iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2016

Abstract: Along the rapid growth of human needs in many sectors, a significant decrease in the availability and viability of the natural resources was always faced. Neither the less, the high volume production is always associated with considerable amount of waste materials, which may adversely impacts the surrounding environment. Efforts on bypassing such dilemma were recently intensified in many countries and international establishments looking for new regulations and legislations to minimize and reuse the generated waste............

Keywords: Concrete, fine aggregate, marble powder, strength, workability

[1]. Baboo rai, khan, naushed H, Abhis, Tabin Rushad S,Duggal s.k ,"Influence of Marble Powder/Grannules in conctrete mix" international journal of Civil and Structural Engineering,vol 1,no 4,2011.
[2]. Bahar Demirel,"The effect of using waste Marble Dust as fine sand on mechanical properties of concrete "international journal of physical science, pp 1372-1380 vol 5 2010.
[3]. Ergun Ali, "Effect of usage of diatomite and waste marble powder on mechanical properties of concrete"journal of Construction and Building Materials,feb 2001.
[4]. Md.Gulfam Pathan,Veena Pathan ,"feasibility and Need of use of waste marble powder in concrete production"IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineerin vol 6 pp 23-26 2011.
[5]. Noha.M.Soliman,"Effect of using marble powder in concrete mixes on the behavior and strength of R.C slab" international journal of current Enguneering and Technology. volume no.5 December 2010.

Abstract: Whether you're using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for bandwidth at a conference, you have probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than one device is tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves are going to make it. One German Physicist Dr.Harald Haas has come up with a solution he calls "data through illumination" –taking the fibber out of fiber optic by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow..............

[1] seminarprojects.com/s/seminar-report-on-lifi

[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi

[3] http://teleinfobd.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-lifi.html

[4]technopits.blogspot.comtechnology.cgap.org/2012/01/11/a-lifi-world/

[5] www.lificonsortium.org/

[6]the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-the-speed-of-light/

[7] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi

Abstract: The research work was conducted to analyze the performance of selected manufacturing firms in Anambra state. To achieve this, primary and secondary data were used. The primary data was the questionnaire developed which was distributed to 30 production workers, 10 for each of the 3 companies (Chikason plastics, Fino plastics and Citizens paints Nig. Ltd.) studied. The questionnaires contained Likert items which were mainly on the five factors under investigation – power/energy, motivation.:...........

Keywords: Anambra State, Manpower development, Manufacturing firms, Performance, Technological development.

[1]. M. Srijan, and S. Danduram, Green manufacturing and its impact on environmental sustainability(India, Dhanbad, Jharkhand: Himalaya,2013).
[2]. B. John, The history of the manufacturing industry, Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5336403_history-manufacturing-industry.html, 2013.
[3]. V.S. Balyan, Personnel,human resources and labour management in India (New Delhi: Himalaya Publishing, 2011).
[4]. C.C. Ukaegbu, Working conditions and employee commitment in indigenous private manufacturing firms in Nigeria: Managing business organizations for industrial development. Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(2), 2000, 295-324.
[5]. UNDP, Human development report on Nigeria (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Abstract: This research took place in Anambra state, along Onitsha-owerri road disposal site Obosi. The samples studied were collected at three different locations. The first sample collected at the untainted area which was at fifteen meters away from the disposal site serves as control. Other two was collected at the crest formation and basin formation of the site at different depths at 30cm interval. Standard methods was used to analyse the collected samples for the physical and chemical properties such as the pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen, heavy metals (lead, zinc, iron) and cation exchange capacity etc...:...........

