iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2016

Abstract: The friction stir welding (FSW) process is an innovative technique to join metals in the plastic state thus not reaching the liquid state as it happen in traditional welding process. This feature of the FSW proved that a modification can be done on the fatigue behavior and strength of the welding joints so, some of the leading companies are adopted this process for the manufacturing of Automotive, locomotive, shipping & aerospace. Experiments are conducted here, with a tool having a tapered square tool pin of 0.3mm clearance. The process parameters are optimized by using Taguchi technique based on Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array...........

Keywords: FSW, Aluminum Alloys, Tensile strength. Taguchi technique

[1] Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, Church MG, Templesmith P, Dawes CJ. International Patent Application No. PCT/GB92/02203 and GB Patent Application No. 9125978-9, 1991.
[2] Hinrichs JF, Noruk JS, McDonald WM, Heideman RJ. Challenges of welding aluminium alloys for automotive structures. Svetsaren 1995; 3:7-9.
[3] Kallee SW, Nicholas ED, Thomas WM. Friction stir welding- invention, innovations and applications. Proceeding of 8th International Conference on Joints in Aluminium, INALCO 2001, Munich, Germany, 28-30 March 2001.
[4] Sutton MA, Reynolds AP, Wang DQ, Hubbard CR. A Study of Residual Stresses and Microstructure in 2024-T3 Aluminum Friction Stir Butt Welds. J Eng Mater Technol 2002; 124: 215-21.
[5] Dawes CJ, Threadgill PL, Spurgin EJR, Staines DG. Development of the New Friction Stir Technique for Welding Aluminum-Phase II. TWI Member Report 1995; 5651/35/95.

Abstract: A laboratory study on the influence of modified proctor (MP) and standard proctor (SP) compactive effort on expansive black cotton soil (BCS) specimens treated with up to 8% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) admixed with up to 20% waste glass (WG) by dry weight of soil were undertaken. The soil was classified as A-7-5(13) and CH according to the American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials (AASHTO) and the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) Classifications. Chemical analysis revealed that WG is rich in main oxides such as Silicon Oxide (69.2%), Aluminium Oxide (2.29%), Iron Oxide (1.57%), Calcium Oxide (15.1%) and Sodium Oxide (8.75%).............

Keywords: Black cotton soil, Waste Glass, Ordinary Portland cement

[1]. AASHTO (1986), Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods ofSampling and Testing, 14th edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
[2]. Abichou, T., Benson, C. H. and Edil, G. T. (2000). Foundry Green Sand as HydraulicBarriers Laboratory Studies. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 126, No.12, pp. 1174 – 1183.
[3]. Arabani, M., Sharafi, H., Habibi, M.H. and Haghshenas, E. (2012). "Laboratory evaluationof cement stabilized crushed glass-sand blends". Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (EJGE), Vol. 17, pp. 1777-1792.
[4]. Ashango, A.A. and Patra, N.R. (2014), "Static and Cyclic Properties of Clay Subgrade Stabilized with Rice Husk Ash and Portland Slag Cement", International Journal of Pavement Engineering,DOI:10.1080/10298436.2014.893323
[5]. ASTM (1992), "Annual Book of Standards." Vol.04. 08, American Society for Testing and Materials,Philadelphia.

Abstract: In heat exchanger for increasing the rate of heat transfer with helical-tape inserts have useful. Generally, helical-tape inserts causes swirl flow introduces at outside of inner tube which continuously disrupts the thermal boundary layer of fluid on the tube. This analysis has done on a single unit of pipe of heat exchanger those are used in a heat exchanger and this investigation is useful to increase the thermal characteristics of a heat exchanger. To analyze the characteristics of helical-tap inserts at annulus of inner pipe, a 3-D analytical model has been developed. From the analysis it is cleared that there are good relation between Nusselt no...........

Keywords: Double pipe heat exchanger, Heat transfer augmentation techniques, Helical-tape insert, Pitch length, Numerical investigation, Computational fluid dynamics, Turbulence modeling, Friction factor, Nusselt number.

