IOSR-JAP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2020

ABSTRACT:Purpose:This work aims to investigate which technique is better covering the planning target volume (PTV) with its prescribed dose, while minimizing the dose to organs at risk (OARs). Materials and Methods:Three techniques were included in the study;3 Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT), Field in Field with Conformal Radiation Therapy (FIF) and Inverse-Planned Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IP-IMRT). The study was done on nine patients with left sided breast cancer. We used the Prowess panther 3D planning system (version 5.21). Results:Good dose coverage was archived by the three techniques. A 95% of the dose covering (96.711% ± 1.178), (95.878% ± 0.733) and (95.522% ± 0.471) of the volume of PTV for 3D-CRT, FIFand IP-IMRT respectively.Also, the HI was (0.127 ± 0.023), (0.146 ± 0.012) and (0.138 ± 0.037) for 3D-CRT, FIF and IP-IMRT respectively.And the CI for 3D-CRT, FIF and IP-IMRT were (0.967 ± 0.012), (0.959 ± 0.007) and (0.955 ± 0.005) respectively.....

Keywords: Breast cancer, early-stage breast cancer, 3DCRT, FIF, IMRT, breast conserving surgery.

[1]. Sudha, S.P., R. Seenisamy, and K. Bharadhwaj, Comparison of dosimetric parameters of volumetric modulated arc therapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in postmastectomy patients with carcinoma breast. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 2018. 14(5): p. 1005.
[2]. Group, E.B.C.T.C., Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10 801 women in 17 randomised trials. The Lancet, 2011. 378(9804): p. 1707-1716.
[3]. Calvo-Ortega, J.-F., et al., Dosimetric feasibility of an "off-breast isocenter" technique for whole-breast cancer radiotherapy. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy, 2016. 21(6): p. 500-507.
[4]. Aras, S., T. İkizceli, and M. Aktan, Dosimetric Comparison of Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Techniques (IMRT) with Radiotherapy Dose Simulations for Left-Sided Mastectomy Patients. European journal of breast health, 2019. 15(2): p. 85.
[5]. Haciislamoglu, E., et al., Dosimetric comparison of left-sided whole-breast irradiation with 3DCRT, forward-planned IMRT, inverse-planned IMRT, helical tomotherapy, and volumetric arc therapy. Physica medica, 2015. 31(4): p. 360-367

ABSTRACT:According to Yangton and Yington Theory, only spin particles such as photon and electron can have wave particle duality. Appling particle waves in study of Single Slit Diffraction and Double Slit Interference, a new type of mechanisms: attractive interference and repulsive interference are proposed instead of constructive interference and destructive interference, which gives a better explanation to particle depletion in destructive interference. In case of single particle experiment, subject to the traveling time, direction and distance of each particle, attractive interference and repulsive interference can still happen but at much less frequency. Furthermore, which-way experiment and the Complementarity Principle are proven incorrect and both particle and wave properties on photon and electron can coexist at the same time.

Keywords: Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Photon, String Theory, Electron, Wave Particle Duality, Single Slit Diffraction, Double Slit Interference. Constructive Interference, Destructive Interference, Attractive Interference, Repulsive Interference.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. "Subatomic Particle" Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13.
[4]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521672295.
[5]. Beyond Art: A Third Culture page 199. Compare Uniform field theory.

ABSTRACT: Background:Over 60% of energy produced in the Thailand is wasted as heat, which can be directly converted into electrical energy using TE materials through Seebeck effects discovered by Thomas Seebeck [1]. TE technology has been used in military and aerospace applications as a reliable, safe, and durable power source for many space programs to the outer solar systems [2]. Materials and Methods: Portland cement of SCG (PC-A), TPIL (PC-B), TPIL299 (PC-C), Lion (PC-D), Lotus (PC-E) and Eagle (PC-F) were used raw materials. Mix Portland cement with water in ratio 2:1 by weight in square shape block and dry in air for 48 h. The ZnO were doped on PC-C in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % by weight by identical process with PC sample preparations.....

