IOSR-JAP   Volume-15 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2023

ABSTRACT: According to Quantum Field Theory, it is suggested that all subatomic particles are made of the surges of quantum fields. Many scientists believe that those quantum fields are preexisting infinitive fields in the universe such that the questions regarding the existence and propagation of the quantum fields can be avoid. In addition, based on Quantum Field Theory and Yang Mills Theory, Standard Model containing a group of subatomic particles can be derived by preexisting infinitive quantum fields with a mathematical model of non-abelian symmetry......

Keywords: Quantum Field Theory, Standard Model, Yangton and Yington Theory, Gravitational Field, Graviton Flux, Universal Gravitation, Electrical Field, Quantum Gravity Theory, Unified Field Theory, String Theory, Four Basic Forces, Special Relativity, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242. [2]. Edward T. H. Wu" Five Principles of The Universe and the Correlations of Wu's Pairs and Force of Creation to String Theory and Unified Field Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 10, no. 4, 2018, pp. 17-21.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13.
[4]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521672295.
[5]. Subatomic Particle" Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-29.

ABSTRACT: Assessing the levels of radionuclide's concentration present in human foodstuffs is very important for determining and estimating the radiation hazard to human health due to consumption. Though very few studies regarding to the level of radionuclide in foodstuffs have been conducted in Nigeria. The radionuclides concentration(40K 137Cs, 226Ra and 232Th) of twenty three imported foodstuffs sample were determined. Seven different varieties of foodstuffs were selected for analysis, the sample after pretreatment (if necessary), were measure using a low level gamma......

Keyword: Radionuclide, samples, concentration, imported foodstuff, gamma ray spectrometer.

[1]. Ababneh, Z.Q., Alyassin, A.M., Aljarrah, K.M., Ababneh, A.M., 2009. Measurement of natural and artificial radioactivity in powdered milk consumed in Jordan and estimates of the corresponding annual effective dose. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 138, 278–283.
[2]. Al-Azmi, D., Saad, H.R., Farhan, A.R., 1999. Comparative study of desert truffles from Kuwait and other countries in the Middle East for radionuclide concentration. Biological Trace Element Research 7, 71–72.
[3]. Alrefae, T., 2012. Investigation of 238U content in bottled water consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses. Health Physics 102 (1), 85–89.
[4]. Alrefae, T., Nageswaran, T.N., Al-Failakawi, A., Al-Shemali, T., 2012. Radioactivity of long lived gamma emitters in milk powder consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering 39 (1A), 1–19.
[5]. Dr. A. M. Arogunjo, Medical Physicist, Humboldt fellow (Sept., 2006 – Nov., 2007) at the GSF – National Research Center for Environmental and Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.

ABSTRACT: The point spread function of the optical system in the presence of defocus and primary, secondary and tertiary spherical aberration with Hanning amplitude filter and Connes amplitude filter is studied. A noted increase in the profile of the point spread function has been achieved. Employment of the Hanning and Connes amplitude pupil functions under higher degree of spherical aberration and defocusing effect helps the optical systems increases the resolution. The lateral resolution of the central peak is improved by the highest degree of the amplitude apodization parameter β. The presence of first minima with zero intensity is achieved which is necessary for Rayleigh criterion that can be used to study two-point resolution.

Keyword: Point spread function; Amplitude apodization; Primary, Secondary and Tertiary spherical aberration; defocus; two-zone aperture; super-resolution

[1]. A N K Reddy and D KarunaSagar, Pramana – J. Phys. 84(1), 117 (2015)
[2]. A N K Reddy and D KarunaSagar, Adv. Opt. Technol. 2016, 1608342 (2016)
[3]. W Yang and A B Kotinski, The Astrophys. J. 605, 892 (2004)
[4]. M Kowalczyk, C J Zapata-Rodriguez and M Martinez- Corral, Appl. Opt. 37, 8206 (1998)
[5]. S C Biswas and A Boivin, Opt. Acta 23, 569 (1976).

ABSTRACT: The compound SrSnO3 belongs to the family of analogous alkaline-earth stannates MSnO3 (where M=Ca, Sr and Ba) which is widely investigated for their attractive dielectric and electronic properties. It is important for ceramic and electronic industry where they can be used as thermally stable capacitors and gas sensors. The main interest of our research work is to prepared strontium stannate by a novel chemical Co-precipitation route. Crystal structure was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern which show the formation of single phase materials having orthorhombic perovskite structure. Temperature and frequency dependence dielectric constant and loss was measured in temperature range from room temperature up to 300 0C which shows highly thermally stable and low loss materials. The SEM micrographs are showing fine grains for the sample.......

