iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2016

Abstract: A rectangular plate with a central hole have initiate extensive practical applications in different fields of engineering such as aerospace, marine, automobile and mechanical and is well-known to most engineers. High stress due to discontinuity or abrupt change in geometry is known as stress concentration and is mostly set up at the edges of discontinuity. A stress concentration is typically introduced in plates in the form of circular holes. For the design of plate with a hole, proper knowledge of stresses and stress concentration factor (SCF) at the edge of hole under in plane loading are essential.............

Keywords: Stress concentration factor, Finite element analysis, Carbon / epoxy

[1]. Pandit SD, Nishiyabu K, Verpoest I. Strain concentrations in woven fabric composites with holes. Compos Struct 2003;59:361–8.
[2]. Icardi U. Through-the-thickness displacements measurement in laminated composites using electronic speckle photography. Mech Mater 2002;35:35–51.

[3]. Marchetti E, Faraggiana R, Bonifacio P. A speckle interferometry survey of Bootis stars. A&A 2001;370:524–8.

[4]. George E. Dieter (1997). "Overview of the Materials Selection Process", ASM Handbook Volume 20: Materials Selection and Design

[5]. Structural Composite Material by F.C. Campbell, ASM International (Text Book)

Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) brake materials are new highly competitive brake materials. They possess a series of outstanding advantages such as high strength, low density, good high temperature resistance, excellent friction properties, low wear rate and long life. Up to now, it has been equipped in some type of aircraft, and high end cars. The paper presents a brief state of the art of C/SiC brake materials. The attention is focused on manufacturing process, properties and wear mechanisms of C/SiC aircraft brake materials, as well as progress and future of the aircraft brake materials.

[1]. Shangwu Fan, Chuan Yang, Liuyang He, Yong Du, Walter Krenkel, Peter Greil, and Nahum Travitzky. "Progress of ceramic matrix composites brake materials for aircraft application", Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 44 (2016) 313-325.
[2]. T.R. Prabhu. "Airworthiness Certification of Fe-Si3N4-graphite Brake Composites for Military Aircraft", CEMILAC, Defence R and D Organization, India. Tribology in Industry Vol. 37, No. 4 (2015) 491-499.
[3]. Yu Shu, Chen Jie, Huang Qizhong, Xiong Xiang, Chang Tong and Li Yunping, "Effect of Braking Speeds on the Tribological Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites", Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 5 (2010) pp. 1038 to 1043.
[4]. T.L. Ho, F.E. Kennedy, and M.B. Peterson, "Evaluation of materials and design modifications for aircraft brakes", National technical information service, U.S. department of commerce Springfield, VA. 22161, NASA CR 134896.
[5]. S. Vats, Heena, A. Katyal, H. Kamal, S.K. Chaturvedi, V.K. Patidar, "Preliminary Study of Aircraft Braking System with Emphasis on Fail-safe Technology", Advances in Aerospace Science and Applications, ISSN 2277-3223 Volume 3, Number 3 (2013), pp. 191-198

Abstract: Finite element method is an important modeling tool in sheet metal forming industry. The knowledge of the sheet springback after forming is necessary to control the manufacturing process. Nowadays, the significance of this issue increase because of the use of steel sheeting with high stress yield. In this paper the numerical simulation of springback and side wall curl in 2-D draw bending has been achieved done using ELEFEN software. An anisotropy property for material was considered. The modeling of the problem has been performed by the by the explicit method for the loading stage and the combination of the implicit and explicit method for the unloading.

Keywords: sprinback, U-bending, ansiotropy, simulation and finite element method.

[1]. Gardiner, F.G. The springback of metals Transaction of ASME,P 1-9-1957. 1-
[2]. Queener,C.A. and De Angells, R.J. Elastic springback and residual stresse in sheet metal formed by bending. Transactions of ASME. P 757-68, 1968.
[3]. Yu,T.X. and Johnson, W , Intluence of axial force on the elastic-plastic bending and springback of a beam. J .Mech. and Work. Tech.Vol.6,P 5-21 , 1982.
[4]. pourboghrat, F.A hybrid membrane shell sheet metals undergoing axisymmetric loading Int.J. Plasticity .Vol.16,P 677-700,2000.
[5]. Li. G.Y. Springback analysis for sheet forming processes by explicit finite element method in conjunction with the orthogonal regression analysis .Int.J.Solids and struct .Vol. 36,P 4653-4668, 1999.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study the spreading of a contaminant accompanied with natural convection in a box heterogeneously heated from below, and to find out the effect of the inlet-outlet configuration on the removal of the contaminant and heat from the box by low air rate ventilation. This problem, in practice, relates to modeling a living room or a working place where some sources of heat and contaminant are in the simultaneous action. This model can be also applied to an enclosure where natural convection is caused by the effect that its floor is partly heated by the sunlight..............

