iosr-JNHS   Volume-4 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

Abstract: The study entitled "Influence of micronutrient deficiency on the prevalence of respiratory diseases among children 6-12 years" was conducted to assess the nutritional status of the children. Majority of the socio economic variables such as age, area of residence, family income are found to have an impact on the nutritional status of the children with respiratory diseases.

[1]. Insel, P. Turner, R, E. Ross, D (2011) Discovering Nutrition. Jones and Barlett Publishers, London. P 3.

[2]. Thompson, G. Amoroso, L (2011) Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies: Food-Based Approaches, CABI, USA P 324.

[3]. Sardesai, V.M (2003) Introduction to Clinical Nutrition, Marcel Dekker, USA P 346.

[4]. Jenkins, C.D (2003) Building Better Health: A Handbook of Behavioral Change, Pan American Health Org, Texas, P 48.

[5]. Duggan, C.Watkins, J.B and Allan, W (2008) Nutrition in Pediatrics: Basic Science, Clinical Applications, PMPH-USA, P 234.

[6]. Semba, R.D (2008) Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries Humana Press, USA, Pp 196-199.

Abstract: Background: Anemia impairs cognitive development, reduces physical work capacity and in severe cases increases risk of mortality particularly during prenatal period. In India, 16% of maternal deaths are attributed to anemia. However, high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women persists in India despite the availability of effective, low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Aknowledge of them sociodemographic factors associated with anemia will help to formulate multipronged strategies to attack this important public health problem in pregnancy.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and its predicting factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Tertiary care center

[1]. World Health Organization (WHO) The prevalence of Anaemia in women: a tabulation of available information. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1992. WHO/MCH/MSM/92.2.
[2]. World Health Organization (1993-2005) Worldwide prevalence of anemia, 49- 84. [3]. Mahomed K. Iron and folate supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2)CD001135: World Health Organization Reproductive Health Library CD-ROM. 2004;7. [PubMed] [4]. Nyuke RB, Letsky EA. Etiology of anaemia in pregnancy in South Malawi. Am J Clin Nutr.2000;72:247–256. [PubMed] [5]. van den Broek NR, Rogerson SJ, Mhango CG, et al. Anaemia in pregnancy in southern Malawi: prevalence and risk factors. BJOG. 2000;107:437–438. [PubMed] [6]. Amadi AN, Onwere S, Kamanu CI, Njoku OO, Aluka C. Study on the association between maternal malaria infection and anaemia. J Med Invest Pract (JOMIP) 2000;1:23–25. [7]. Aluka C, Amadi AN, Kamanu CI, Feyi-Waboso PA. Anaemia in pregnancy in Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba. J Med Invest Pract (JOMIP) 2001;2:58–61.

Abstract: This study assessed the stress levels among undergraduates in Nigeria, focusing on Babcock University. Using multistage sampling, 605 students were selected from 5 out of the 6 schools in the University to participate in the study. The factors examined included age, gender, religion and marital status of the respondents. Also, the respondents were classed into different stress personality types using the previously standardized Emotional Stress Inventory Questionnaire (ESIQ). Common stressors were also identified. The majorities of the respondents (78%) were less than 20 years of age, female (54%), single (96%), belong to the Yoruba ethnic group (56%) and are Christians (91%). Also, 60% of the respondents belong to personality type A. Top ten stressors causing moderate to high stress among respondents were academic oriented. How

[1]. Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S, Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer Publishing Company, 1984, accessed February 2013 from http://springerpub.com
[2]. Kadapatti, M.G. and Vijayalaxmi, A. H. M, Stressors of Academic Stress – A Study on Pre-University Students. Indian Journal of Science Research. (3), 2012, 171-175.
[3]. Chandra, A. and Batada, A, (2006). Exploring Stress and Coping among African American Adolescents: The Shifting the Lens Study. Chronic Dis. April, 2006, 3 (2).
[4]. Akinboye, J. O., Akinboye, D.O. and Adeyemo, A. O, Coping with Stress in Life and Work Place, Ibadan Stirling-Horen Publishers Ltd, 2012.
[5]. Tan, T. J., Winkelman, C, The Contribution of Stress Level, Coping Styles and Personality Traits to International Students‟ Academic Performance, 2012, accessed November 2013 from http://www.isana.org.au