[1]. Patnala Sankara Rao, K Kiran Kumar(2014), Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Augmentation in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Helical and Twisted Tape Inserts, Volume-4.
[2]. K.Sivakumar, K.Rajan(2014-2015) Performance Analysis of Heat Transfer and Effectiveness on Laminar Flow with Effect of Various Flow Rates, Volume-7.
[3]. Amarjit Singh and Satbir S. Sehgal (2013), Thermohydraulic Analysis of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Segmental Baffles.
[4]. Kamlesh R. Raut, Prof. H.S. Farkade (2014), Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement in Tube Using Insert – A Review, Volume-2.
[5]. Prof. Naresh B. Dhamane, Prof. Mathew V. Karvinkoppa, Prof. Murtuza S. Dholkhwala (2012), Heat Transfer Analysis of Helical Strip Insert with Regularly Spaced Cut Sections Placed Inside a Circular Pipe, Volume-2.

Abstract: Phosphogypsum is a solid waste generated in phosphoric acid production. Several researchers had studied the use of phosphogypsum in various fields: plaster manufacture, agriculture, cement manufacturing, roadway structures, embankments, solid bricks, clay bricks, raw non-fired bricks blocks, hollow blocks … This study aims to determine the percentages of materials (crushed sand, tuf, cement, lime) that neutralized phosphogypsum and to specify the blocks having the best properties in terms of ultrasonic velocity and compressive strength. The obtained results showed that the treatment of phosphogypsum by cement or lime and cement has absorbed huge quantities of phosphogypsum. .............

Keywords: Compressive strength, pH, Phosphogypsum, Solid blocks, Ultrasonic velocity

[1] PM. Rutherford, MI. Dudas, and RA. Samek, Environmental impacts of phosphogypsum, Sci Total Environ, 149, 1994, 1–38.

[2] MA. Karray, and R. Mensi, Etude de la déformabilité des poutrelles en béton armé à base du ciment ultimax, Annale bâtiment travaux publics, 2, 2000, 5–14.

[3] D. Moussa, JJ. Crispel, CL. Legrand, B. Thenoz, Laboratory study of the structure and compactibility of Tunisian phosphogypsum (Sfax) for use in embankment construction. Resour Conserv, 11(2), 1984, 95–116.

[4] H. Sfar Felfoul, P. Clastres, GA. Carles, and M. Ben Ouezdou. Amélioration des caractéristiques du phosphogypse en vue de son utilisation en technique routière. Déchets Sci Tech, 28, 2002, 21–5.

[5] A. Belaiba, H. Sfar Felfoul, A. Bedday, M. Ben Ouezdou, Studies on development of the Tunisian PG for construction bricks: International RILEM conf. on the use of recycled materials in buildings and structures, Barcelona, Spain, 9– 11 November 2004, 1026–34ILEM conf. on the use of recycled materials in buildings and structures, Barcelona, Spain, 9– 11 November 2004, 1026–34.

Abstract: This paper presents a rig for testing casters. This machine is used for testing the industrial casters of various sizes. By use of various obstacles on the rotating plate real life situations are created which a caster usually undergoes during its application. The load for testing is applied using a hydraulic system and an innovative idea is worked out by applying the Pascal's Law to it. This eliminated the use of a motor to create pressure in the hydraulic system. Sensors are provided on the machine for the data acquisition and to keep a check on various parameters while the casters are being tested..............

Keywords: Caster wheel, endurance, rotating plate, frame.

[1]. DIN EN 12527: Castor and Wheels - Test Methods and Apparatus.

[2]. DIN EN 12532 - Castor and wheels for applications upto 1.1 m/s (4 km/h).

[3]. DIN EN 12533: Castor and Wheels Applications over 1.1 m/s (4 km/h) and upto 4.4 m/s (16 km/h).

[4]. IS/ISO 22878 (2004): Castors and Wheels - Test methods and apparatus by Technical committee ISO/TC 110, Industrial Trucks, Subcommittee SC 3, Castor and Wheels.

[5]. IS/ISO 22883 (2004): Castors and Wheels - Requirements for applications upto 1.1 m/s (4 km/h) [MED 7: Material Handling Systems and Equipments] by Technical committee ISO/TC 110, Industrial Trucks, Subcommittee SC 3, Castor and Wheels.