Keywords: box, three-dimensional, natural convection, contaminant spreading, Samarski scheme, multigrid, heterogeneous heating.

[1]. G. D. Mallinson, G. De Vahl Davis. ,1977. Three-dimensional natural convection in a box: a numerical study. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 83, 01, 1-31.
[2]. N. C. Markatos, K.A. Pericleous., 1984. Laminar and turbulent natural convection in an enclosed cavity. International J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 27, 5,755-772.
[3]. W. J. Hiller, et al., 1989. Three-dimensional structures in laminar natural convection in a cubic enclosure. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 2, 01, 34-44.
[4]. T. Fusegi et al., 1991. A numerical study of three-dimensional natural convection in a differentially heated cubical enclosure. International J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 34, 6, 1543-1557.
[5]. R. J. A Janssen, et al., 1993.Transition to time-periodicity of a natural convection flow in a 3D differentially heated cavity. International J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, 11, 2927-2940.

Abstract: A theoretical model of both premixed and diffusion turbulent flames impinging normally and obliquely on plane surfaces have been developed. It is based on the equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Methane and air have been considered as fuel and oxidizer respectively. The RNG k-ε model has been used to compute the turbulence, and the Discrete Ordinate model has been used for radiative transfer in the flame. Regarding heat transfer characteristics of flame impingement, parametric studies have......

Keywords: Premixed flame, Diffusion flame, Heat transfer, Nusselt number, Reynolds number.

[1]. C. E. Baukal, B. Gebhart, A review of empirical flame impingement heat transfer correlations, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 17 (1996) 386-396.
[2]. L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, C. W. Leung, Heat transfer from an impinging premixed butane/air slot flame jet, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 979-992.
[3]. R. Viskanta, Convective and radiative flame jet impingement heat transfer, Int. J. Transport Phenomena 1 (1998) 1-15.
[4]. S. Chander, A. Ray, Flame impingement heat transfer: A review, Energy Conversion Management 46(18-19) (2005) 2803-2837.
[5]. Z. Zhao, T. T. Wong, C. W. Leung, Impinging premixed butane/air circular laminar flame jet-influence of impingement plate on heat transfer characteristics, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47(23) (2004) 5021-5031.

Abstract: Collapse of building due to gas explosion or due to bombing has been occurred in past. Due to explosion a local load carrying member fails and the load carried by failed member get transferred as extra loads to adjacent members which are generally not designed for that, due to extra loads adjacent members gets failed in such a manner whole building collapses. Due to increase in terrorist activity Progressive collapse resistance buildings are need of present and future. In this work resistance to progressive collapse of 12 storey RC Special............

Keywords: Demand to Capacity ratio, General Service Administration, Linear static analysis, PMM, Progressive Collapse

[1] J.M. Russell, J.S. Owen and I. Hajirasouliha, Experimental investigation on the dynamic response of RC flat slabs after a sudden column loss, Engineering Structures 99, 2015, 28–41.
[2]. Vikram Singh Thakur, Vikas Khatuja,Dr. C.B.K. Rao, Simplified Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Framed Structures for Progressive Collapse, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 4, 2013, 264-271.
[3] Hao Wang, Anqi Zhang,Yi Li Weiming Yan, A Review of Progressive Collapse on Building Structures, The Open Civil Engineering Journal 8, 2014, 183-192.

[4] Meng-Hao Tsai and Tsuei-Chiang Huang, Progressive Collapse Analysis of an RC Building with Exterior Non-Structural Walls, Procedia Engineering 14, 2011, 377–384.

[5] Rakshith K G, Radhakrishna, Progressive Collapse Analysis of reinforced Concrete Framed Structure, ,International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology 9, 2013, 36-40.

Abstract: The multi story high rise RCC structures are more bulky and less ductile in nature as compare to composite structures. This study investigates the comparison between RCC and composite structure under the effect of wind, additional to it composite structure also includes different plan configurations. In this study total fifteen number of building model are prepared and analysis for wind load by using ETABS 2015. The wind analysis is performed for different heights such 20m, 50m and 80m. In addition, the comparative study concludes that the composite structure are larger ductile in nature and more susceptible as compare to RCC...........