Abstract: Upper GI Bleeding is defined as Bleeding from GIT starting from oral cavity upto Ligamentum of trietz .,it may be either a hematemesis, malena or both. Upper GI bleed is a quiet common problem seen in day to day Gastroenterology OPD., & a detailed 5yrs study was made to assess the etiological factors for UGI bleeding in the period from 2009-2014, in the department of Gastroenterology ,GGH/Guntur Medical college, Guntur,AP.

Keywords: Haematomesis,malena,variceal bleeding,EVL,Gastroscopy.

[1]. British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee (October 2002). "Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines.". Gut. 51 Suppl 4: iv1–6. PMC 1867732. PMID 12208839.
[2]. "Are SSRIs associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults?". Global Family Doctor.
[3]. Graber CJ et al. (2007). "A Stitch in Time — A 64-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease was admitted to the hospital with a several-month history of fevers, chills, and fatigue". New Engl J Med 357 (10): 1029–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMcps062601. PMID 17804848.
[4]. Sierra J, Kalangos A, Faidutti B, Christenson JT (2003). "Aorto-enteric fistula is a serious complication to aortic surgery. Modern trends in diagnosis and therapy". Cardiovascular surgery (London, England) 11 (3): 185–8. doi:10.1016/S0967-2109(03)00004-8. PMID 12704326.
[5]. Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, Mattu A, Granja CA, Baumgarten M (2006). "ED predictors of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in patients without hematemesis". Am J Emerg Med 24 (3): 280–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.11.005. PMID 16635697.

Abstract: Stroke is the second cause of death and disability after heart disease. The long-term stroke can cause functional disorder, such as: physical, psychological, social, and environmental disorder. The effort of stroke patients is more properly done by Restoratif care approach. The current model of stroke patients' care emphasizes highly on medical and healing aspects from the disability condition. The care which improves the patients' and family's self-ability has not been done completely. this research design is a model development design which includes three phases, they are: assessment, model development, and model implementation. The sample of this research was 65 respondents, and the sample of model implementation was 6 respondents. The data analysis was done through t-test and SEM analysis.

[1]. Cowman, S., Royston, M., Hickey, A., Horgan, F., McGee, H., O'Neill, D., (2010) Stroke and Nursing Home care: a national survey of nursing homes BMC Geriatrics 2010, 10:4
[2]. Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F., &Geissler-Murr, A.C., (2002) Nursing Care Plans: Guidelines for Individualizing Patient Care (6thed). Philadelphia, PA, F.A. Davis.
[3]. Legg, L., Avril Drummond, Leonardi-Bee, J., Gladman, J.R.F., Corr, S., Donkervoort, M., Judi Edmans, Gilbertson, L., Jongbloed, L., Logan, P., Sackley, C., Walker, M., Langhorne, P., (2007) Occupational therapy for patients with problems in personal activities of daily living after stroke: systematic review of randomised trials, doi:10.1136/bmj.39343.466863.55,
[4]. Lemeshow, S., Hosmer Jr., D. W., Klar, J. & Lwanga, S. K. (1997) In a large sample of Health Research, Interpreting:Pramono, D., Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press.
[5]. Lynch FL, Hornbrook M, Clarke GN, Perrin N, Polen MR, O'Connor E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an intervention to prevent depression in at-risk teens. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005; 62:1241– 1248. [PubMed: 16275811]

