iosr-JPBS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

Abstract: Diabetes can also be cured by some different plants abstract and their active principal are chemically react to each other to from medicine of diabetes. Different plants have different kind of active principal and reaction of them to make diabetes medicine. Keywords: enzymes, herbs, active principal, abstract, sample etc.

Abstract: Jaundice, also known as icterus,this term is show the because Jaundice causes yellowish skin of the patient. This is caused by hyperbilirubinemia, So, Jaundice is a very dangerous disease because it can also kills man. And Polluted the blood in our body. But using Boerhaavia diffusa plant's abstract. It cure Jaundice in about 7 to 20 days.Or mathematically (100%). Because it produces coldness in our body which cause death of the bacteria of Jaundice in the blood of patient. This is because of this plant's enzymic properties which cures Jaundice in very easy and fast way.

Keywords: Sightless, blood, antioxidant, jaundice, cardio.

Abstract: The Cancer, Ulcer and Heart problem (cardio problems) thrice are very dangerous diseases, that is of many type like breast cancer, brain cancer, blood cancer and duodenal ulcer and Cardio problems etc. And Cascuta is cure of duodenal ulcer and Cancer. And Orobanche is cardio- tonic of many heart problems that's why we represent this experiment. Orobanche and Cascuta plant active principal extracted from Is keeped in absolute alcohol in a corked bottle for 15 days produces extracted solution of them.

Keywords: Cancer, Kymograph, Cardio, Ulcer,intestine.

Abstract: Orobanche and Dendrophthoefalcata are angiosperm parasite stimulates phosphorus absorption rate of the host plant. An accumulation of phosphate, at the parasite contact zone of the host stem, has been observed. Redistribution of Phosphate in the top leaves of the infected host is considerably reduced as compared to the healthy one. This is due to the tapping of Phosphate by parasite from the host. Additional proofs have also been obtained to indicate a bidirectional flow of P32 between parasite and the host. Singh et al (11) have demonstrated an accumulation of phosphate compounds in the parasite which is perhaps indicating an active transport mechanism at the point of host- parasite contact. Similar accumulation of phosphorus in Loranthus –host associate has been reported (7). Littlefield et al (4), reported a substantial movement of sugar from host's body to dodder but was unable to establish any evidence of movement from the parasite to the host. Some recent studies have indicated transmission of viruses by Cascuta. [ Price (8); Lackey (3); Weathers (13); Miller & Troutman (5)]. On the hand, Polak (6) was unable to transmits a virus by dodder. No reference of movement.

Key words: Phosphorus 32; Dendrophthoe falcate; Orobanche aegyptiaca pers; Ficus glomerata etc.

Abstract: Four phototrophic bacterial species Blastochloris sulfoviridis, Rhodocista pekingensis, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rhodomicrobium vannielii, isolated from hot springs were analysed for cellular elemental affinity between them and to determine possible relationship between physiological features and the constituent elements. A novel methodology using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) of pigments produced by the bacteria was adopted and applied........

Keywords: Cellular element, Elemental affinity, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Pigmented bacteria

Abstract: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis is an excellent tool as a biomarker in determining genetic purity and estimating genetic diversity in plant species. Seven species of Ficus genus that are locally available in Hyderabad such as Ficus benjamina, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus elastica, Ficus binnebdjkii, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa and Ficus carica. Those ficus cultivars were then analysed by using three oligonucletide primer Z13 (5'GACTAAGCCC 3'), Z17 (5' CCTTCCCACT 3') and Z18 (5'AGGGTCTGTG 3'). A total of 340 amplified fragments, in which 212 (62.4%) were polymorphic fragments. The number of polymorphic bands scored per primer ranged from 9 (primer Z13) to 25 (primer Z18). Sixty out of 340 RAPD-PCR fragments were found to be useful as cultivar specific markers. Genetic similarities among the seven Ficus cultivars were estimated according to RAPD and cultivar distribution on the concensus tree according to banding pattern of RAPD. Results of combined data exhibited that Ficus benghalensis and Ficus elastica are related cultivars with highest similarity index. On the other hand Ficus benghalensis and Ficus benjamina are two distant related species with low similarity index.

Keywords: Ficus, RAPD marker, PCR, Polymorphism, Phoretix 1D.

Abstract: A total of 450 meat pies were collected from five locations in Jos metropolis. The three components of meat pies; paste, meat filling and potato topping were screened for total plate count, staphylococcal count, streptococcal count and fungal count under two storage temperatures of 40C for 7days and 370C for 3 days. A total of 12 organisms belonging to 7 genera were isolated from different components of the meat pies as follows: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogens, Streptococcus viridians, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus fermentum, Aspergillus oryzae, and Penicillum roqueforti with a relative frequency of 16.9%, 10.2%, 12.6%, 13.5%, 7.6%, 7.0%, 8.2%, 6.3%, 5.0%, 6.1%, 4.2% and 3.4% respectively. Significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the relative frequency of the microorganism under study. The sample bought from site 'D' had the highest total aerobic count of 5.5 x 106 cfu/g while the samples from the meat pie stand in the University of Jos, had the least aerobic plate count of 3.2 x 105 cfu/g. The fungal count of samples collected from site 'D' was highest while that of sample from the location designated 'A' was the least. The study revealed that the sanitary conditions of the meats pies sold at these locations were below acceptable standard and need an improved production and handling procedures.