Keywords: Basic wind speed, Composite structure, Different plan configuration, RCC structure, Wind analysis.

[1] Syed Fahad Ali and S.A. Bhalchandra, Study on seismic Analysis of RCC and steel-concrete composite structure and cost comparison with different support condition, International journal for scientific research and development, 3(9), 2015, 354-359.
[2] D.R. Panchal and P.M. Marathe, Comparative Study of RCC, steel and composite (G+30 storey) building, Institute Of Technology, Nirmal University, Ahmadabad, December, 2011, 08-10.
[3] Sanhik Kar Majumder and Priyabrata Guha, Comparison between wind and seismic load on different types of structures, International journal of engineering science invention, 3(4), 2014, 42-54.
[4] Abhay Guleria, Structural Analysis of a Multi story buildings using ETABS for Different plan configuration, International journal of engineering research and technology, 3(5), 2014, 1481-1485.
[5] Dae Kun Kwon and Ahsan Kareem, Wind load factors for dynamically sensitive structures with uncertainties, Engineering structures (ELSEVIER), 10(3), August 2015, 53-62.

Abstract: Flow measurement is measurement of the quantity of the fluid that passes through the pipe, duct or an open channel. Flow may be measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area. Differential pressure measuring devices such as orifice plates and nozzles are extensively applied in several industries to estimate the mass flow rate running through a channel by correlating the measured pressure loss. In this paper, orifice plates with different geometry were designed and compared on the basis of their coefficient of discharge. This was done with the help of simulations done with k-ε and SST model on CFX as a solver............

Keywords: Coefficient of discharge, CFD, Orifice plate, Boundary conditions, geometry.

[1]. Yogesh Kumar, G. S. Karthik, V. Seshadri, "A Modified Orifice Meter for Measuring Two Phase Flow," Journal of Hydraulic Research, pp. 161-187, Feb 2015.
[2]. Karthik G. S, Yogesh Kumar, V. Seshadri, "Prediction of Performance Characteristics of Orifice Plate Assembly for Non-Standard Condition using CFD," International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), vol. 3, no. 5, May 2015
[3]. Mohamed A. Siba, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood, Mohd Z. Nuawi, Rasidi Rasani, Mohamed H. Nassir, , "Wall Pressure due to Turbulent Flow through Orifice Plate," International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, vol. 15, April 2015.
[4]. T. Sridevi, Dhana Sekhar, V. Subrahmanyam, "Comparison of Flow Analysis through a Different Geometry of Flowmeters using Fluent Software," International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJERT), vol. 3, no. 8, Aug 2014.
[5]. Malatesh Barki, Ganesha T, M. C. Math, "CFD Analysis and Comparison of Fluid Flow through a Single Hole and Multi Hole Orifice Plate," International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.8, Aug 2014.

Abstract: Failure of chain links of a bucket elevator is inevitable. For this reason, analysis of failure is very crucial to the continuous improvement on the chain links which as a result will minimize down-time therefore increasing productivity. Whenever the chain link of the bucket elevator fail, it takes the technicians a minimum of three days depending on the severity of damage. This results in increased down-time which reduces production time coupled with damaged buckets and links which increases maintenance cost. The objective of this research was to analysis the cause of failure of the chain link of a bucket elevator by carrying out visual examination, chemical analysis and metallurgical analysis on failed chain link samples..............

Keywords: Bucket Elevator, Chain link, Inclusions, Failure Analysis, Fracture

[1]. S. Patel, S. Patel, and J. Patel, "A Review on Design and Analysis of Bucket Elevator,"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 18–22, 2012.
[2]. N. Yashaswini, B. Raju, and A. Purushottham, "Design and Optimization of Bucket Elevator through Finite Element Analysis," IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME), vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 73–78, 2014.
[3]. D. Momcilovic, N. Hut, L. Milovic, and I. Atanasovska, "Failure Analysis of Chain Bracket," New Trends in Fatigue and Fracture 2011, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 123–126, 2011.
[4]. M. Sujata, M. A. Venkataswamy, M. A. Parameswara, and S. K. Bhaumik, "Failure Analysis of Conveyor Chain Links," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 914–924, 2006.
[5]. J. C. Conwell and G. E. Johnson, "Experimental Investigation of Link Tension and Roller-Sprocket Impact in Roller Chain Drives," Mechanism and Machine theory, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 533–544, 1996.