Keywords: Metals, municipal solid wastes, organic waste, physicochemical properties, soil

[1]. Nyangababo, J.T., Hanya J.W., The Deposit Of Lead, Zinc, Cadmium Amd Copper From Motor Traffic On Brandaria Enimi And Soil Along A Major Bombo Road. International Journal Of Environmental Studies. Legol 1(32), 2000, 117.
[2]. Zurbrugg, C. Urban Solid Waste Management In Low- Income Countries Of Asia. Presented For: Scientific Committee Of Problem Of The Environment (Scope) Urban Solid Waste Management Review Session , 2002, Durban South Africa.
[3]. Bhatia, S.C. Environmental Pollution And Control In Chemical Process Industries. Delhi Khana Publishers, 2009
[4]. Jeyariya, S. P. And Seseetharam, M. K., Effect Of Municipal Solid Waste On The Characteristic Of Soil. Pollution Research Paper, Vol 29 Issue 1, 2010, Pp37-41.
[5]. Civeira,G. And R.S. Lavado., Nitrate Losses Nutrients And Heavy Metals Accumulation From Substrates Assembled For Urban Soils Reconstruction. Journal Of Environmental Management 88, 2006, 1619-1623.

Abstract: The problem of traffic accidents is one of the important problems, serious and common among all countries of the world, especially developing countries. In this study it was to identify the causes of traffic accidents in Khartoum state and ways to minimize them, and has been the identification of dangerous locations where accidents abound within the state according to the annual report of the traffic accidents and violations, issued by the General Directorate of Traffic.:...........

Keywords: Traffic accidents, Roads, Traffic safety

[1] WHO, ed. (2015). "Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015"
[2] WHO, ed. (2013). "Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013"
[3] Annual report of the traffic accidents and violations issued by the General Directorate of Traffic, Sudan 2015.
[4] WHO, ed. (2015). "Deaths on the roads: Based on the WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015" (PDF) (official report). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO).
[5] World Health Organization. Socioeconomic differences in injury risks. A review of the findings and a discussion of potential countermeasures. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
[6] World Health Organization. World report on road traffic injury prevention Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the safety management practices particularly human safety in the logistics and construction sector. It takes in to account the associated risks in the construction and supply chain industry accompanied by changes during its evolution. It also addresses the causes resulting in the untoward events and injuries related to the workers on site. The research and data collection methodology adopted is based on questionnaire whose target audiences are construction and logistics staff that are working locally in public or private firms..:...........

Keywords: Construction Industry, Logistic Industry, Risk Management, Safety

[1]. Arboleda, A., P. C. Morrow, et al. (2003). "Management practices as antecedents of safety culture within the trucking industry: similarities and differences by hierarchical level." Journal of safety research 34(2): 189-197.
[2]. Choi, T. N., D. W. Chan, et al. (2011). "Perceived benefits of applying Pay for Safety Scheme (PFSS) in construction–A factor analysis approach." Safety science 49(6): 813-823.
[3]. Halperin, K. M. and M. McCann (2004). "An evaluation of scaffold safety at construction sites." Journal of safety research 35(2): 141-150.
[4]. Manuj, I. and J. T. Mentzer (2008). "Global supply chain risk management." Journal of Business Logistics 29(1): 133-155.
[5]. Swuste, P., A. Frijters, et al. (2012). "Is it possible to influence safety in the building sector?: A literature review extending from 1980 until the present." Safety science 50(5): 1333-1343.

Abstract: Geopolymers are members of the family of inorganic polymers. The chemical composition of the geopolymer material is similar to natural zeolitic materials, but the microstructure is amorphous instead of crystalline. The polymerisation process involves a substantially fast chemical reaction under alkaline condition on Si-Al minerals and that meets not only the critical properties of cement but also falls under category of sustainability. An objective of this paper is to develop and optimization of mix design for G30 and G50 grades of low calcium fly ash (Class-F) and slag based geopolymer concrete which is equilent to M30 and M50 respectively..:...........

