IOSR-JAP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2020

ABSTRACT: Thin films of Zinc Oxide nonostructures have been prepared by simple method and using spin coating technique deposited on ITO glass substrate. The study used different molars of zinc acetate 0.1 ,0.2 ,0.3 ,0.4 ,0.5 ,0.6 ,0.7 ,0.8 ,0.9 and1.0. The optical properties; including absorption coefficient, refractive index and energy bandgap were investigated by means of absorption, transmittance and reflectance spectra. Although, the refractive index has uncharacteristic behavior in the wavelength at the range 306 - 344 nm, the result showed the average value of refractive index for all samples is equal to 2.159. Also, the result confirmed that the nanostructure with concentration of 1.0 molar has lowest energy bandgap 3.44 eV and this may leed to highest coductivity comparing with other concentrations. This entire advantage make ZnO nanostrucures syntheised with 1.0 moalr of zinc acetate have wide range for solar cell applications.....

Keyword: ITO glass substrate, thin film , nanostructures, Optical properties.

[1]. O. Seven, B. Dindar, S. Aydemir, D. Metin, M.A. Ozinel, S. Icli, Solar photocatalytic disinfection of a group of bacteria and fungi aqueous suspensions with TiO2, ZnO and Sahara desert dust, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 165 (2004) 103–107.
[2]. Attarad Ali, HiraZafar, Muhammad Zia, IhsanulHaq, Abdul RehmanPhull, JohamSarfraz Ali, AltafHussain (2016), Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Science and Applications , Volume (9), pages (49–67).
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[4]. Gupta,M.C.,andJ.Ballato,The Handbook of Photonics, 2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.
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ABSTRACT: It is well known that Dirac relativistic equation describes the relativistic particle which is either free or move in any potential field. Even if one utilized the electromagnetic Hamiltonian which recognizes the effect of electromagnetic potential, the time dependent part of Dirac equation gives the same form which is free from the potential term if the potential is time independent. In this case the time dependent part gives a sine or cosine solution describing quantized string energy like that of harmonic oscillator but with no zero point energy. However if one follows De Broglie hypothesis and assumes that the string oscillator is in the form of a highly localized wave packet the time dependent part gives cosine solution with energy expression typical to that of Schrodinger equation which recognizes the existence of zero point energy. This means that when the wave packet islocalized in the form of a particle it has a rest mass energy corresponding to the zero point energy

Keyword: Klein Gordon equation, string theory, wave packet, harmonic oscillator, zero point energy, rest mass energy.

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ABSTRACT: In this work, Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were successfully synthesizedvia a facile sol-gel techniqueusingzinc acetate dehydrate, triethanolamine, ethanol and ammonium hydroxide. Characteristics of the as synthesizedZnO-NPs were studied via X-Ray diffraction (XRD), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis,ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The XRD patterns confirmed the hexagonalwurtzite structure of ZnOwith lattice constant values, a = b = 3.2488 Å and c = 5.2054 Å. The average size of NPs estimated from ESEM images were in good agreement with the average crystal size obtained from the XRD data.The average particle size estimated from ESEM micrographs for sol-gel synthesis of ZnO-NPs was nearly......

Keyword: Sol-gel method, X-Ray diffraction, particle size, lattice strain, lattice constant.

[1]. S.T. Khan, J. Musarrat, A.A. Al-Khedhairy, Countering drug resistance, infectious diseases, and sepsis using metal and metal oxides nanoparticles: Current status, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 146 (2016) 70-83.
[2]. S.K. Das, J.M. Islam, M. Hasan, H. Kabir, M.A. Gafur, E. Hoque, M.A. Khan, Astronomy, Development of electrically conductive nanocrystalline thin film for optoelectronic applications, J International Letters of Chemistry, Physics 10 (2013) 90-101.
[3]. M. Sastry, A. Ahmad, M.I. Khan, R. Kumar, Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete, J Current science 85(2) (2003) 162-170.
[4]. A. Amri, K. Hasan, H. Taha, M.M. Rahman, S. Herman, Andrizal, E. Awaltanova, I. Wantono, H. Kabir, C.-Y. Yin, K. Ibrahim, S. Bahri, N. Frimayanti, M.A. Hossain, Z.-T. Jiang, Surface structural features and optical analysis of nanostructured Cu-oxide thin film coatings coated via the sol-gel dip coating method, Ceramics International 45(10) (2019) 12888-12894.
[5]. M.D. Rao, P. Gautam, Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoflowers using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A green approach, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 35(4) (2016) 1020-1026.

ABSTRACT: Lights of different polarizations have been used to measure the value ofn2 by using the polarization changeable Z-scan technique. The nonlinear refractive index n2 was measured for different concentrations of 2, 5-dimethylaniline in Chloroform. An Ar-ion laser was used with varying incident powers for three different wavelengths 457 nm,488 nm and 514 nm. The results give a negative n2 with a magnitude of the order of 10-6cm2/W. For all the wavelengths, the value of n2 was found to decrease with different states of lights i.e., linear, elliptical and circular polarized lights respectively, but the order of magnitude of n2 was the same.