Abstract: An in-pipe inspection robots are designed to remove the labour force and to act in inaccessible environment. In this paper we present a comprehensive study of in-pipe inspection robot. After some period every pipeline requires inspection and maintenance to ensure their safety and integrity. So, in-pipe inspection robots are used to inspect varies pipeline elements such as straight pipelines, elbow and branches internally. In-pipe inspection robot inspect the pipes of various size and find the defects and obstacles in the pipes...............

Keywords: branches, defects, elbow, in-pipe robot, steering mechanism

[1] H.R. Choi and S.M Ryew, Robotics system with active steering capability for internal inspection of urban gas pipelines, Mechatronics, vol.26, no.1, 2002, 105-112.
[2] Se-gon Roh and Hyouk Ryeol Choi, Differential-Drive In-Pipe Robot for Moving Inside Urban Gas Pipelines, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS, vol. 21, 2005.
[3] T. Okada and T. Kanade, A three-wheeled self-adjusting vehicle in a pipe, FERRET-1, Int. J. Robot. Res., vol. 6, 1987, 60–75.
[4] B. B. Gamble and R. M. Wiesman, Tethered Mouse System for Inspection of Gas Distribution Mains, Gas Res. Inst., Doc. GRI-96/0209, 1996.
[5] H. T. Roman, B. A. Pellegrino, and W. R. Sigrist, Pipe crawling inspection robots: An overview, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 8, 1993, 576–583.

Abstract: The blanking process used in the manufacturing industry constitutes the first stage of any forming process, which is a widely used process in high volume production of sheet metal components. The main problem faced designers is the selection of an optimum combination of input variables to achieve the desired quality of blanked parts with minimum force. In order to overcome this problem, an effective planning and execution of precisely designed experiments utilizing the power of statistical analysis techniques are used. A Response Surface Method (RSM) was used for the purpose of building a statistical model relating the shearing............

Keywords: Blanking process parameter; Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD); RSM; Shearing force; Statistical model

[1] R. Hambli R., "Design of experimental based analysis for sheet metal blanking processes optimization." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 19, 2002, pp. 403-410.
[2] Colgan M. and Monaghan J.," Deep drawing process: Analysis and Experiment." Journal of Materials Process Technology, vol. 132, 2003, pp. 35-41.
[3] Kalpakjian. S, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology. 3rd edition, New York: Addison Wesley, 1995
[4] Ostwakd P. and Munoz J., Manufacturing Processes and System, 9th edition, John Wiley& Sons, 1997, Toronto.
[5] F. Faura., Sebastian and R. Zamora," A decision support system for sheet metal blanking process parameters selection." Journal of Materials Process Technology, vol. 118, 2001, pp. 371-376.

Abstract: In the valley area of Imphal in Manipur, organic clay are often encountered in the substrata of the soil which often creates problem in construction. These soils are characterized by low bearing capacity and high compressibility. A pile-raft foundation can be used to reduce the settlements caused by concentrated building loads. This study is mainly aimed to study the influence of spacing of piles and raft width on the behavior of the pile raft foundation in organic clay. Tests were conducted on rafts of size 100x100mm and 200x200mm of thickness 2mm............

Keywords: Pile Raft System, Raft, Free Standing Pile Group, Area Ratio.

[1] Cooke, R.W. (1986). "Piled raft foundations on stiff clays: a contribution to design philosophy". Géotechnique, 36, No 2, 169-203
[2] Thakare.S.W, and Pankaj Dhawale(2016) "Performance of Piled Raft Foundation on Sand Bed" International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization),Vol. 5, Issue 6, June 2016
[3] Jaymin D. Patil ,, Sandeep A. Vasanvala,, Chandresh H. Solanki(2016),"An Experimental Study on Behavior of Piled Raft Foundation "Indian Geotechnical Journal, volume 46,issue 1 pp.16-24.
[4] Raut J. M., Khandeshwar S. R. and Bajad S. P.,(2015), "Load Sharing Ratio of Piled Raft foundation", Proceeding of 50th Indian Geotechnical Conference, Paper No. 645, December 17-19, 2015.
[5] Nitin Nandwani, Prof P.J.Salunke, Prof N.G.Gore(2015), "Comparative Study Of Piled Raft Foundation" International Journal Of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, ISSN: 2277-9655, Namdwani, 4(11): November, 2015,pp.60-64.