Keywords: Geopolymer Concrete, Compressive Strength, Oven Curing, Alkaline Liquid and Molarity

[1]. J. Davidovits, "Geopolymer chemistry and properties," in Proc.Geopolymer '88, First European Conference on Soft Mineralogy, The Geopolymer Institute, Compiegne, France, 1988, pp. 25-48.
[2]. Kolli Ramujee and Dr.M.Potharaju, "Development of Mix Design for Low Calcium based Geopolymer concrete in Ordinary, Standard and High Strength Grades", ICI Journal, July-September, 2013, pp 29-34.
[3]. B.Vijaya Rangan, " Geopolymer Concrete for Environmental Protection", The Indian Concrete Journal, April-2014, pp. 41-59.
[4]. Hardjito, D.; and Rangan, B.V.; Research Report GC-1. Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of University of Technology, Perth, Australia. 2005
[5]. D. Hardjito, S. E. Wallah, D. M. J. Sumajouw, and B. V. Rangan, "Factors influencing the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete," Civil Engineering, High performance Concretes and Smart Materials Dimension (Dimensi Teknik Sipil), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 88-93, 2004.

Abstract: Nigeria is endowed with abundant freshwater resources spreading all over the country from the coastal region to the arid zone of Lake Chad Basin. In spite of this immense water resource potential, sizable proportion of the country stillface problems of supply and distribution. A study conducted in Shao, Kwara state, Nigeria recently, showed that water is supplied once in a month and sometimes there is no supply for several months due to operational problems at the treatment plant. The supply last for only a few hours on the day of supply and water is mostly available for the community at public fetching points.:...........

Keywords: ..........................

[1]. Abebe, T.L.(2012). "Rural water supply management and sustainability in Ethiopia with special emphasis on water supply schemes in Adama area‟.Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences. Available
Online publication:http://stud.epsilon.slu.se
[2]. Adedayo, A. and Ifabiyi, I. P. (1999). "The distribution of water and the role of public agencies in Kwara State‟ JOSAMS (Jou rnal
of Social and Management Studies) Vol. 6, (1999), pp. 97-112
[3]. Aschalew D., (2009) "Determinants of Household Participation in Water Source Management": Achefer, Amhara Region, Ethiopia,
MPSThesis2009.Availableat:http://soilandwater.bee.cornell.edu/research/international/docs/Aschalew_THESIS_FOR%20PRINT%20AND%20BOUND.pdf.[Ac
cessed 20 June 2015].
[4]. Ayansola, A. A. (2005) Pressure distribution analysis in zonal water supply pipe network: a cae study of Ilorin Metropolis,
Unpublished M. Eng Project Report. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Abstract: The distributor, runner and draft tube of a turbine are designed for a fixed head and discharge but in most of power stations, turbine operates at off-design values of head and discharge. The change in head and discharge lead change in local flow parameter like velocity and angles and this affect the performance of turbine. This makes customary to assess detailed flow behaviour and performance of turbine for off design operating conditions for efficient design. In present paper, a Straflo axial flow turbine has been designed for micro hydro power station and its performance parameters have been computed using commercial code Ansys CFX. The variation of performance parameters obtained from simulations are found to be very similar to an axial turbine characteristics. The best efficiency is achieved at design parameter values...:...........

Keywords: runner, specific speed, SST model, Straflo turbine.

[1]. I. Yuksel, Hydropower in Turkey for a clean and sustainable energy future, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(6), (2008), 1622-1640.

[2]. V. Prasad, Numerical simulation for flow characteristics of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner, Energy Procedia, 14(2012), 2060- 2065.

[3]. S. Liu, J. Mai, J. Shao and Y. Wu, Pressure pulsation prediction by 3D turbulent unsteady flow simulation through whole flow passage of Kaplan turbine, Engineering Computations, 26(2009), 1006-1025.

[4]. Y. Wu, S. Liu, H. S. Dou, S. Wu and T. Chen, Numerical prediction and similarity study of pressure fluctuation in a prototype Kaplan turbine and the model turbine, Computers & Fluids, 56(2012), 128-142.

