iosr-JMCE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov.-Dec.2019

Abstract: Analysis of the Air Quality Indices (AQIs) at two different location ofDelhi City is carried out for year (2016-2018) usingvarious air quality parameters. The 24-hr average concentrations of five criteria pollutants viz. Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM/PM2.5), Suspended particulate matter (SPM/PM10), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Ozone (O3) were estimated. AQIs was calculated and It was observed that AQIs at both the locations were in severe condition in winter season, whereas itwas in moderate to poor condition in the summer and monsoon seasons. During the entire year, AQIs were more than the standard limits. It was also found that NO2 level in the industrial area was greater than the residential area, whereas SO2 levels in industrial area was less than that in residential area. At both the locations,SO2 and NO2 levels were within the standard limits. Overall the AQIswere found to fall under the category 'Severe' and 'very poor' owing to PM10 and PM2.5, respectively.

[1]. Ishii, S., Marshall, F. M., Bell, J. N. B., & Abdullah, A. M. (2004). Impact of ambient air pollution on locally grown rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) in Malaysia. Water, air, and soil pollution, 154(1-4), 187-2011
[2]. Bahauddin, K. M., & Uddin, T. S. (2010, September). Status of particulate matter and its impact on roadside population of Dhaka City, Bangladesh: A review study. In Proceeding of international conference on environmental aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10), Japan (pp. 125-128).
[3]. Banerjee, T., & Srivastava, R. K. (2011). Assessment of the ambient air quality at the Integrated Industrial Estate‐Pantnagar through the air quality index (AQI) and exceedence factor (EF). Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 6(1), 64-70.
[4]. Bishoi, B., Prakash, A., & Jain, V. K. (2009). A comparative study of air quality index based on factor analysis and US-EPA methods for an urban environment. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 9(1), 1-17
[5]. Shooter, D., & Brimblecombe, P. (2009). Air quality indexing. International Journal of Environmental Pollution, 36(1-3), 305-323.

Abstract: The knowledge of the moisture desorption isotherm of products are necessary for adequate design of drying systems for such food product in order to minimize post-harvest loses. Moisture desorption isotherm of tilapia fish at temperatures ranging between 40 to 70 oCwith water activity ranging between 0.112 to 0.964 were determined using static gravimetric technique. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) recommendeda four 3-parameter models as a basic condition for assessing and fitting experimental data to this models usingnonlinear regression program analysis. The recommended models by ASAE are Modified Henderson, Modified GAB,Modified Chung Pfost, Modified Halseyand ModifiedOswinTherecommended ASAE models were compared using Coefficient of Determination (R2), Standard Error (SE), Reduced Chi Square (χ2)and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The moisture sorption isotherms of tilapia fish were sigmoid in shape and were found to be temperature dependent.....

Keywords: desorption isotherm, equilibrium moisture, water activity, sigmoid, static gravimetric

[1]. Adeyeye, S.A.,Oyewole O. B.,Obadina.A. O.,Omemu A M.,Oyedele H.A.,Adeogun S. (2016)Socioeconomic Characteristics of Traditional Fish Processesors in Lagos State, Nigeria.Inter. J. of Aqua culture vol.5 n0 37 doi:10.5376/ija2015.05.0037
[2]. Shimang, G.N.,( 2005). Fisheries development in Nigeria, problems and prospects. The Federal Director of Fisheries, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja.
[3]. Chilaka,Q.M., G.O. Nwabeze and O.E. Odili, (2014). Challenges of Inland Artisanal Fish Production in Nigeria: Economic Perspective. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 9:501-505.doi: 10.3923/jfas.2014.501.505
[4]. FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals.Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[5]. Palou E, Lopez-Malo A, Argaiz A. (1997) Effect of temperature on the moisture sorption isotherms of some cookies and corn snacks. J Food Eng. 1997; 31:85–93.doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(96)00019-2.