Abstract: This project is aimed at improving the performance of diesel engine. Diesel engines burn fuel oils, which require less refining and are cheaper than higher-grade fuels such as petrol. During the combustion process, the stored chemical energy in the fuel is converted to the thermal, or heat, energy. The pressure in each cylinder is about 230 psi and creates engine power of about 55 BHP. During combustion, the top surface of the piston faces the maximum temperature...............

Keywords: piston crown, thermal barrier coating.

[1]. A.I.Pandey a literature review on the performance analysis of 4 stroke diesel engines with ceramic coating material international journal of advance engineering and research development.2(2015) 2348-4470
[2]. K. Sridhar, R. Reji Kumar, M. Narasimha Thermal barrier analysis in Diesel International Journal of Modern Engineering Research.3(2013) 1435-1441
[3]. Lavanya.S , L.Nafeez Ahmed fea and experimental investigation on the thermal properties of the ceramic coating on aluminium piston International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology.4(2015) 2319 – 8753
[4]. Kuldeep Singh, Dr. O.P. Jakhar The Behavior of temperature on insulated(mgzro3) diesel engine piston with ansys International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering.4(2014) 2250-2459
[5]. Vinoth M. A, Aru n L , R Vinay Kumar Uppinal Development and assessment of piston by using al-si hybrid metal matrix composites reinforced with sic and cenosphere particulates International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology.3(2014) 2278-0181

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify the effective method to find the expected number of accidents on a section of road. Literature review was conducted and Statistical method (Empirical Bayes) was identified as the best model for the study of accident on the roadway as it takes into consideration of the effects of random variation in events. Number of accidents, AADT, width of road, number of accesses, average speed and the length of the section were used for the analysis.

Keywords: Accident Study, Blackspots, Empirical Bayes Method, Expected number of accidents, Negative Binomial Regression,

[1]. Road Accidents in India 2011-2013, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India, www.morth.nic.in/
[2]. A.K. Sharma, V.S. Landge, : "Zero Inflated Negative Binomial for Modeling Heavy Vehicle Crash Rate on Indian Rural Highway", International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Jan. 2013.
[3]. Ezra Hauer, : "Estimating Safety by the Empirical Bayes Method: A Tutorial", Transportation Research Board 1784 Paper No. 02-2181
[4]. Ezra Hauer, : "Identification of sites with promise", Transportation Research Board 75th Annual Meeting, 1996.

Abstract: It is now well established that one of the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation.. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fiber composites possess increased extensibility and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate, particular under flexural loading and the fibre are able to hold the matrix together even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post – cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete.

Keywords: Cement,Coarsse aggeregte,Compression Stength,FlexureStrenght,Fine aggregate, Recycled coarse aggregate, Steel fibres, Water.

[1]. Verian, K. P. "Use of Recycled Concrete as Aggregate in Concrete Pavements". Master Thesis, Purdue University Graduate School, 2012, 192 pp.
[2]. Löfgren, I. "Fibre-reinforced Concrete for Industrial Construction-a fracture mechanics approach to material testing and structural analysis". PhD Thesis, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 2005, 268, pp
[3]. Castro, J., D. Bentz, and J. Weiss. "Effect of Sample Conditioning on the Water Absorption of Concrete". Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 33, No. 8, 2011, pp. 805–813.
[4]. Fathizal, G. "New Mixture Proportioning Method for Concrete Made with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2009, pp. 601– 611.

Abstract: Machining of hard metal is very difficult process by conventional method. So we use a non conventional method for hard material the method is known as electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. And the material for machining is EN36 alloy steel. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most widely used non-traditional machining processes. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is the process of machining electrically conductive materials by using precisely controlled sparks that occur between an electrode and a workpiece in the presence of a dielectric fluid...............