[5]. V.V. Barlit, P.Krishnamachar, M.M.Deshmukh, A.Swaroop and V.K.Gehlot, Hydraulic turbines Volume 1 & 2, (MANIT, Bhopal, 2007).

Abstract: In this work hinged portal frames were examined under different static loads and the best height to span ratio (h/L) for each load was obtained. This was carried out by first obtaining the minimum depth of section for each frame element for each load case. These sections were used to compute the volume of the portal frame. The volume of the portal frame was taken to be proportional to the cost of the frame while the usefulness or benefit of the frame was taken as the ratio of the frames' cross sectional area to their perimeter..:...........

Keywords: Portal frames, frame cost

[1]. Hibbeler, R. C.(2006). Structural Analysis. Sixth Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey
[2]. Raju K. (1990), Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, CBS Publishers and Distributors Shahdara, Delhi
[3]. Graham R, Alan P.,(2007). Single Storey Buildings: Steel Designer's Manual Sixth Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd, United Kingdom
[4]. British Standards Institution (2000), Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 1: Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction. BS 5959, BSI, London

Abstract: Multi rotors are devices that fly with the help of two or more rotor mechanisms. It is evidentiary that multi rotors have a very less flight time due to low power availability. If the size of the battery is increased to increase the discharge capacity, then AUW (All Up Weight) increases .Hence another solution to this problem is to be found. To increase the flight time, solar energy can be used. But the size of solar panel increases AUW. Therefore a circuit is proposed in this paper which increases flight time significantly by slightly increasing the weight. Secondary power system based on solar energy is used in the circuit.:...........

Keywords: AUW, thrust, flight time, pitch, ESC.

[1]. Stafford, Jesse (Spring 2014). "How a Quadcopter works | Clay Allen". University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Retrieved2015-01-20.
[2]. Leishman, J.G. (2000). Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Anderson, S.B. (1997). "Historical Overview of V/STOL Aircraft Technology". NASA Technical Memorandum 81280.
[4]. Pounds, P.; Mahony, R.; Corke, P. (December 2006)."Modelling and Control of a Quad-Rotor Robot" (PDF). In the Proceedings of
the Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation. Auckland, New Zealand.
[5]. "Illumin - The Quadrotor's Coming of Age". Retrieved29 December 2014

Abstract: Construction of residential, commercial building is increased manifold in Chennai metropolitan area due to the migration of population from various part of the country for the job opportunity, due to this shortage of land space they are forced to construct high rise building .Lot of construction companies engaged and developing housing and infrastructure development. This study highlights the regulation already in force and analysis the various violation in the development control regulations based on this study.:...........

Keywords: Regulation, violation, corruption

[1]. Booba T.N, Dr. Y.R.M. Rao, ―Violation Of Building Bye-Laws And Development Control Rules: A Case Study‖, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE) ISSN : 2278-1684 Volume 2, Issue 4 (Sep-Oct 2012), PP 48-59
[2]. M. Subash Chandira, ―Development Control Rules and Byelaws in Tamilnadu‖, ITPI JOURNAL 4 : 1 (2007) 37 – 43
[3]. National building code 2005
[4]. Second Master Plan For Chennai Metropolitan Area,2026
[5]. Tamilnadu Town and country Planning Act 1971

Abstract: Energy is essential for living and vital for development of all. The global economy thrives on energy. Affordable energy directly contributes to increase productivity, reducing poverty and improving betterment of life. Global population is increasing day by day, which, in a way is leading to the utilization of natural resources and fossil fuels. The solar energy, wind energy and bio mass are three major sources and out of these three energy sources solar energy is the easiest source to extract useful energy because the wind energy can be useful particularly in coastal area where there is high wind velocity and energy extraction bio mass needs either chemical conversion or thermo chemical conversion process.:...........