Abstract: The Automobile Industry and the numerous different motor makers need improved motor execution in staying aware of the fundamental changes to secure our wallets and condition. Both the Automobile and Engine Industries are presently attempting to consent to Government prerequisites and are falling behind in staying aware of proposed future guidelines and Government orders that will give the essential headway to secure us and the Earth's condition. The Automotive Industry has mentioned that the US Government diminish the efficiency and outflow prerequisites for future vehicles in light of the fact that, by their very own confirmation, they don't have the innovation to meet such mileage and contamination orders for a long time to come. Yoke arm has changed the entirety of this..

Key words: Combustion rate, Dwell, Efficiency, Pollution, Yoke Arm.

[1]. Ozcan, H., Yamin, J.A.A., Performance and emission characteristics of LPG powered four stroke SI engine under variable stroke length and compression ratio, Energy Conversion and Management 49, (2008), pp.1193–1201.
[2]. Kutlar, O.A., Arslan, H., Calik, A.T., Methods to improve efficiency of four stroke, spark ignition engines at part load, Energy Conversion and Management 46, (2005), pp. 3202– 3220.
[3]. Heywood, J.B., Internal combustion engines fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
[4]. Biermann, A.E., Variable Stroke Piston Engines, U.S. Patent No. 2,909,163,(1959)..

Abstract: Direct utilization of edible consumable cooking oils as fuel in Diesel motors prompts some significant motor operational issues that should be fathomed so as to make their convenience conceivable. Olive Oil was blended with (Diesel 70% + Kerosene 30%) by percentages of (Diesel 70% + Kerosene 30%) 95% + Olive Oil 05%, (Diesel 70% + Kerosene 30%) 90% + Olive Oil 10% and (Diesel 70% + Kerosene 30%) 85% + Olive Oil 15%.These blend fills were from the outset analyzed by strategies for physicochemical fuel properties and connections were made with standard Diesel fuel. Blend fills and standard Diesel fuel were then attempted in a Diesel control generator one chamber so as to examine the burning, execution and outflow qualities of the mix powers and contrast them and the oil-based Diesel fuel. It tends to be inferred that (Diesel + Kerosene) and can be utilized as fuel with improved ignition and performance qualities contrasted with those of unadulterated edible consumable cooking oils..

Key words: Diesel, Kerosene, Olive Oil, Performance..

[1]. O.M.I. Nwafor, G. Rice, Performance of rapeseed oil blends in a Diesel engine, Appl. Energy 54 (1996) 345–354.
[2]. G. Labeckas, S. Slavinskas, Performance of a direct-injection off-road Diesel engine on rapeseed oil, Renew. Energy 31 (2006) 849–863.
[3]. C.D. Rakopoulos, K.A. Antonopoulos, D.C. Rakopoulos, E.C. Kakaras, E.G. Pariotis, Characteristics of the performance and emissions of a HSDI Diesel engine running with cottonseed oil or its methyl ester and their blends with Diesel fuel, Int. J. Veh. Des. 45 (2007) 200–221.
[4]. C.S. Lee, S.W. Park, S.I. Kwon, An experimental study on the atomization and combustion characteristics of bioDiesel blended fuels, Energy Fuel 19 (5) (2005) 2201–2208.
[5]. K.L. Tay, W. Yang, B. Mohan, H. An, D. Zhou, W. Yu, Development of a robust and compact Kerosene–Diesel reaction mechanism for Diesel engines, Energy Convers. Manage. 108 (2016) 446–458..