Abstract: Background: Physiotherapists use manual hyperinflation (MHI) as a treatment for the recruitment of collapsed lung and mobilization of excess pulmonary secretions .Purpose: To investigate the acute effect of manual hyperinflation (MHI) on oxygenation and volume of secretions cleared in mechanically ventilated patients. Subjects and Methods: Manual hyperinflation was delivered in 30 medically stable, mechanically ventilated patients . patients were randomly selected from Cairo university hospitals (critical care department). Their ages ranged from 50 to 60 years .The study group A received both manual hyperinflation and standard chest physiotherapy while control group B received standard chest physiotherapy only. Oxygenation parameters were recorded before and after 30 minutes of treatment while secretion volume was recorded after 30 minutes of treatment.

[1]. Maa, S. Hung, T. Hsu, K. Hsieh, Y. Wang, K. and Wang, C.: Manual hyperinflation improves alveolar recruitment in difficult to wean patients. Chest, 2005 (128):2714–2721.
[2]. Denehy, L. and berney, S.: physiotherapy in intensive care unit Physical Therapy Reviews; 2006; (11): 49–56,

[3]. Wai P W:Physical Therapy for a Patient in Acute Respiratory Failure. PHYS THER. 2000; 80:662-670.

[4]. Denehey L and Berney S: Physiotherapy In The Intensive Care Unit. Physical Therapy Reviews 2006, 11: 49–56

[5]. Stiller K. Physiotherapy in intensive care: towards an evidence based practice. Chest 2000, 6: 1801–13.

[6]. King D and Morrell A. A survey on manual hyperinflation as a physiotherapy technique in intensive care units. Physiotherapy 1992; 78: 747-750.

[7]. Arzu G : Respiratory and Hemodynamic Effects of Manual Hyperinflation in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients, The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology 2009, Vol 19 No.:2.

Abstract: Adolescence is a period of preparation for undertaking greater responsibilities including healthy responsible parenthood in future. Adolescence form prospective human resource for the society. Objectives: To assess the knowledge level of sex education among adolescent girls before the structured teaching programme, to assess the knowledge level of sex education among adolescent girls after the structured teaching programme, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding sex education among the adolescent girls, to find out the association between knowledge of adolescent girls with their demographic variables. Methodology: Pre experimental one group pre test post test design was used. Sample size of 60 were selected by simple random technique. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results : In pre test, a majority of 34(56.6%) had inadequate knowledge, 25(41.6%) had moderately adequate knowledge, and 1(1.6%) had adequate knowledge. In post test majority of them 30(50%) had adequate knowledge, 26(43%) had moderately adequate knowledge,4(7%) had inadequate knowledge.

Key words: Adolescence, effectiveness, knowledge, sex education, structured teaching programme.

[1]. Ghai, O.P, (2007), "Essential Pediatrics", 6th edition, New Delhi., CBS Publishers.
[2]. Best John w (1999), "Research In Education",7th edition New delhi: presentice hall of india.
[3]. PolitDFHunglerBP(1999),"EssentialsOfNursingResearch",Philadelphia,JB Lippincott company.
[4]. Donovan p (1993), "Sexually Transmitted Disease And Public Health Response", New York: alan guttmacher institute.
[5]. Gupte S (1998), "The Short Text Of Paediatrics", 9th edition, New Delhi; JP Brother.
[6]. http/www.pubmed.com
[7]. http/www.google.com

Abstract: A cancer diagnosis is hard to take and having cancer is not easy. Like all chronic illnesses, cancer involves a series of negative threat to life of individual that may be due to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer as it has the ability to shake one's worldview and significantly impact one's assumption about life. In addition to commonly recognized negative effects such as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), there may also be positive personal developmental change, including posttraumatic growth (PTG)which is affected by the anxiety level of the patient. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between post traumatic growth, ways of coping and anxiety among cancer patients. The study involved 100 cancer patients. There was a highly positive correlation between PTG and WAYS. State-trait anxiety was found to be highly negatively co-related to post traumatic growth and ways of coping.Thus it can be concluded that post traumatic growth and ways of coping goes in same manner which suggest that the better the coping behavior used by cancer patients more will be the post traumatic growth and there was negative relationship between post traumatic growth, ways of coping and state-trait anxiety.