Abstract: A simple, convenient Rp-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Metolazone, Indapamide, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin, Olmesartan and Spironolactone. The column used was an Inertsil ODS 3 V column of 250 mm length × 4.6 mm ID, with 3 micron particle size of adsorbent. Separation was achieved using isocratic elution in a buffer-acetonitrile-methanol mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. The detection was performed at wavelength of 225 nm using a UV detector. The column temperature was 450C and injection volume was 20μl. The method was validated for precision, linearity and accuracy. The % RSD for all the drugs was found to be less than 2 %. The correlation coefficient (r2) was not less than 0.999 for all drugs. The mean percent recovery of the drugs from tablet placebo at 50%, 100% and 150% were within limits. The marketed formulations of the drugs were analyzed and the mean assay results were found to be within limits. The developed method can thus be employed for routine simultaneous analysis of Metolazone, Indapamide, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin, Olmesartan and Spironolactone in bulk and in their marketed formulations.

Keywords: Rp-HPLC method, Indapamide, Metolazone, Spironolactone, Olmesartan, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin.

Abstract: This paper reports for the first time the bacterial distribution on Gryllotalpa africana, a mole cricket and one of the edible hexapods of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Children hunt it during the rainy and also at dry seasons and it is harvested as snacks in the rural settings of the region. It is eaten raw, boiled, fried or roasted along with other condiments including onions and pepper. It is a delicacy enjoyed in many other parts of Nigeria. Assessments were made to identify bacteria that are associated with different external structures of the edible mole cricket.

Abstract: The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Romi Stream, phytoremediation, Echhornia crassipes.

Abstract: Halothane and enflurane administration increased the plasma GSH-Px activity and reduced zinc levels. In addition, they lowered SOD and GSH-Px activities and trace element levels on erythrocytes. Isoflurane had no effect on plasma antioxidant enzymes, but, similar to the other, isoflurane decreased the plasma zinc levels, erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px activities and trace element levels. Key words: Glutathione-s-transferase, Halothane, Isoflurane

Abstract: India and other developing countries in South Asia are progressively facing alarming proportions of morbidity and mortality caused by coronary artery disease. There are a number of studies on dyslipidemia in coronary artery disease patients in Indian subcontinent, mostly in urban population in different geographical territories of the country. There was no such community-based study in rural population of Bihar. Hence this case control study was undertaken to study dyslipidemia among the rural patients admitted to hospital with coronary artery disease. 100 consecutive cases diagnosed as coronary artery disease aged 30 to 90 years were compared to 50 ages and sex matched healthy controls. Age, gender, blood pressure, history of smoking and diabetes mellitus, waist-hip ratio and Body Mass Index were recorded in each subject.

Abstract: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is usually less recognizable than diabetic sensory motor peripheral neuropathy early in the course of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subclinical autonomic nerve damage occurs more widely in patients with diabetes mellitus than was hitherto suspected and is assuming greater importance because of the implications for morbidity and mortality. By the time symptoms have developed, autonomic damage in majority of the organs is irreversible and carries a poor prognosis. There is a need to detect autonomic neuropathy at an early stage.

Abstract: Vancomyc in, a glycopeptide antibiotic, has a narrow spectrum of activity, with action primarily against gram-positive cocci and bacilli. The drug is bacteriostatic against most enterococci and exhibits synergy when combined with an aminoglycoside. Vancomycin has been used widely in treating many susceptible infections, but the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Now a days, It is used for the Treatment of life threatening Pseudomembranous colitis infection caused by Clostridium difficile . In this work it deals with invitro potency analysis of vancomycin capsules by microbiological assay. In the pharmaceutical industry, drug dissolution testing is routinely used to provide vitro drug release information for both quality control purposes. It is helpful for drug formulation design and post-approval manufacturing changes, stated by food and drug administration (FDA).