Abstract: This work presents economic reinforced concrete conical shells dimensions and reinforcement in order to save time and efforts of the designers who aim to design conical shells economically from 5m to 20m spans. In addition to that, this work presents the economic shell raise (hec) vs. span (D) formula that gives lowest construction cost. The considered loads are the own weight of the shell body, external finishing by glazed brick and internal finishing layer of gypsum plaster (juss). As well as the dead load, live load is considered too. A computer program is written in the Visual Basic programming language. This computer program consists of two parts. The first part is the linear analysis using the membrane theory formulas to get the forces at the crown and at the support of the shell.............

Keywords: Economic, Design, Reinforced Concrete, Conical, Shells.

[1]. Atta al_Hadithi and Hana A. Khaliq, "Conical Domes in Iraq", Ministry of Information, Directorate General of Antiquities,
Republic of Iraq, Baghdad 1974.
[2]. Ekkehard Ramm and Gerhard Mehlhorn, "On shape finding methods and ultimate load analyses of reinforced concrete shells",
Engineering Structures, Volume 13, Issue 2, April 1991, pp. 178-198.
[3]. M.H. Imam, "Shape optimization of umbrella-shaped concrete shells subjected to self-weight as the dominant load", Computers &
Structures, Volume 69, Issue 4, November 1998, pp. 513–524.
[4]. M Z Kabir and A Rojhani Shirazi, "Optimum Design of FilamentWound Laminated Conical Shells for Buckling Using the Penalty
Function", JAST, Vol No 5. pp 115-121, Iranian Aerospace Society September 2008.
[5]. Antonio Tomás and Pascual Martí, "Shape and size optimisation of concrete shells", Elsevier, Engineering Structures, 32 (2010),
pp. 1650–1658.

Abstract: The structural community in India is yet to bring in practice the modern approach of composite modeling in tall building even after its proven benefits of speedy and easier erection, Labor saving, stiff-Strength, safe and full life span. Here this paper presents the comprehensive analysis of G+20 building. A true attempt is made to study the behavior of axial force, shear force, bending moment, Twisting moment base shear and displacement by using E-tab 2015 software. The result proves that performance of composite model is not only habitable, stable, safe but also cost and time saving.........

Keywords: Fully Encased Composite (FEC), Comprehensive Model, Axial Force, Weight of Structure, RCC (Reinforced Cement concrete).

[1]. Nitish Mohite, P. Joshi, Dr W Deulkar "Comparative Analysis of RCC and Steel Concrete Composite Building" published a paper in IJSC, Vol.5, 2015.
[2]. S. S. Charantimath, Prof. Swapnil B.Cholekar, Manjunat M. Birje, "Comparative Study of Structural Parameters of RCC And Composite Building" in IJSTE in vol.6,
[3]. Zafar Mujawar , Prakarsh Sangave, "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete, Steel And Composite Structures Under The Effect Of Seismic Loading" in IJER 2015
[4]. Shweta A. Wagh and Prof, Dr. U. P. Waghe on "Comparative Study Of RCC and Steel Concrete Composite Structure" in IJSTE vol.4 2014.
[5]. Mr N Hedoo, L Gupta and G Ronghe, "Design of composite slabs with profiled steel decking" in Springer 2012

Abstract: In construction of buildings, materials consume more than 60% of the total cost of construction. To increase the life of buildings quality of material should be good. By using proper quality of material construction life span can be increased. In India, due to improper safety management and negligence towards safety many people loose their life every year. Safety is very important parameter in construction industry. To avoid such accidents on construction site proper safety should be provided and also worker should know the importance of safety at the time of work on high rise buildings.............

Keywords: Quality, Concrete, Statistical Analysis, mix design, safety, health, environment

[1]. N. M. Cachadinha, (2009), "Implementing Quality Management Systems in Small and Medium Construction Companies", American society of civil engineering, 2009.9:32-39.
[2]. W. B. Ledbetter, z Fellow, (1994), "Quality Performance On Successful Project", American society of civil engineering,120:34-46.
[3]. Debashis Das, Abhijit Chatterjee, (2013), "A Proposed Statistical Procedure for Assessment of Strength of Concrete from Low Sample Size Using Monte Carlo Simulation", International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2013
[4]. Phoon, K. K., Wee, T. H., and Loi, C.S, (1999), "Development of statistical quality assurance criterion for concrete using ultrasonic pulse velocity method", ACI Materials Journal., vol. 96, no.5, pp.568-574, 1999.
[5]. Burak Felekoglu, Selcuk Turkel, Bulent Baradan, (2007), "Effect of water/cement ratio on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete", Elsevier Journal, Vol. 42, 1795–1802, 2007