Keywords: Energy, Fossil Fuel, Serpentine Solar Water Heater, straight tube solar water heater, Solar Energy

[1]. Rai G.D. Solar Energy Utilization, (5th edn. Khanna Publishers Delhi, India, 2005)
[2]. S.SadhishkumarT.Balusamy,Performance improvement in solar water heating systems -A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37,2014,191–198.
[3]. Sharad B. Parekh,Performance Evaluation of Polycarbonate Collector Based Solar Water Heating System,International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, 2014
[4]. Rajasekaran, S,Performance Analysis of Coated Solar Flat Plate Collector,Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 974,2015
[5]. I. Budihardjo, G.L. Morrison, Performance of Water-In-Glass Evacuated Tube Solar Water Heaters, Solar Energy 83,2009,49–56

Abstract: Porous concrete pavements have become popular as an effective storm water management device to control the storm water runoff in pavement. The objective of this paper is to study a pre-review on Porous concrete pavement and its previous laboratory study. To improve the strength of the porous concrete, various additives have been study as a part of porous concrete mix. Porous concrete is a special type of cementitious material composed of gap graded aggregates, Coated with a thin layer of cement paste and bonded by the cement paste layers partially being in contact (Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya)............

[1]. Barrell RAE, Hunter PR, Nichols G. Microbiological standards for water and their relationship to health risk. Communication and
Discussion in Pubic Health 2003(1) 8–13.
[2]. Ismail Abustan a, Meor Othman Hamzah b, Mohd Aminur Rashid c "review of permeable pavement systems in Malaysia
Conditions" Ontario International Development Agency .
[3]. James Eyr, Prakash Bhalchandra. " Permeable Concrete Block Paving Applications in the United Arab Emirates" International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 16 Number 5 – Oct 2014.
[4]. Kevern, J.1, Wang, K.2, Suleiman, M.T.3, and Schaefer, V.R.4 "Pervious Concrete Construction: Methods and Quality Control"
Concrete Technology Forum: Focus on Pervious Concrete, May 24-25, 2006
[5]. Miklas Scholz_, Piotr Grabowiecki "Review of permeable pavement systems". Institution of Civil Engineers Engineering
Sustainability 2003,156 (1) 51–8. 20 November 2006

Abstract: Silty Sand is a pervious material in nature. Mixing silty sand with appropriate bentonite contents yields sand-bentonite mixtures having low hydraulic conductivity. A compacted mixture of bentonite with silty sand has been used to form a barrier for fluids in absence of impervious natural soil layer. This study focuses on the hydraulic conductivity behaviour of locally available silty sand and bentonite mixtures. Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted to evaluate hydraulic conductivity of compacted sand-bentonite mixtures. Compaction tests are conducted to determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density of compacted sand-bentonite mixtures.:...........

Keywords: Bentonite, Landfill liner, Hydraulic conductivity, Silty sand, Unconfined compressive strength

[1] Abeele, W.V.,The influence of bentonite on the permeability of sandy silts. Nuclear AndChemical Waste Management, 6(1), 1986,
81-88.
[2] Akgün, H., Koçkar, M. K., and Aktürk, Ö., Evaluation of a compacted bentonite/sand sealfor underground waste repository
isolation. Environmental Geology, 50(3), 2006, 331-337.
[3] Chapuis, R.P., Sand-bentonite liners: predicting permeability from laboratory tests. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(1), 1990,
47-57.
[4] IS: 2720 (part-3/sec-I)-1980, Method of test for soils - Determination of Specific gravity-fine grained soil.
[5] IS: 2720 (part-4) 1985, Method of test for soils - Grain size analysis.

Abstract: Pervious concrete is a concrete which consists of coarse aggregate and cement paste with little fine aggregate or without fine aggregate. The pervious concrete also termed as no-fine aggregate is a natural choice for use in structural applications, and it is treated as "green binding". It requires less raw material than the conventional concrete. Pervious concrete helps in recharge the ground water in pavement applications, direct drainage of water and also have superior insulation properties when used in walls. Pervious concrete has a tailored-property concrete with higher water permeability which allow the passage of water to flow through the inter connected large pore structure:...........

