with neat diesel operation. The results demonstrate that, the dual fuel engine reduced NOX emissions clearly over a wide range of operating conditions. However, under lean equivalence ratios and low loads, the exhausted CO and HC emissions were high. Also, a higher BSFC resulted when compared to those of the diesel engine.

Keywords: CO, dual-fuel, emissions, engine performance, NG, NOx, UBHC

[1] M. T. Chaichan and A. M. Saleh A M, Practical investigation of performance of single cylinder compression ignition engine fueled with dual fuel, The Iraqi Journal for Mechanical and Material Engineering, 1399 (2),2013,198-211.

[2] M. L. Casako, Development of a diesel-gas mechanical dual fuel kit (In Portuguese), MSc. Thesis, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 2005.

[3] J. Riffkin, Town gas as a fuel in the compression ignition engines, Gas Oil Power, 32 (35), 1937.

[4] G. A. Karim, W. Jones and R. R. Raine, An examination of the ignition delay period in dual fuel engines, SAE paper No. 892140, 1989.

Abstract: The present study deals with the simulation of stable crack growth within a centre cracked plate made up of type 304 stainless steel material. Numerical crack propagation analyses have been performed considering elastic-plastic material behaviour under pure mode-I loading using 2D cohesive zone modelling (CZM) with different traction separation laws (TSL). The study reports that the cohesive energy does not remain same for different TSL.There is a difference of 20-40% in cohesive energy for different laws if employed to the same material.

Keywords: Cohesive Zone Model, Fracture, Node Release Technique, Traction Separation laws.

[1]. G. Yagawa, Y. Takahashi and K. Kashima, Elastic-Plastic analysis on stable crack growth for center cracked plate: A benchmark study, Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 19. No. 4, pp. 155-169. 1984.
[2]. G. Yagawa, Y. Takahashi and Y. Ando, Theoretical and experimental study on unstable fracture for type 304 stainless steel plates with a soft tensile testing machine. Engineering Fracture Mech. M(5), 721-731, 1982.
[3]. G. M. Wilkowski A. Zaboor and M. F. Kanninen, A plastic fracture mechanics prediction of fracture instability in a circumferentially cracked pipe in bending-Part 2: Verification on a type 304 stainless steel pipe. ASME Journal of.Pressure Vessel Tech. 103(4) 359-365 1981.
[4]. Needleman, A., Tvergaard, V, An analysis of ductile rupture modes at a crack tip. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 35, 151–183, 1987.
[5]. Sukumar, N.Moes, N.Moran, B.Belytschko, Extended finite element for three dimensional crack modelling Int. J. Numeical. Method ins Eng. 48, 1549–1570,2000.

Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the optimum conditions for biodiesel formation from waste cooking oil coming after alkaline transesterification process in combination with methanol. Some important variables such as volumetric ratio, types of reactants and catalytic activities were selected to obtain a high quality biodiesel fuel with the specification of American Society Of Testing and Materials. The research investigates the biodiesel obtained under optimum conditions from waste cooking oil of good quality and could be used as a diesel fuel which considered as potential use of waste cooking oil.

Keywords: Biodeisel, methanol, waste oil, transesterification.

[1]. Prakash, N., Jose, A., A., Devanasan, M.G. and Viruthagiri, T. (2006),"Optimization of Karanja oil transesterification", Indian journal of chemistry technology.
[2]. Prasad, V.S. Mohapatra, S.K. Sharma, J.K. and Bali, P.L.(2011),"Performance and evaluation of a diesel engine fuelled with filtered Pongamia oil and its standardisation characterstics", Vol.1, pp.65-73.
[3]. Karanwal,P.andwootthikanokkam, S.(2010)," Optimization of biodiesel production from Jatrophacurcas L. oil via alkali-catalyzedmethanolysis", Journal of Sustainable energy and environment,Vol.1, pp.105-109.
[4]. Fan, X., Burton, R. and Austic, G. (2009),"Preparation and characterization of biodiesel produced from recycled canola oil", The open Fuel and energy science journal, Vol.2, pp.113-118.

Abstract:This paper describes a new approach to Develop and fabrication of an Alpha Stirling engines with the goal of building a working prototype. The Stirling cycle is recast as a dynamic system where control design tools and techniques can be applied to determine optimal manufacturable parameters for the engine. This Alfa type Stirling engine constructed by two unused Kirloskar diesel engine as one is for power cylinder and another is for cooled cylinder. Both are coupled by two ways – one is flexible coupling and another is injector holder to heat exchanger joining by pressure pipe.