Keywords: cancer, Post traumatic growth, Ways of coping, State-trait anxiety.

[1]. Melissa Center, Rebecca Siegel, Ahmedinjemal. Global Cancer Facts And Figures: World Health Organization 2011 (2) 1-7.
[2]. Damayantidatta. When Lifestyle Spells Disaster.India Today. 2010 August 13 Available From: Http://Indiatoday.Intoday.In/Story/When-Lifestyle-Spells-Disaster/1/108803.Html [3]. Artherholt SB, Fann JR. Psychosocial Care In Cancer. Current Psychiatry Reports 2012; 14(1):23-29. [4]. Matthew Tull. Posttraumatic Growth. Medical Review Board 2009 Nov, 9available From: Http://Ptsd.About.Com/Od/Glossary/G/Ptsdgrowthdef.Htm
[5]. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics. 2012. 62(1):10-29.
[6]. Das B.P Cancer Pattern In Haryana: Twenty One Year Experience, Health Administrator (17), 1: (29-49). Available From: Http://Medind.Nic.In/Haa/T05/I1/Haat05i1p29.Pdf

Abstract: The World Health Report, calls for "Realizing the Potential of Antenatal Care". While antenatal care (ANC) interventions, in and of themselves, cannot be expected to have a major impact on maternal mortality, the purpose is to improve maternal and perinatal health, this is necessary for improving the health and survival of infants. This study determines the knowledge and practice of focused ante natal care among skilled healthcare providers in Sokoto State of Nigeria. A descriptive cross sectional design was employed using structured questionnaire to assess a sample of 232 participants. The mean age of the respondents was 33 years ± 8. The result show that majority (84.9%) of the respondents were aware of focussed ante natal care and their major source of information was lectures (69.0%). Majority of the respondents had good knowledge of FANC but claimed that focussed ante natal care was not practiced in their hospital. The findings of this study showed that skilled healthcare providers had good knowledge of FANC but the practice of FANC was not implemented in Sokoto State, though participants reported their interest in the practice of FANC as the best suitable method of ANC. Therefore, there is need for implementation of FANC in Sokoto State of Nigeria.

Keywords: Exploration, Focused Antenatal care, Skilled healthcare providers, Sokoto

[1]. Ademola, M. A., Adenike, M. D., Adebo, M. T., Motinrayo, F. O., Abraham, O. B., Precious, E. O., Omolayo, O. O., Oyewole, O. O., & Susan, N,, (2011): A Study on acceptance and practice of Focused Ante Natal Care by Health care providers in South-West zone of Nigeria, scholars research library, 3(1): 484-491.
[2]. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and The World Bank (2010). Trends in Maternal Mortality from 1990 to 2008. Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Press.
[3]. World Health Organization (WHO) (2001): Major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in pregnancy and childbirth; new WHO model is effective and cheaper. Geneva, WHO Press.
[4]. Villar, J, Carroli, G & Gülmezoglu, AM. (2001): The gap between evidence and practice in maternal health care. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 75 (104):547-554.
[5]. Ekubua, J. Ekubua, K. and Njoku, C. (2011): proposed framework for making Focused Ante Natal Care services accessible: A review of Nigeria setting. Obstetrics and gynaecology, 20: 5-10.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate tertiary student's sexual behaviour and their knowledge and attitudes towards STDs, among students of University for Development Studies (UDS). The research design: data was collected by using a quantitative survey using self-answered questionnaire, from a sample of one hundred and thirty-four (n=134) out of a total student population of 3,881, using the simple random sampling technique in the data gathering process. Results/findings: out of the sample size of 134 students aged 15-44, 46.3% were males and 53.7% were females. About 24.6%, (n=33) have ever had sex without a condom. The study revealed that 99.3% ever heard of STDs, 85.1% had either below or average knowledge about the causes of STDs, 55.2% had knowledge above average on the prevention of STDs and more than 90% of the student sampled indicated that STDs are very common. Interestingly, 6.7% of the sampled population said STDs are mainly female infections.