Abstract: A concrete beam is a structural element which carries load primarily in bending. Bending phenomenon causes a beam to undergo in tension and in compression. Beams carry vertical gravitational forces and can also be used to carry horizontal loads. These loads carried by beam are transferred to foundation. The beam compression section is designed to resist buckling and crushing, and tension section is designed to resist tension. Understanding the response of beam during loading is crucial for the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Many methods have been adopted to study response of structural components. Recently Finite Element Analysis is also used to analyze structural components. In this paper, two point, single point and UDL bending analysis is carried out and behavior of the beam are analyzed and discussed. Finite Element software ANSYS 11.0 is used for modeling and analysis by conducting non linear static analysis

Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Two point loading, Single point loading, UDL

[1]. R. Srinivasan and K. Sathiya, "Flexural Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Finite Element Analysis (elastic analysis)," Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Avinachilingam University for Women, India, June 2010
[2]. Seyed Hamid Hashemi, Reza Rahgozar and Ali Akbar Maghsoudi Professor, "Finite Element and Experimental Serviceability Analysis of HSC Beams Strengthened with FRP Sheets," University of Kerman, Iran, June 12, 2007
[3]. Sung-woo shin, Hoong Kang, John-mun Ahn and Do-woo Kim , "Flexural capacity of singly reinforced beam with 150 Mpa ultra high-strength concrete," Department of Architectural Engineering,Ansan College,Korea. Vol.17, December 2010.
[4]. Saifullah1,S.M.K.Uddin, M.A.Hossain,M.R.A Khan and M.A.Amin,"Non linear Analysis of RC Beam for Different Shear Reinforcement Pattern by Finite Element Analysis,", Vol. 11 , No. 01, Feb 2011, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) ,Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
[5]. R.Balamuralikrishnan and C.Antony Jeyasehar, "Flexural Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Fabrics," senior lecture, professor and Head, Department of civil and Structural Engineering,Annamalai University Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu.

Abstract: Traditional Shipping is a traditional business of the people and has its own characteristics to carry out transportation in waters using sailing ships including Pinisi, Motorized Sailing Ships, and/or simple motorized boats of a certain size. Accidents in people's voyages still often occur in the waters of Makassar City. This study aims to analyze the improvement of local shipping safety in Makassar. This research is a qualitative descriptive method using SWOT analysis. The results of this study show 1). Seaworthiness Conditions of Traditional Ships regarding the implementation of procedures, information on weather conditions, seaworthiness conditions were in the very good category 53.3% and good category by 46.7%. 2). safety management and supervision of sea transportation in Makassar City have performed in accordance with applicable regulations and procedures so...

Keywords: Traditional, Shipping, Safety, Security

[1]. Boulougouris, E., Cichowicz, J., Jasionowski, A., & Konovessis, D. 2016. Improvement of ship stability and safety in damaged condition through operational measures: Challenges and opportunities. Ocean Engineering, 122, 311–316.
[2]. European Maritime Heritage. 2009. Standard upon Safe Operation of Traditional Ships in European Waters and Standards required for Ship Safety Certification, Annex II
[3]. EMSA. 2018. Annual Overview of Marine Casualties and Incidents 2017.
[4]. Fawzi and Rita Irviani. 2018. Introduction to Management. Yogyakarta: ANDI Publisher.
[5]. Haapasaari, P., Helle, I., Lehikoinen, A., Lappalainen, J., & Kuikka, S. 2015. A proactive approach for maritime safety policy making for the Gulf of Finland: Seeking best practices. Marine Policy, 60, 107–118.

Abstract: In this paper, the definition of building energy efficiency determine the patent search expression, from building energy efficiency high annual patent distribution, patent holder, the applicant technology association, the cooperative relations, hot spot and the distribution of the province has carried on the thorough analysis, finally, in combination with the practical situation of our country specific advice is given on the development of building energy efficiency..

Key words: building energy conservation; Patent analysis; Development situation.

[1]. Tu fengxiang, wang qingyi. Current situation and development of building energy conservation in China [J]. New building materials,2004(07):40-42.
[2]. Zhang jianguo, gu lijing. Development status, challenges and policy Suggestions of green building in China [J]. China energy,2012,34(12):19-24.
[3]. Sun guixiang. Discussion on quality control and detection of building energy saving engineering [J]. Engineering technology research,2019,4(12):141-142.
[4]. Tian fangfang. Research on energy-saving design and economic evaluation of residential buildings [D]. North China university ofwater resources and hydropower,2019.
[5]. Wu shaopu. Application of building energy conservation in architectural design [J]. Building materials and decoration,2019(13):123-124.