Keyword: X-ray diffraction, dielectric spectroscopy, electrical characterization, impedance analysis

[1]. Azad A M, Hon N C. ,Characterization of BaSnO3 based ceramics, Synthesis, Processing and microstructure development,[J].Journal of Alloys and compounds, 1998,270(12),95-106.
[2]. Gopal Reddy C V. Manorama S V. Rao V J. preparation and characterization of barium Stannate, application as liquefied petroleum gas sensor [J]. J Mater Sci. Material in electronics, 2001, 12(2), 137-142.
[3]. Cerda J, Arbiol J, Dezanneau G, et al. Perovskite type BaSnO3 powder for high temperature gas sensor application [j]. Sensors and Actuators B,2002, 84(1),21-25.
[4]. Y. Shimizu, M Shimalukuro, H. Arai and T. Seiyama,,J. Electro chem. Soc.136 (1989)1206.
[5]. R.Wernicke , Ber. Dtsch. Keram,Gas.55(1978)356.

ABSTRACT: The need for a precise and accurate nuclear reaction cross-section is of growing interest because it serves as a basis for advanced reactor core simulations. In the neutron incident energy region 𝐸𝑛≥1 𝑀𝑒𝑉, nuclear data are scarce and grossly inadequate. With the aim of improving the nuclear data in this energy region, neutron-induced radiative capture cross-sections in each target of 𝑃𝑢238(𝑛,𝛾), 𝑃𝑢(𝑛,𝛾)239, 𝑃𝑢(𝑛,𝛾)240, 𝑃𝑢241(𝑛,𝛾),𝑃𝑢(𝑛,𝛾)240 from threshold energy up to few 𝑀𝑒𝑉 were performed using the theoretical calculation code EMPIRE 3.2. The results were in good agreement when compared with the available experimental data and the nuclear reaction cross-section was also predicted in the energy range where the measured data are scarce or grossly inadequate........

Keyword: Radiative capture, EMPIRE 3.2 code, Transmutation device, Reaction cross-section, Plutonium isotopes

[1]. Axel, P. (1962) "Electric dipole ground-state transition width strength function and 7-MeV photon interactions," Phys. Rev. 126, 671-683
[2]. Bamikole, J. A., Agu, M. N., Akusu, P. O (2018). Evaluation of nuclear reaction cross section of isotopes of some transuranium elements using OPTMAN code. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1994(1)020001
[3]. Bauge, E., B´elier, G., Cartier, J., Chatillon, A., Daugas, J. M., Delaroche, J. P., Dossantos-Uzarralde, P., Duarte, H., Dubray, N., Ducauze-Philippe, M., Gaudefroy, L., Gosselin, G., Granier, T., Hilaire, S., Chau, P., Laborie, J. M., Laurent, B., Ledoux, X., Le Luel, C., M´eot, V., Morel, P., Morillon, B., Roig, O., Romain, P., Taieb, J., Varignon, C., Authier, N., Casoli, P., and Richard, B (2012). Coherent investigation of nuclear data at CEA DAM: Theoretical models, experiment and evaluated data, Eur. Phys. J. (2012)48: 113, https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2012-12113-7
[4]. Blatt, J. M., and Weisskopt, V. (1952). Theoretical Nuclear Physics (John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York),
[5]. Bohr, N (1936). "Neutron capture and nuclear constitution.". Nature 137, 344 – 348, https/doi.org/10.1038/137344a

ABSTRACT: The point spread function of the optical system in the presence of defocus and primary spherical aberration with a combination of a Hanning amplitude filter and a Connes amplitude filter was studied. A noted increase in the profile of the point spread function has been achieved. The employment of the Hanning and Connes amplitude pupil functions under a higher degree of primary spherical aberration, and the defocusing effect helps optical systems increase the resolution. The lateral resolution of the central peak is improved by the highest degree of the amplitude apodization parameter β. The presence of the first minimum with zero intensity necessary for the Rayleigh criterion can be used to study two-point resolution..

Keyword: Point spread function; Amplitude apodization; Primary spherical aberration; defocus; two-zone aperture; super-resolution.