[1]. Ghana Education Services (2008). HIV Alert School Model.(The child led pillar): Programme Training Manual,GES.

[2]. Kari, S.L., Staffan, B., Makela P. H., Miikka P. (2006). Health and Disease in Developing countries.

[3]. Kore, S.J., Pandole, A., Nemade, Y., Putharaya, S., Ambya, V.R (2004). Attitude, knowledge, beliefs about HIV/ADS in college going adolescents. Bombay Hospital Journal. Vol 2 (1), Page. 46.

[4]. McManus, A, Dhar. L. (2008). Study of knowledge, perception and Attitude of adolescent girls towards STIs/HIV.

[5]. Wold Health Organization, (2010). Word Health statistics. Geneva. WHO [6]. World Health Organization, (2011). Sexually Transmitted Infections. Geneva. WHO

Abstract: Background Of The Study: Human beings are the wonderful and marvellous creatures of God. Among them females are the beautiful and delicate creations. In spite of woman being so delicate they have to undergo many stressful changes in their lives. .In this process of pregnancy and labour women are subjected to a lot of stress and strain, where in their pelvic floor muscles and the structure of perineum loss its tone and may result in utero-vaginal prolapsed. Methodology Research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research. An evaluative approach was adopted for the study to determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention package on prevention of utero vaginal prolapsed. pre- experimental one group pre-test and post-test design. In the present study, the samples consist of all postnatal mothers admitted in sree Balaji medical college and hospital, Chenna.

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Abstract: The objective of the study was to identify factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive children aged between 6 and 60 months. The study utilized a non experimental descriptive design. It was a hospital based study conducted at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospital pediatric wards. A total of 30 children and 30 caregivers were recruited through convenience sampling. The children had a confirmed diagnosis of malnutrition, confirmed HIV positive, aged between 6 and 60 months and had to have a present caregiver during data collection. There were no dropouts. The main outcome measure were anthropometric measurements of the children namely; height, weight and mid upper arm circumference and the various stressors contributing to malnutrition. Twenty-two (73.33%) children were males and 8 (26.66%) were females. Contributing factors to malnutrition identified were presence other illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, tuberculosis and kwashiorkor, 19 (63.33%), low socioeconomic status (earned less than USD$100 dollars per month), 16 (53.33%), coming from a family with more than 5 dependants 11 (36.67%), not being on ART 15 (50%), and birth weight below or equal to 2500g 6 (20%). The major contributing factors to malnutrition were extrapersonal stressors (54.83) interpersonal stressors (30.28%) and intrapersonal stressors (29.76%).

Keywords: anthropometric measurements, HIV positive, malnutrition, stressors

[1]. A. Ashworth, M. Chopra, D. McCoy, D. Sanders, D. Jackson, N. Karaolis, and N. Sogaula, WHO guidelines for management of severe malnutrition in rural South African hospitals: effect on case fatality and the influence of operational factors, The Lancet, (363), 2004, 1110-1115
[2]. WHO, Infant and Young Child Feeding. Model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals (Geneva, 2009a)
[3]. WHO (2009b), Guidelines for an integrated approach to the nutritional care of HIV-infected children (6 months–14 years). Preliminary version for country introduction (Geneva, 2009b)
[4]. M. M. Lala, and R. H. Merchant, Principles of perinatal and pediatric HIV/AIDS, ( JP Medical Ltd. Florida, 2012)