Abstract: Static response of geogrid reinforced soil walls with and without geofoam inclusion to the externally applied vertically downward strip loading was presented in this paper. A series of small-scale experimental tests was performed on the model geogrid reinforced soil walls. Geofoam inclusion was made at the center of the reinforced zone. Parameters varied in the study were the placement position of the strip loading, density of the geofoam and thickness of the geofoam . Wrap around facing technique was used to represent the flexible facing conditions. Reinforcement spacing was 0.084H for each model configuration. Reinforcement length was 0.70H for each model configuration. A 55mm strip load was incrementally increased at constant strain rate of 5mm/min till the desired settlement.....

Keywords: Geofoam, geogrid, Soil Stabilization, Image analysis, Energy Dissipation

[1]. BS 8006 (2010), Code of practice for strengthened /reinforced soils and other fills, British Standard Institute (BSI), London, UK.
[2]. FHWA (2000), Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes Design and Construction Guidelines, 00 edn, FHWA, Washington DC, United States.
[3]. Leshchinsky, D. & Han, J. (2007), Analytical Framework for Geosynthetic Reinforced Earth Structures: Part I — Ideal Approach, in 'Geosynthetics in Reinforcement and Hydraulic Applications', 1, Denver, Colorado, United States, pp. 1–9.
[4]. Bathurst, R. J., Miyata, Y., Nernheim, A., Allen, A. M. & Miyata, Y. (2008), 'Refinement of K-stiffness Method for geosynthetic- reinforced soil walls', Geosynthetics International 15(4), 269–295.
[5]. Huang, B., Bathurst, R. J. & Hatami, K. (2009), 'Numerical study of reinforced soil segmental walls using three different constitutive soil models', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 135(10), 1486–1498..

Abstract: In this paper site, investigation was carried out to reveal the site subsurface condition, determine bearing strength, predict settlement and recommend foundation for a 20,000us gallons elevated Braithwaite water tank. Method involved the boring of 3geotechnical boreholes to a depth of 10m, sampling and laboratory analysis.Results indicatethat very soft, organic sensitive to extra-sensitive, highly collapsible, high compressibility overconsolidated clays underlie to a depth of 8m. The moisture content of these clays varies from 120.15 – 128.0%, wet unit weight from 13.99 – 18.63KN/m3, and specific gravity of 2.35 - 2.56. Liquid limit ranges from 66.9 – 67.1%, plastic limit from 29 – 31%, plasticity index from 36.1 – 37.9% on the basis of which they classify as ilmenites. Their linear shrinkage ranges from 10 – 13.1%, collapse potential from 0.161 – 0.234 with allowable bearing capacity of 113.22KN/m2 and total settlement of 166.14cm, raft foundation with pre-treatment of foundation or raft on reinforced bore concrete pile has been recommended. Pre-treatment of the foundation to include excavation and carting away to spoil; filling with good quality granular materials, compaction with vibratory roller compactor and stabilization with lime because of the high liquid and plastic limits.

Keywords: site investigation, bearing capacity, settlement, collapse potential, raft foundation

[1]. B. Das (1999). Principles of Foundation `Engineering, 4th edn. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 862pp.
[2]. B. C. Punmia, A. K. Jain and A. K. Jain(1994).Soil mechanics and Foundations. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. 970pages.
[3]. B. Look(2006). Handbook of geotechnical investigations and design tables.London: Taylor and Francis. 356pages
[4]. F. A. Abija, J. I.Nwosu, A. I. Ifedotun and C. C. Osadebe ()2019Landslide susceptibility assessment of Calabar, Nigeria using Geotechnical, Remote Sensing and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Implications for urban planning and development. Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies 4(6) p:774-788
[5]. F. G. Blyth and M. H. de Freitas(1982). A Geology for Engineers, 7th edn. Oxford: Butterwoth -Heineman, Imprint of Elsevier, 325 pages..