Keywords: EDM, metal removal rate (MRR),electrode wear rate(EWR), Taguchi method, EN36

[1]. Shaaz Abulais," Current Research trends in Electric Discharge Machining(EDM):Review", International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 6, June-2014.
[2]. Ujjval Prajapati, Jaimin Prajapati, Paras Modi, Kapil S Banker," A Review of Parameter Optimization of Electro Discharge Machine By Using Taguchi Method",International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 04, 2014.
[3]. Sushil Kumar Choudhary, Dr. R.S Jadoun," Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): A Review", International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.3, March 2014, E-ISSN: 2321-9637
[4]. M. Manjaiah, S. Narendranath and S. Basavarajappa," A Review On Machining Of Titanium Based Alloys Using Edm & Wedm, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 36 (2014) 89-111

Abstract: Water from alternative surface sources such as rivers and dams are commonly used for concrete production in most communities in the savannah ecological zone due to inadequate accessibility to tap or fresh water sources. However, the doubtful quality of these water sources for domestic and industrial use due to the impact of the harmattan and human activities especially during the dry season has been reported. In this paper, the chemical composition/content of river and dam water in the rain season were analyzed and compared with that of the dry season. The chemical contents in the water samples were extremely high in the dry season and low in the rain season...............

Keywords: Surface water, Rain season, Dry season, Setting time, Compressive strength

[1]. H. J. Rosen and H. Tom, Architectural materials for construction (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 1996)
[2]. I. M. Gambhir, Concrete manual. A laboratory manual for quality control of concrete (Nat Sarak, New Delhi, India, 2002)
[3]. E. Allen, Fundamentals of building construction 2nd edition (1990)
[4]. A. Everett, Materials 5th edition (Longman Group, UK Limited, 1994)
[5]. BS 3148, Water for mixing concrete – including notes on the suitability of water (BSI, London, 1980)

Abstract: The rain water harvesting is a simple and cost effective method of collecting or storing rain water by using scientific techniques. Rains are main source of water, and if Rain water is harvested, the scarcity of water can be eliminated. In this is paper, survey record of 2 different rooftops of buildings in college campus in Asongaon, dist. Thane is considered as a case study. For which annual water demand for whole campus is calculated and rooftop rainwater harvesting technique is applied..............

Keywords: Rain water harvesting, Cost effective, Rooftop, Annual water demand, etc.

[1]. A rooftop rainwater Haevesting (RRWH) At SPSV Campus, Visnagar,Gujrat - A case study. Utsav R. Patel1, Vikrant A. Patel, Manjurali I. Balya, Harshad M. Rajgor, Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org [2]. Water Conservation and Rainwater Harvesting S.P. Deolalkar (3 September 2015).
[3]. Rain Water harvesting at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, By Ranjitkumar Sharma. (2010)
[4]. Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting Methods and Structures Using Analytical Hierarchy Process for a Large Scale Industrial Area. V. Jothiprakashi, Mandar V. sathe. Published Online December 2009 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarp)
[5]. Rainwater Harvesting: Grab hold of Water where it Falls! Mrs. S.D. Khandagale, Mrs. V.A. Joshi V.P.M's Polytechni, Thane, MS, India (june 2011)

Abstract: The soil around foundation plays a very critical role during its performance. The skirted foundation is one in which vertical or inclined wall surrounds one or more sides of the soil mass beneath the footing. The skirts form an enclosure in which soil is confined and works as a unit with the overlain foundation to transfer superstructure load to soil essentially at the level of skirt tip resulting increase in the bearing capacity and reduction in the settlement of the structure. The present work focused on the analysis of skirted strip footing on slopes using a finite element software PLAXIS 2D...............

Keywords: Strip Footing, Skirt, PLAXIS 2D, Bearing Capacity

[1]. Mahiyar H. and Patel A. N, (2000), "Analysis of Angle Shaped Footing under Eccentric Loading‟, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol - 126, No. 12, pp. 1151- 1156.
[2]. Al-Aghbari M. Y., (2007), "Settlement of Shallow Circular Foundations with Structural Skirts Resting on Sand‟, The Journal of Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue No.1 (2007), Page No 11-16.
[3]. Saleh Nasser M., Alsaied A. and Elleboudy A., (2008), "Performance of Skirted Strip Footing Subjected to Eccentric Inclined Load‟, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Volume 13, Page No. 1-13.
[4]. Joshi D. P. and Mahiyar, (2009), "Angle Shaped Rectangular Footing with Variable Angle of Footing Projection under Eccentric Vertical Load‟, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Volume 14, Page No. 1-14.
[5]. Nazir A. K and Wasim A. R, (2010), "Improving the Bearing Capacity of Footing on Soft Clay with Sand Pile with/ without Skirts", Alexandria Engineering Journal 49, 371-377.