Keywords: Pervious concrete, super plasticizer SP430, Void ratio, Mix design

[1]. Malhotra, V.M., No-Fines Concrete- Its properties and applications, ACI Journal, November 1976, Vol. 73, Issue 11, pp 628-644.
[2]. Meininger, Rechard C., No-Fines Pervious Concrete for paving, Concrete International, August 1988, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp 20-27.
[3]. Ghafoori, Nader, Pavement Thickness Design for No-fines Concrete Parking Lots, Journal of Transportation Engineering, November 1995, Vol. 121, No. 6, pp 476-484.
[4]. Kliger, Paul, Further Studies on the Effect of Entrained Air on Strength and Durability of Concrete with Various Sizes of Aggregate, Concrete International, November 2003, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp 26-45.
[5]. Marty Wanielista, Manoj Chopra, Performance Assessment of Portland Cement Pervious Pavement, Storm water Management Academy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, June 2007

Abstract: The Analysis of the first law done by thermodynamic or fluid models is a suitable method for evaluating the motor performance and sensitivity of its performance various parameters. This article is aimed at two-regional thermodynamic surveying of gasoline direct injection engines as well as comparing their pressure, fuel consumption, and the work produced in compression and expansion phases in these motors with port fuel injection engines. It would be concluded in this study that taking into account the fuel utilization reduction in direct injection engines, they also produce considerable work compared to port fuel injection motors

Keywords: Internal combustion engines, gasoline direct injection, two regional, thermodynamic simulation

[1]. R. Ebrahimi, "Preformance Analysis of a Dual Cycle Engine with Consideration of Pressure Ratio and Cut-Off Ratio", ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, Vol. 118 (2010)
[2]. mostafa atmaka, metin gumus, Abdullah demir."Comparative Thermodynamic Analysis of Dual Cycle Under Alternative Conditions(2011)
[3]. J. Lin, L.Chen, C.Wu, F.Sun, Int.J.Energy Res, 23, 765(1999)
[4]. M.M. Rashidi, A. Hajipour and A. Fahimirad, "First and Second-Laws Analysis of an Air-Standard Dual Cycle With Heat LossConsideration"International Journal of Mechatronics Electrical and Computer Technology, Vol. 4(11), Apr. 2014
[5]. Ferguson, CR.,1986, Internal combustion engines. New York, Wiley

Abstract: In this paper, heat transfer in porous media under forced convection of water flow has been studied experimentally. A total of 36 sets of heat transfer experiments by varying the porosity, area and position have been conducted. cycle averaged local nusselt numbers and pressure drop are obtained by measuring the bulk temperature and pressure at the inlet and outlet cross sections. The porous inserts' used in this study is made of packed steel balls. The primary purpose of conducting this experiment was to find out how the Nusselt number varies with porosity, area and position..........

Keywords: Heat Transfer, Porous Media, Nusselt Number

[1]. A.A. Mohamad, Heat transfer enhancements in heat exchangers fitted with porous media, constant wall temperature, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 42, 2003.
[2]. B.I.Pavel, A.A. Mohamad, An experimental and numerical study on heat transfer for gas heat exchangers fitted with porous media, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47,2004.
[3]. G. Hetsroni, M. Gurevich, R. Rozenblit, Sintered porous mediu heat sink for cooling of high power mini-devices, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow.27,2006.

Abstract: The flow field around an automobile is very complex, characterized by a high degree of three dimensionality, flow separation, reattachment and vortex formation. Flow visualization as well as flow simulation are helpful tools during the aerodynamic design of vehicles. The research-undertaken deals with an experimental estimation of CD (drag coefficient) for TOYOTA car,(scale 1/20) using the strain gauge method ( FLA-6-11 type, 120Ω, 2.12 gauge factor, half-bridge connection), which was proved to be practical and reasonably accurate............