Keywords: Thermoelectric properties, Portland cement, Zink oxide, Harvesting energy

[1]. Chen Z.G., Han G., Yang L., Cheng L., Zou J., Nanostructured thermoelectric materials: current research and future challenge, Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2012;22(6):535 – 549.
[2]. A. Sanchez-Torres (2011) Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications, in: P.N. Singh (Ed.), InTech.
[3]. Wein J., Hao L.,He G.,Yang C., Enhanced thermoelectric effect of carbon fiber reinforced cement composites by metallic oxide/cement interface, Ceramics International. 2014; 40: 8261 – 8263.
[4]. Wei J., Zhang Q., Zhao L., Hao L., NieZh., Effect of moisture on the thermoelectric properties in expanded graphite/carbon fiber cement composites, Ceramics International.2017; 43: 10763 – 10769.
[5]. Wei J., Fan Y., Zhao L., Xue F., Hao L., Zhang Q., Thermoelectric properties of carbon nanotube reinforced cement-based composites fabricated by compression shear, Ceramics International. 2018;44: 5829 – 5833..

ABSTRACT: After executing the high photon beam energy of 15 MV energy, measurableradiation level near the treatment head of medical linear accelerator (LA) and in its surrounding is available due to induced activity generated in photon target and non target materials (cooling tube, flattening filter, monitor chamber , collimating jaws, etc).The generated radiation in the head of LA has the potential of interacting with the radiotherapy technologists if he comes in this region immediately after delivering the planned treatment of 15MV energy. The palnnedstudy has been carried out to measure the radiation levels at and around the isocentre of Medical LA head, the taken is isocentre and 0.5 meter lateral to isocentre for planned beam delivery of 50, 100, 200, 300.....

Keywords: Linear accelerator, induced activity, radiation level, occupational safety, 15 MV

[1]. Almen A, Ahlgren L, Mattsson S. Absorbed dose to technicians due to induced activity in linear accelerators for radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 1991;36:815-22.
[2]. Wang YZ, Evans MD, Podgorsak EB. Characteristics of induced activity from medical linear accelerators. Med Phys 2005;32:2899-910.
[3]. Rawlinson JA, Islam MK, Galbraith DM. Dose to radiation therapists from activation at high-energy accelerators used for conventional and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Med Phys 2002;29:598-608.
[4]. Jerry M. Cuttler. Commentary on the appropriate radiation level for evacuations. Dose Response 2012;10:473-9.
[5]. AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board), 2011, Safety Code for Radiation Therapy Sources, Equipment and Installations, No. AERB/RF-MED/SC-1 (Rev.1) published by AERB, Mumbai, India..

ABSTRACT: Background: Extremely humid, hot and dry climatic conditions of Nigeria has led to an increasing demand for clear and clean portable water supply across the nation. Additionally, the dehydrating traffic situations commonly witnessed in virtually all the major cities in Nigeria has made consumption of bottled water indispensable component of modern life in Nigeria. It is therefore important that the radiological burden incurred by the Nigerian population from ingestion of bottled water be investigated. Materials and Method: Twenty one brands of commercial bottled water regularly consumed in Nigeria were obtained from standard supermarkets and investigated for their gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity. This analysis, as a recommended first step in radio analytical screening, was performed using a gas-free, low background dual phosphor proportional counter......

Key Words: Gross alpha; gross beta; bottled water; effective dose equivalent; gas-free proportional counter; Nigeria

[1]. WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth edition. World Health Organisation Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
[2]. M. Isam Salih, M., H. BL Pettersson, and E. Lund, Uranium and thorium series radionuclides in drinking water from drilled bedrock wells: correlation to geology and bedrock radioactivity and dose estimation. Radiation protection dosimetry, 2002. 102(3): p. 249-258.
[3]. Bonotto, D.M., et al., The natural radioactivity in water by gross alpha and beta measurements. Radiation Measurements, 2009. 44(1): p. 92-101.
[4]. Bunotto, D.M. and T.O. Bueno, The natural radioactivity in Guarani aquifer groundwater, Brazil. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2008. 66(10): p. 1507-1522.
[5]. Ogundare, F. and O. Adekoya, Gross alpha and beta radioactivity in surface soil and drinkable water around a steel processing facility. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 2015. 8(3): p. 411-417.