Abstract: Birth outcomes refer to the end result of a pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self care practices during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in young women aged 16 to 24 years at a provincial maternity hospital in Zimbabwel. A descriptive corelational design was used. Orem's Self Care theory was used to guide the study. Eighty pregnant women were selected using systematic random sampling and, data was collected using interviews from the 1 March - 31 April 2012. Permission to carry out the study was obtained from the provincial maternity hospital, the Department of Nursing Science and the Medical and Research Council of Zimbabwe. Findings revealed such adverse birth outcomes as prematurity (between 28-32 weeks) 10 (12.5%), still births, 3 (3.75%), low apgar 17 (21.2%) and low birth weight 16 (20%). Adverse birth outcomes in the mothers included high blood pressure 32 (40%), HIV infection 20 (25%) and post partum hemorrhage 7 (8.8%) Twenty-four (30%) participants had not booked for antenatal care, 1 (1.8%) booked for antenatal care at less than 12 weeks while only 1 (1.8%) disclosed her pregnancy at above 29 weeks' gestation. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between self care practices and adverse birth outcomes, r=.340. This meant that birth outcomes improved as self care practices increased. Significant R2. was .115 meaning self care practices explained 11.5% of the variance observed in birth outcomes. Midwives should advocate delay in sexual debut in young women to reduce adverse birth outcomes.

Keywords: adverse birth outcomes, prenatal self care, young women

[1]. United Nations Fund for Population Activities, Adolescent sexual health and reproductive health. Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe, 2011)
[2]. N. Farber, Adolescent pregnancy: Policy and prevention services (Springler, New York, 2003)
[3]. Phiri, Risk factors associated with Low Birth Weight in Bindura District, Mashonaland Central Province The Central African Journal of Medicine Supplementary Issue to 55 (9/12), 2010, S28.
[4]. K. L. Moore, and T. V. N. Persaud, Before we are born. Essentials of embryology and birth defects (Philadelphia. W. B Saunders, 1993)
[5]. D. S. Elfenbein, and M. E. Felice, Adolescents pregnancy: A text book of paediatrics, (Philadelphia,Saunders Elsevier, 2011)

Abstract: this study attempts to describe nurses' relationship with deaf and hard of hearing (D&HH) population; nurses' communication skills, their preferred methods in communicating with D&HH patients, and their usage of interpretation services. Non-random stratified sample was designed; three strata hospitals in Riyadh were selected purposively as deaf patients are expected to visit more, then 200 nurses were selected accidently due to limitation of time and 140 of them have participated (response rate 70%). Results showed that 74% of the participants had to treat deaf patients in some points in their career, 71% haven't had instructions on communicating with those patients during their nursing studies and only 21% found it very critical to deal with deaf patients. Out of the study sample, 62% used paper and pen to communicate with deaf patients. While 28% of the study participants had to use interpreter, 58% communicated with the patient before the interpreter arrived and 62% reported that it takes more than one hour for the interpreter to arrive. Finally, 90% of the participants did not know if interpreters were available around the clock. In conclusion, this study showed the need to equip nurses with adequate deafness communication skills beside the necessity to employ the interpretation service properly to improve the level of services provided to D&HH patients.

Keywords: Communication, Deaf, Hard of hearing, Interpreters, Sign langage.

[1]. L. Harmer, Health care delivery and deaf people: practice, prince and recommendations for change, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education, 4(2), 1999.
[2]. N. Pandhi, J.R. Schumacher, S. Barnett, and M.A. Smith, Hearing loss and adults' perceptions of access to care, J Community Health, 36(5), 2011, 748-755.
[3]. S. Branett, Communication with deaf and hard of hearing people: a guide for medical education, Academic Medicine, 7, 2002, 694-700.
[4]. J. Burt, Equity need and access in health care: a mixed methods investigation of specialist palliative care use in relation to age ,London , UCI, 2010.
[5]. M. Shchwartz, Communication in the doctor's office: deaf patients talk about their physicians ,US, Syracuse University, 2006.