[1]. Eric J. BarthP. I., Mark Hofacker "Dynamic Modeling of a Regenerator for the Control Based Design of Free-Piston Stirling Engines" Department of Mechanical EngineeringVanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37212
[2]. S.Chaugaonkar.,V.Gehlot, V. Parashar, "Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Heat exchanger For Alpha Stirling Engine" International Journal of Advanced Mechanicalm Engineering.ISSN 2250-3234 Volume 4, Number 7 (2014), pp. 829-837
[3]. Dinesh.K, Gowtham Raj.R, Naresh.M, Rakesh.N, Sriram.R, "Design and Fabrication of Low Cost Stirling Engine For Low Duty Industrial Applications" International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014 ISSN 2277-8616
[4]. Christian Falk, "Predicting performance of regenerative heat exchanger", Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Abstract:Raw materials from some mines from the Iraqi Westren Desert were used to manufacture tap water porcelain filter. They were Montmorolinite clays, Sand, Limestone, and remnants of the membership. These materials were cleaned dried grind and sieved to the required size then several homogenous mixtures were prepaired using different amounts of the raw materials.

[1]. Franz, Amber, Aperformance study of ceramic candle filters in Kenya including tests for Coliphage removal, master degree, University of North Carolina Masschusetts Institute of Technology, Chapel Hill, 2005
[2]. Bielefeldt, Angela R., Summers, R. Scott, Kohler, Amanda, and Kowalski, Kate, Bacteria and virus removal in point-of-use ceramic water filters, International Ceramic Pot Filter Workshop , Atlanta, WEF Disinfection 2009 , 27- 29.
[3]. Bielefeldt, Angela R., Summers, R. Scott, Kohler, Amanda, and Kowalski, Kate, Bacterial treatment effectiveness of point-of-use ceramic water filters, Journal of Water Research, 4 3, 2 0 0 9, 3 5 5 9 – 3 5 6 5.
[4]. 1a. Eva Martin del Valle, Miguel A. Galan Serrano, and Ramon L. Cerro, Use of Ceramic Monoliths as Stationary Phase in Affinity hromatography, Journal of Biotechnol. Prog. 19, 2003, 921-927.
[5]. Al-Bassam, Khaldoun S., Abdul Rahman, Shaima'a M., and Rashid, Sallama Ch., Cation Exchange Capacity in Iraqi Industrial Montmorillonitic Claystones and Their Use in the Estimation of Montmorillionite Content in the Produced Clay, Jour. Geol.Soc. Iraq,7 (3), 2011, 1 – 17.

Abstract: The use of aluminum and magnesium alloys in the automobile industry is continuously increasing. The driving force is reduced green house gas emissions resulting from light weighting of the vehicles and efficient scrap recycling. The aluminium alloy castings are generally used in automotive, aerospace, defense and general engineering industries. Among the commercial aluminium castings, Al - 6Si – 3Cu (319) is widely used mainly because of its excellent cast ability, high strength to weight ratio,

[1]. T Kashyap and T Chandrasekhar, Effects and mechanisms of grain refinement in aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci., Vol. 24, No. 4, August 2001, pp. 345– 353.
[2]. B. Sua rez-Pen, J. Asensio-Lozano, Influence of Sr modification and Ti grain refinement on the morphology of Fe-rich precipitates in eutectic Al–Si die cast alloys, Scripta Materialia 54 (2006) 1543–1548.
[3]. T.R. Ramachandran, P.K. Sharma and K.Balasubramanian, Grain Refinement of Light Alloys, 68th WFC - World Foundry Congress ,7th -10th February, 2008, pp. 189-193.
[4]. F.H. Samuel, P. Ouellet, A.M. Samuel, and H.W. Doty , Effect of Mg and Sr Additions on the Formation of Intermetallics in Al-6 Wt Pct Si-3.5 Wt Pct Cu-(0.45) to (0.8)Wt Pct Fe 319-Type Alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, , Volume 29, Issue 12,1998, pp 2871-2884

Abstract: this paper describes the working of a four-stroke single cylinder Engine which can run on pneumatic power as by compressed air. Since it is an old technique which can attracted many scientist as well as Engineer's for many years. This paper describes on the same with some new modification which is main objective of this research paper . Since engine is operated by Compressed air which contribute to reduce the air pollution and tend to zero pollution level of atmosphere and making a great a environment. While developing it some parameters as like temperature,density, input power, emission control have be mastered for development of safety.Since the Gasoline is a thing of past sothe main advantage of CAE is no hydrocarbon fuel is required i.e. No combustion process is occur there. Keywords: Pneumatic motor,Storage tank, Compressed air engine, Emission output, Eco friendly, CAT, Energyreleased

[1]. Compressed air engine,http://www.engineair.com.au/index
[2]. http://www.aircarcompressedairtechnology.com/engine-eng.php
[3]. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/vehicles/air-car1.html [4]. http://www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijeat
[5]. http://youtube.com+compressed+air+technology
[6]. Compressed air technology, http://youtube.com+compressed+air+technology