Abstract: Disposal of chemical waste and discharges of process wastewater over long period results in contamination of soil, ground water and surface water. The release or potential release of contaminant from such sites may endanger human health, welfare & the environment. Human health could be at a risk due to inhalation of air borne contaminants, direct contact with soil /sediment and ingestion of contaminated ground water. It is, therefore, necessary to remediate contaminated soil by adopting suitable measures.........

Keyword: Soil,Washing,Solvent,Lindane,Extraction,Pesticide,Chromotography

[1]. A Citizen's Guide to Chemical Dehalogenation. http://cluin.org/PRODUCTS/ CITGUIDE/Dehalo.htm
[2]. A Citizen's Guide to Solidification/Stabilization. www.clu-in.org/download/citizens/s-s.pdf Solidification/Stabilization
[3]. A Citizen's Guide to Vitrification. www.clu-in.org/download/citizens/vitrification.pdf Roy, C., B. de Caumia, D. Blanchette, H. Pakdel, G. Couture and A. E. Schwerdtfeger. "Vacuum Pyrolysis Process for the Remediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils". Remediation. Winter 1994/95: 111-130
[4]. Wodagene and H. van der Wulp. ―Obsolete Pesticides in Developing Nations.‖ Pesticides News 32 (1996): 12–13.
[5]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ―Toxicologic Profile for Alpha-, Beta, Gamma- and Delta-Hexachlorocyclohenxane.‖Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles /tp43.pdf, August 2005.

Abstract: Worldwide Building consumes annually about 30-40% of primary energy in construction, operation and maintenance. A massive part of this energy is consumed in fabric activity alone. Nearly two million residential buildings for economic weaker section alone are required to be built annually in India, apart from offices, commercial, public and industrial buildings. Estimation of embodied energy is quite difficult due to complex calculations. In case of raw material energy, it may be easy. But for thermal, electric and transportation, it may be difficult due to the relationship between fuel used and the capacity of vehicle............

Keywords: Embodied Energy, programming tool;

[1]. Reddy B.V.V., (2004), "Sustainable Building Technologies", Current Science, vol 87, pp 899 - 907.
[2]. Reddy B.V.V. and Jagadish K.S., (2003), "Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies", Elsevier journal of Building and Environment, vol. 35, pp. 129-135.
[3]. Dixit Manish K., Fernández Jose L., LavySarel, Culp Charles H., (2012), "Need for an embodied energy measurement protocol for buildings: A review paper", Elsevier journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 3731-3735.
[4]. M. Kainuma, Y. Matsuoka, T. Morita, "Estimation of embodied CO2 emissions by general equilibrium model", European Journal of Operational Research (A part of Elsevier Team) 122 (2000) 392-404.
[5]. B.V. Venkatarama Reddy, P. Prasanna Kumar, "Embodied energy in cement stabilised rammed earth walls", Elsevier Journal of Energy and Buildings 42 (2010) 380–385.

Abstract: Nishnap dam located in Radhanagri Tahesil, district Kolhapur, and was built in 1999-2001. Water was stored in the dam till 2004 but due to some reasons, dam did not fulfil the function of storing water. Considering dam has failed in 2004 central portion of the dam was removed due to fear of overtopping of dam. The dam is about to restore and reconstruct to serve its purpose..Geological investigations and meterological investigations are done in order to know the feasibility and subsurface details of hard stratum. Remedial measures are suggested to avoid further failure of dam.The remedial measures include providing cut-off trench, filters ,seepage control measures.

Keywords: Earthen Dam, Erosion, Breaching.