Abstract: The Aim Of This Study: was to assess the level of awareness about HIV/AIDS among in-technical school adolescents in Tanta city. Background: In Egypt, HIV is prevalent among the most productive population. About 84.3 % of the HIV infected Egyptians were between 15-49 years. There is an increase in the number of detected HIV infections in the youth and the share of those between 15-24 years is 14.1% of all detected HIV infections. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Methods: school-based study was conducted using a self-administered structured questionnaire. The respondents were secondary technical school students' grade 3, 4, and 5 in Tanta city-Egypt.

[1]. UNAIDS (2010), Report on Global AIDS Epidemic, Geneva.
[2]. World Bank (1999), Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic, revised ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[3]. Petros P (2010). HIV/AIDS and Development, Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8383-9881-5.
[4]. Judith A A, Cherie R and Kristine D W (2014). Community public health nursing: promoting the public health. 8th edition. Lippincott Williams& Wilkins,: 511, 257.
[5]. UNGASS Country Progress Report January 2008- December 2009. Arab Republic of Egypt.. www.Unaids.org/.../egypt_2010_country......
[6]. Egypt Program Profile: HIV and AIDS – UNICEF. www.unicef.org/egypt/HIV.pdf`
[7]. Egypt's progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals 2010.

Abstract: Prior to their professional carrier, nurses pass through a rigorous training in either schools of nursing or departments of nursing science in Nigerian universities. The basic professional education they obtained in these institutions is not sufficient for a life time practice. For nursing to be of high quality, the nurse will need to continuously update him/herself not only in the knowledge specific to nursing but to have vast knowledge in other related disciplines. Nigerian nurses face numerous challenges in updating their knowledge. These challenges notwithstanding, the nurses still have a professional obligation for safe practice supported by up-to-date knowledge which mobile phone has great potentials to provide. This study examined the use of mobile phone among nurses in primary and secondary healthcare settings in Sokoto State.

[1]. Abubakar, A.R., Oyeleye, B.A., Irinoye, O.O., & Soriyan, H.A. : Utilization of Mobile Technology for Knowledge Update among Nurses in Primary and Secondary Healthcare Settings in Osun State. (Unpublished)
[2]. Adeyemi, A. , & Ayenboyin, M.(2004). A Study on the Use of Information Systems to Prevent HIV/AIDS in Lagos state, Nigeria; retrieved on October,2011 from http://www.healthnet.org
[3]. Beard, U. (2000): Interprofessional information work: Innovations in the use of the chart on internal medicine teams. J. Interprof Care. 21: 657-667. [4]. Dale, J. C., & LeFlore J. (2007). Personal digital assistants: Making the most use of them in clinical practice. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 21, 339-342.
[5]. Davenport, K. (2004). Planning and conducting formative evaluations: Improving the quality of education and training. London: Kopgan Page.

Abstract: Introduction: The postnatal period is the time during which mother's body adjusts physically and psychologically to the process of childbearing. Objectives: To assess the level of urinary incontinence before intervention, to assess the level of urinary incontinence after intervention, to assess the effectiveness of postnatal exercise among postnatal mothers, to associate the effectiveness of post assessment level of urinary incontinence with selected demographic variables in experimental group.

[1]. Dutta.D.C. (2006), Textbook of Obstetrics including Perinatalogy and Contraception. 6th edition, Calcutta: New Central Book Agency; Pp No. 145-146.
[2]. Basavanthappa, B.T. (2006) Nursing Research, 2nd edition,. Bangalore: Jaypee Publications; Pp No. 109-125
[3]. Bennett Ruth.B. et al. (2003), Myle's Textbook for Midwives.15th edition, London: Churchill Livingstone; Pp No. 352-356
[4]. CP Thasyamma. (2003), A guide to mid wifery textbook for students. 2nd edition, Jaypee brother's medical publication: Pp No. 143-145.