Abstract: The last century has seen an intensive process of urbanization in rural as well as metro cities. This has led for a need of rapid construction of roads and transportation infrastructure. The demand for better roads and services required researchers, designers and builders to explore innovative and cost effective engineered products to satisfy increasing demand that would economize the construction as well as increase durability. Pavements are essential features of the urban communication system and provide an efficient means of transportation...............

Keywords: Flexible pavement, rigid pavement, life cost analysis, durability

[1]. Kumares C. Sinha, Darcy Bullock, Chris T. Hendrickson, ―Development of Transportation Engineering Research, Education, and Practice in a Changing Civil Engineering World‖, ASCE, JTE, July/ August 2002.128:301-313.
[2]. Saurabh Jain, Dr. Y. P. Joshi, S. S. Goliya, ― Design of Rigid and Flexible Pavements by Various Methods & Their Cost Analysis of Each Method‖, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.119-123.
[3]. Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao, ―Introduction to Transportation Engineering‖, NPTEL May 3, 2007.
[4]. Minkwan Kim, A.M.ASCE, ErolTutumluer, M.ASCE and Jayhyun Kwon, ―Nonlinear Pavement Foundation Modeling for Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analysis of Flexible Pavements‖, International Journal of Geomechanics © ASCE / October 2009.
[5]. ArvoTinni, ―Introduction to Concrete Pavements‖, Introduction to Concrete Pavements, EestiBetooniühing – March 2013.S

Abstract: Conventional cement mortar and concrete have water absorption characteristic which intern leads to deterioration in bonding property and affect durability aspects. In this study it is focused what are the various damages caused by water , water repellent requirement and to improve the water resistance property cement mortar and concrete by incorporating different types of polymer during casting process and enhancement of property so for studied in this area is taken up for review. This study will be helpful for the researchers to have comprehensive knowledge in polymer modified system and their effect in properties...............

Keywords: Polymer Modified Mortar and Concrete, Silicone Resin.

[1]. Aggarwal, L. K., Thapliyal, P.C. and Karade, S. R., Properties of Polymer modified mortars using epoxy and acrylic emulsion, Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 2007,Vol-21, No. 2, pp. 379-383
[2]. Etsuo Sakai * and Jun Sugita Cement Additives Dpt., Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K. 1-4-1 Yuraku-cho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan 100. Composite mechanism of polymer modified cement 1994.
[3]. Jean-Paul Lecomte, Dow Corning,DaniLladó, Nubiola,SabrinaSalvati, Dow Corning,Gustavo Rodrigues, Dow Corning,MuriloRibeiro, Dow Corning. New silicone resin-based hydrophobic powder for the dry mix market 2O13.
[4]. Knapen, E. Beeldens, A. Van Gemert, D. Van Rickstal, F. Modification of cement concrete by means of polymers in solution.Reyntjens Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, K.U.Leuven, Leuven,Belgian Road Research Centre, Belgium 2004.
[5]. Markus Roos,,Sabine Giessler-Blank, Sustainable concrete protection with siloxane based admixtures

Abstract: The presented project is about reducing overall power consumption of a shower water heater as well as reducing electrocution hazards which have been recorded and are accruing due to variety of reasons. Other features are lower weight and size that will help with having a portable device which is easy to install. The reduction in power consumed by shower water heater is impactful on how much power a single house would use per day. The mentioned power reduction will help renewable or green energies to be more practical when it comes to water heaters...............

Keywords: Shower water heater, efficient heat transfer, Power consumption reduction, Heating element, Electrocution hazard reduction

[1]. A Study of Individual Household Water Consumption by Maisie Borg, Orion Edwards & Sarah Kimpel, 2012
[2]. http://www3.epa.gov/watersense/index.html
[3]. Domingo (2010-10-27). "Early History of Water Heater Technology". Mammothplumbing.posterous.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2016-06-06.