Keywords: Strain gauge, Drag coefficient, Wind tunnel, Aerodynamics of automobile, Static loading, Dynamic loading, Half bridge connection

[1]. Itsuhei Kohri, Teppei Yamanashi & Takayoshi Nasu, "Study on the transient behavior of the vortex structure behind Ahmed
body",SAE 2014.
[2]. Muzafferuddin Mahmood,"flow visualization in Wind Tunnels", 2011.
[3]. M.J.Iremonger,"Basic Stress Analysis", 1984.
[4]. DeltaΔLab, " Soufflerie Subsonique a aspiration EA600", France 2014.
[5]. Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo Co. "TML Strain Gauge Test Data", Japan,2015.

Abstract: Automobile companies are showing interest in reducing the weight of vehicle by replacing the steel by GFRC for increasing the fuel economy and performance. The Natural Fiber composites are the excellent alternative for the GFRC due to lightweight compared to steel and low cost as well as good elastic strain energy storage capacity. The sisal fiber is a naturally Biodegradable material. The sisal fiber is having high strength to weight ratio compared to steel............

Keywords: Composites, Leaf Spring, Natural Fibers, Sisal.

[1] Edward Nikhil Karlus, Rakesh L. Himte, Ram Krishna Rathore, ―Optimization of mono parabolic leaf spring,‖ international journal of advances in engineering & technology, ISSN: 22311963, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 283-291, Mar. 2014.
[2] k. john and s. venkata naidu, ―Sisal Fiber/Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites: The Impact and Compressive Properties,‖ Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, DOI: 10.1177/0731684404035270, 0731-6844/04/12 1253–6, Vol. 23, No. 12/2004.
[3] S. Rajesh and G. B. Bhaskar, ―Experimental Investigation on Laminated Composite Leaf springs Subjected to Cyclic Loading,‖ International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), ISSN : 0975-4024, Vol. 6 No 1 Feb-Mar 2014.
[4] Jan Willem Van Der Wiel ―Future Of Automotive Design & Materials Trends And Developments In Design And Materials‖
[5] Subhash Chandrabose, C. Thamotharan, P. Naveenchandran and R. Anbazhagan, ―Design Optimization and Analysis of a Parabolic Leaf Spring,‖ Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 20 (11): 1590-1596, ISSN 1990-9233

Abstract: The proposed brake consists of multiple rotating discs immersed in Magneto Rheological Fluid and an enclosed electromagnet. When current is applied to electromagnet, Magneto Rheological Fluid solidifies as its yield stress varies as function of magnetic field. This controllable yield stress produces shear friction on rotating disc which generates braking torque. The braking torque value depends upon number of parameters like Current, Rotor Radius, Surface Area, Number of discs, Gap Size and Angular velocity. In order to minimize the stopping distance to 30cm at response time of 0.5.............

Keywords: Magneto Rheological Fluid brake, braking torque, stopping distance, two wheeler, Yield stress

[1] M.Keiu , R.Turezin, Properties and Application of Magneto Rheological Fluid, Journal of materials and manufacturing engineering , 18(1-2), (2006)
[2] Sarkar and Hirani, Design of a sqeeze film Magneto Rheological Brake considering compression enhanced shear yield stress of Magneto Rheological Fluid,13th International conference on Electro Rheological Fluid and Magneto Rheological suspensions, Journal of Physics ,page 4-12, 2013
[3] S.Genc, Synthesis and properties of Magneto Rheological Fluids ,University of Pittsburg,2002 (PhD Thesis)
[4] J.M.Ginder, L.C.Davis, Shear stresses in Magneto Rheological Fluids: Role of Magnetic saturation, Applied physical letters, 3410-3412, 1994.
[5] J.D.Carlson,D.F.lerry et al , Controllable Brake, Us patent 5,Page no.842and 547,1998