Keywords: Polarization of light, Z scan, Nonlinear refractive.

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ABSTRACT: The nanoparticles were produced from chemical wet method. . The produced material dried at a temperature of 80oC in an oven to form a white powder.The structure of the composite was revealed by XRD with narrow diffraction peaks (002), (121), (123) (001), (110), (004) (003), (031),(132), (130) and (200) with particle size of 1.098nm. The SEM images show porous fine-grained nanostructureZnO nanoparticle

Keywords: ZnO, XRD, SEM, Inorganic and Chemical wet method

[1]. Jayanta S. Synthesis and characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. Journal of optoelectronics and advanced materials. 2015; 8(1):299-303.
[2]. Swati SK. Optical and structural properties of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles. International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science (IJARPS). 2015; 2(1): 14-18.
[3]. Mohammed H, Ahmed SA, Mohamed A, et al. Preparation and characterization of a zinc oxide nanopowder supported onto inorganic clay. Journal of chemical technology and metallurgy. 2016; 519(2): 168-172.
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ABSTRACT: Present research work focuses on evaluation of the impact of urea doping on thiourea zinc sulphate metal complex crystal (ZTS).Traditional slow evaporation solution growth technique was preferred at ambient temperature for the growth of Urea doped thiourea zinc sulphate(U-ZTS) metal complex crystal. This investigation deals with the study of optical properties transmittance, band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient of Urea doped thiourea zinc sulphate(U-ZTS) metal complex crystal. Kurtz–Perry SHG test pointed the nonlinearity of Urea doped thiourea zinc sulphate(U-ZTS) metal complex crystal.

Keywords: Crystal growth, Urea, Thiourea Zinc Sulphate Kurtz–Perry SHG test, extinction coefficient

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ABSTRACT: Ni0.1Mn0.4Cu0.2Cd0.3Fe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized by following the sol-gel auto combustion process. Crystallite size and lattice constants have been calculated from XRD data. It has been observed that the experimental lattice constant value was estimated 8.466 Å, while the theoretical lattice constant value was estimated 8.342 Å. Surface morphology has been examined by TEM and FESEM micrographs. The average particle size has been derived from the histogram drawn from the FESEM image was found 42.5 nm. The presence of all elements has been confirmed by the EDS spectrum. From the two distinguished absorption bands noticed from the FT-IR spectrum, the formation of spinel ferrites has been confirmed. Intrinsic magnetization has been observed from the VSM data. Using VSM data, various parameters that are related to magnetization have been determined.

Keywords: Nanoferrites; Sol-Gel auto combustion method; TEM; FESEM; Histogram; VSM.

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ABSTRACT: Accurate determination of liquid holdup in annular flow is important not only to the oil and gas industry but also to the nuclear power plant industries, chemical and refining industries where reactors, heat exchangers, evaporators, etc are used.In this study, a simplified liquid holdup for annular flow was developed from volumetric flow rate and pipe diameter which could be easily obtained in the field. The volumetric flow rate could be obtained from the separators in the field while the pipe is known by the field engineers or personnel. The essence was to present a simple model void of complexity to the industries in need. The proposed model was validated using measured liquid holdup from the experiments conducted in 2-inch (0.0504m) flow loop where annular flow conditions were presented. Again, the results from the proposed model were compared with different liquid holdup models...........

Keywords: Gas-liquid flow, holdup, annular flow, model, high velocity

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ABSTRACT: Based on Yangton and Yington Theory, it is proposed that Dark Matter is composed of Wu's Pairs with a tetrahedral structure. There is nearly no attractive force between two Dark Matters, neither between Dark Matter and any other substance. Only limited gravitational force can be generated by Dark Matter. Therefore, Dark Matter cannot be used as the building blocks for any substance. Also, because Dark Matter has a very stable structure and no particle can escape from it, therefore Dark Matter is totally invisible. That is why it is named "Dark Matter". On the other hand, Dark Energy is proposed in explanation of Hubble's Law. Although acceleration Doppler Effect can be used to derive Hubble's Law in interpretation of universe expansion and acceleration based on a superfast acceleration speed and an imaginary..........

Keywords: Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Force of Creation, String Force, String Theory, Five Principles of the Universe, Subatomic Particles, Standard Model, Photon, Dark Matter, Photon Inertia Transformation, Vision of Light, Equation of Light Speed, Hubble's Law, Dark Energy, Doppler Effect, Acceleration Doppler Effect, Cosmological Redshift, Universe Expansion, Wu's Spacetime, Wu's Spacetime Theory, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Wu's Spacetime Reverse Expansion Theory.

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