Abstract: Polar lipids are essential membrane components of plant cells. They are known to affect certain membrane properties like permeability, fluidity and active transport. In the present study, individual leaf buds were tagged on the day of appearance and sampling began 7 days later. Additional samples were taken at 7 days intervals until leaf abscission occurred about 77 days after tagging. The experiments were performed from August to November, a time period characterized by a day length of 12 ± 2.0 h and average day and night temperature of approximately 30 and 20°C, respectively. The fatty acid composition of polar lipids from young, mature and senescent leaves of Rauwolfia serpentina was studied in the present study. Green leaves were observed to contain a considerable amount of hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) in monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDG), suggesting R. serpentina to be member of 16:3 plants' family. The percentage of linolenic acid (18:3) in the chloroplast lipids was lower in senescent leaves than that of green tissues. Senescent leaves also had lower proportions of MGDG 16:3 and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) hexadecanoic acid (16:1). Such selective catabolism of molecular species of these lipids may be suggestive of significant alterations in ultra structure of chloroplast membranes, thus probably affecting the accumulation of indole alkaloids in the leaf tissue. Besides, the age dependent alterations in the fatty acid composition of other polar lipids, namely, phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidyl serine (PS) indicate the possibility of degradation of the organelles other than chloroplast (principally vacuoles) in the leaf cells.

Keywords: Rauwolfia serpentina, fatty acid composition, glycolipids, leaf development, polar lipids, phospholipids, senescence, sterol.

Abstract: Spices are reported to be antibacterial and have medicinal values. Spices such as garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) posses antimicrobial effect and has been used traditionally. In this study we studied the antibacterial activity of spices, effect of temperature and pH on its antibacterial effect. It was tested against four test microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi by aqueous extracts of spices using agar diffusion method. On observation, it was found that all the spices showed inhibitory effect and garlic showed maximum inhibition on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. On treating the extracts of garlic and ginger at both room temperature (26°C) and at higher temperature (100°C) it was seen that garlic has significantly greater zone of inhibition than ginger. Therefore higher temperature reduces the antibacterial effect of both extract, but garlic retains its antibacterial activity. On treating the garlic extract with different pH, it was seen that the antibacterial effect was decreasing on increasing with pH but the antibacterial property was never lost. Therefore garlic can be used as an effective source for food preservation and also as a natural herbal antibiotic with or without boiling.

Keywords: Antibacterial effect, garlic, spices, pH, Temperature.

Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis (Bti), has proven to be a safe and effective larvicide for controlling mosquito and black fly larvae. The effect of cultivation and bioprocess development on Bti growth and sporulation was investigated in shake flask level and batch cultivation in the semi-industrial scale 16-L stirred tank bioreactor. For industrial production of biocontrol microorganism, it is necessary to obtain high cell mass and spore production in a short time with low cost cultivation media. In this study, the new composition of production media was optimized which composed of (g L-1): glucose, 10; yeast extract, 30; KH2PO4, 5; K2HPO4, 5; MgSO4. 7H20, 0.005; MnSO4.H2O, 0.03; FeSO4, 0.01; CaCl2.7 H2O, 0.05; NaH2PO4, 1.5; NH4H2PO4, 1.5. The maximal cell dry mass and spore production, Sporemax for shake flask study were 4.26 gL-1 at 36 h and 3.29106 spore mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, studies of the cultivation conditions under controlled and uncontrolled pH in the 16L-bioreactor was performed.

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms. The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31 and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13 mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.

Keywords: Cochlospermum planchonii leaf, antibacterial activities, zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration, phytochemical constituents.

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antimicrobial activities against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexeneri, and Salmonella typhii.

Abstract: Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.

Keywords: Jasminum officinale , Antibacterial activity.

Abstract: The microbiological quality of adult Rhychophorus phoeniciswas assessed revealing the presence of some species of bacteria and fungi. A comparative study was also done to determine the presence of bacteria in the larva, pupa, pith, adult Beetle (1 )and adult Beetle(2). The pith had the highest bacterial count followed by the larva ,pupa ,adult B1 and adult B2.This same order was observed in the fungal count. Total bacterial and fungal counts of the chitin of the adult beetle(1) were 1.24×106cfu/ml and 2.0×104cfu/ml respectively. Six genera of bacteria, four genera of moulds and a species of yeast were observed. Bacterial isolates identified included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas,Micrococcus and Proteus species while the fungal species included Penicillium, andAspergillus species. Saccharomyces cerevisae was the only species of yeast present. The implication of Staphylococcus aureus to public health is of great significance.The larva of Rhychophorus phoenicisis a rich source of protein. Keywords: Edibility, :Microbiological quality, Larva, Pupa, adult Rhynchophorus phoenicis, palm pith,

Abstract: Angiopathy and nephropathy are serious problems encountered in management of diabetes mellitus. Angiotensin II (AII) and endothelins (ETs) receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible renoprotective and antiangiopathic effects of the non-selective endothelin (ET) receptor blocker bosentan in type 1 diabetic model of albino wister rats. These rats were divided into four groups ( each group , N= 12 rats): control group (1), control group (2) treated with bosentan (50 mg/kg/day), untreated diabetic group (3) and diabetic group (4) treated with bosentan. Induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus in tested rats was performed by a single injection, in the tail vein, of 35 mg/kg streptozotozin after overnight fast.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA. Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were 9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3 gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be exploited for the management of MRSA diseases.

Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), retention factor (Rf), phytochemicals.