[1]. Amit Srivastava. (2011 ),"Geotechnical Instrumentation, monitoring and Surveillance in earth dam safety program". Indian Geotechnical Conference,Kochi.
[2]. Huy Thanh Pham, Htet Zaw Oo, Cheng Jing.(2013) ,"Stability of Slope and Seepage Analysis in Earth Dam Using Numerical Finite Element Model".Study of Civil Engineering and Architecture (SCEA) Volume 2 Issue 4.
[3]. Jay Greska, Bryce Mochrie ,Chii-Ell Tsai .(2013 ),"DAM BREACH ANALYSIS SIMULATION ON THE LOWER SUSQUEHANNA RIVER" . Journal of the Hydraulic Engineering Division, ASCE.
[4]. Thomas C. MacDonald1 and Jennifer Langridge-Monopolis2. (1984), "BREACHING CHARACTERISTICS OF DAM FAILURES". J. Hydraul. Eng. 1984.110:567-586.
[5]. Vijay P. Singh,1 Member, ASCE, and Panagiotis D. Scarlatos ,(1988)"ANALYSIS OF GRADUAL EARTH-DAM FAILURE" .J. Hydraul. Eng.114:21-42.

Abstract: Political Science studies domestic politics of a state or states, and contains political dynamics as one of its sub-fields of study which in turn has as one of its sub-sub-fields – political parties, a special topic for examination of this article. As a factual statement, political parties occupy an important place and play a significant role in the governmental process of a state having democratic political institutions. However, in countries with government systems characterized by a combination of authorization, a term which signifies non-democratic government, and democratic parties...............

Keywords: political parties, political dynamics, democracy, authoritarian government, political participation, authoritarianism and totalitarianism.

[1]. S. D. Bailey, ed., Political Parties and the Party System in Britain (New York: Fredrick A. Praeger, 1956).
[2]. D. W. Brogan, An Introduction to American Politics, 3rd ed. (London: Blackwell‟s, 1954).
[3]. I. Bulmer-Thomas, The Party System in Great Britain (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1953).
[4]. H. Finer, Governments of Greater European Powers (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1956), pp. 58-97, 335 – 367, 853 – 888.
[5]. W. Goodman, The Two-Party System in the United States (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1956).

Abstract: The use of chemical admixtures in concrete is a common solution to achieve full compaction particularly where reinforcement congestion and shortage of skilled workers. The past researchers have been underscored the use of chemical admixtures imparts the desirable properties to concrete in both fresh and hardened state. This paper has been made an attempt to study the influence of superplasticizer dose of 400ml, 600ml, 800ml, 1000ml and 1200ml/100 kg of cement on performance of Concrete. The experimental tests for fresh and hardened properties of concrete for three mixes of 30 MPa grade are studied and the results are compared with normal concrete. The tests considered for study are, slump test, slump loss, flow table and compressive strength test The results show that for the constant water cement ratio, increase of superplasticizer dose in properties of concrete leads to gain of good workability. Moreover, there is also increase in compressive strength than that of normal concrete mix.

Keywords: Compressive strength, Normal concrete, Super plasticizer, Workability.

[1] Neville A.M, 2005. Properties of concrete, Pearson. Prentice Hall, p 255- 262
[2] Ramachandran V. S., Beaudoin J. J.and Shihua., 1981. Concrete science. Heyden & Son Ltd. p. 91,130- 138, 145.
[3] Salahaldein Alsadey (2012). Influence of Superplasticizer on Strength of Concrete. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJRET) Vol. 1, No. 3, 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4378.
[4] Salahaldein Alsadey, (2012) Effects of Superplasticizing Admixture on Properties of Concrete Paper presented at International Conference on Transport, Environment and Civil Engineering (ICTECE' 2012). Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), August 25-26, 2012.
[5] Salahaldein Alsadey , 2013 Effects of Superplasticizing and Retarding Admixtures on Properties of Concrete International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICIET), Bangkok (Thailand).

Abstract: This study aims to determine the level of acidity in the rainwater in the industrial area of East Jakarta. The research was done by using a multimeter (Waterproof Tester). With these tools, it can be seen pH, EC, TDS, and temperature in the rainwater. The results shown that the rainwater in the area of East Jakarta tends to be normal because it is still in the average and standard. Although these areas are industrial areas, airports, and many transportation passes, the industrial area still have green places.

Keywords: Industry, air pollution, rainwater, Jakarta.

[1]. M.B. Hocking, Handbook of chemical technology and pollution control, Elsevier, 2016.
[2]. J. Stauffer, The water crisis: Constructing solutions to freshwater pollution, Routledge, 2013.
[3]. W.Z. Tang, Physicochemical treatment of hazardous wastes, CRC Press, 2016.
[4]. Y. Qu, J. An, Y. He, J. Zheng, An overview of emissions of SO 2 and NO x and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia, Publisher, City, 2016.
[5]. E. Budiharjo, Kota Berwawasan Lingkungan, Alumni, 1993..