ABSTRACT: A model of quantum entanglement of electrons is proposed and studied based on Yangton and Yington Theory. Dual Spins and Quantum Entanglement Phase Diagram are developed to explain the transformation between Four Spin Modes during the measurements. "Hidden Variables" (original entanglement quantum states) does exist but can be influenced by the measurements. This result breaks Bell's inequality and supports Einstein's argument in EPR paradox. Quantum Theory maybe is indeed incomplete....

[Keywords]: Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Photon, String Theory, Electron, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Mechanics, Electron Spin, Dual Spins, Spin Modes, Hidden Variables, EPR Paradox, Bell's Inequality.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. "Subatomic Particle" Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13.
[4]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521672295.
[5]. Beyond Art: A Third Culture page 199. Compare Uniform field theory.

ABSTRACT: The Vertical Electrical Survey (VES) survey of intrusive rocks in Lokpaukwu, Leru Community in Umunneochi Local Government Area of Abia State was carried out with a view to providing geology and geophysical information on the different sub-surface layers, depth, thickness, and to determine the viability of commercial mining of quarry rock materials within the study area. Eleven vertical electrical soundings were conducted using the Schlumberger array configuration covering the study area, with current electrode separation (AB/2) at 90m. The Electrical resistivity data were processed and interpreted by using IP12win software and the curve matching technique. Interpretations from the vertical electrical sounding (VES) data were used to generate Isopach and Isoresistivity contour maps in terms of thickness and resistivity of sub-surface layer using SURFER......

Key Word: Vertical Electrical Sounding; Intrusive Rocks; Overburden Thickness; Resistivity; Schlumberger array

[1]. Wilkinson, B. H., McElroy, B. J., Kesler, S. E., Peters, S. E., & Rothman, E. D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies". Geological Society of America Bulletin, 121 (5–6), 760–779.
[2]. Emenike, E.A (2001).Geophysical exploration for groundwater in a sedimentary environment. A case study from Nanka over Nanka formation in Anambra basin south east, Nigeria. Global 1.Pure and Applied Science,.97-110.
[3]. Reyment, R.A. (1965). Aspect of the geology of Nigeria; Ibadan University Press.
[4]. Kogbe, C. A. (1975).The Geology of Nigeria, University of Ife Press.
[5]. Adegoke, C.J. (1969). Mem. Geol. Minieres, 69: 23-40.

ABSTRACT: Utilization of pozzolanic materials in cement manufacturing offers an alternative method of preparing cement with increased durability of concrete and better mechanical properties. It also reduces the high energy requirement associated with production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). This study investigated the use of natural pozzolans within Busia County, that is; rice husks ash (RHA), bagasse ash (BA), clay and broken bricks (BB) to make Pozzolana Cement (PC). Three types of pozzolana ashes were made and characterized using.....

Keywords: cement, lime, pozzolana, RHA, BA, BB.

[1]. Adnan, S., Rahman, I. A., Lee, Y. and Yusof, H. (2009). Compressive Strength and Water Permeability Performance of Micronised Biomass Silica Concrete. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 1 (2).
[2]. Astm, C. (1991). 876-91 Standard test method for half-cell potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete. ASTM Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 4.
[3]. ASTM C311-11b. (2011). Standard test methods for sampling and testing fly ash or natural pozzolans for use in Portland cement concrete. West Conshohocken, PA; annual book of ASTM standards.
[4]. Chusilp, N., Jaturapitakkul, C. and Kiattikomol, K. (2009). Utilization of bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23 (11), 3352-3358.
[5]. Claus, J. (2008). Investigations on a new high-strength pozzolan foam material. Georgia Institute of Technology