[1]. A N K Reddy and D KarunaSagar, Pramana – J. Phys. 84(1), 117 (2015).
[2]. A N K Reddy and D KarunaSagar, Adv. Opt. Technol. 2016, 1608342 (2016).
[3]. W Yang and A B Kotinski, The Astrophys. J. 605, 892 (2004).
[4]. M Kowalczyk, C J Zapata-Rodriguez and M Martinez- Corral, Appl. Opt. 37, 8206 (1998).
[5]. S C Biswas and A Boivin, Opt. Acta 23, 569 (1976).

ABSTRACT: The point spread function of the optical system in the presence of defocus and primary spherical aberration with the complex Hanning filter with amplitude and phase has been investigated. A substantial improvement in the intensity profile of the impulse response of the optical system has been achieved. When the optical system is subjected to higher orders of aberration and apodization, the optical system behaves like a super-resolver with lateral resolution of the central peak being improved radically. The presence of first minima with zero intensity suits the optical system to be applied for two-point resolution studies in terms of Rayleigh criterion.

Keyword: Amplitude Apodization, Defect-of-focus, Hanning filter, Point Spread Function, Primary Spherical Aberration.

[1]. Hecht, E., Zajac, A., "Optics", (Addison – Wesley, USA), 2nd Ed., p.422, 496, 497 & 512, (1987).
[2]. Wetherell, W.B. "applied optics and optical engineering" (Academic press, N.Y., Eds. R. R. Shannon & J.C. Wyant) vol.8, ch.6, p.173-283, (1980).
[3]. Papoulis, A., "Maximum Intensity of Diffraction Patterns and Apodization", J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, p.362,(1967). DOI:10.1364/JOSA.57.000362
[4]. Papoulis, A., "Systems and Transforms with Applications in Optics", (McGraw-Hill, USA) p.442, (1968).
[5]. K. P. Rao, P. K. Mondal, and T. Seshagiri Rao, "Coherent imagery of straight edges with Straubelapodisation filters," Optik, 50, p 73–81 (1978).

ABSTRACT: Glass series of quaternary inorganic constituents of different Na2O content with a composition xNa2O.10Sb2O3.20ZnO(70-x) B2O3; where x=0, 5,10,15 and 20 mol% was prepared by conventional melt quenching method and investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV Absorption spectra. Absence of sharp peaks in XRD spectra confirms the amorphous nature of the system. The physical parameters such as density and molar volume have been investigated. Optical absorption spectroscopic studies revealed that, the cut-off wave length increased from 301 nm-352 nm and optical band gap decreased from 4.05 to 3.75eV by the addition of Na2O in the glass network. The density of the glass system increased from 3.42 g/cm3 to 3.72 g/cm3 with the increase of Na2O content. The Urbach energy (ΔE) increased from 0.35 to 0.78eV and the refractive index increased from 2.15 to 2.29. The role of NBOs on the physical and optical properties has been discussed.

Keyword: Molar volume, X-ray diffraction, Optical properties, Refractive index, Non-Bridging Oxygens (NBO)..

[1]. J. Zhong, P.J. Bray, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 111 (1989) 67-76.
[2]. G. Ferlat, A.P. Seitsonen, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, Nat. Mater.11 (2012) 925–929.
[3]. B.N. Meera, J. Ramakrishna, J. Non-Cryst.Solids. 159 (1993) 1-21.
[4]. A.C. Wright, N.M. Vedishcheva, Phys. Chem. Glasses Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. B 54 (4) (2013) 147–156.
[5]. C.E. Stone, A.C. Wright, R.N. Sinclair, S.A. Feller, M. Affatigato, D.L. Hogan, N.D. Nelson, Y.B. Dimitrov, E.M. Gattet, D. Ehrt,
Phys. Chem. Glass. 41(2000) 409-412.

ABSTRACT: The impact of indium ions on physical, optical and EPR parameters of Barium borate glass systems comprising manganese ions were examined. The melt quenching method was used to produce (30-x)BaO-69.5B2O3-xIn2O3:0.5MnO2 (x= 0.5 to 2.5 mol%) glass systems. The amorphous nature of glass samples was validated by X-ray diffraction. Indium oxide incorporation caused nonlinear variation in the physical properties with the increase of In2O3 mole%. Optical energy band gap and Urbach energy values estimated from optical absorption. The Mn2+ centres in octahedral symmetry were responsible for the six-line hyperfine structure (HF) in EPR spectra. The EPR peaks at g= 3.3 and 4.3 were ascribed to rhombic surroundings manganese ions. A negative shift in g-values is assigned to high ionic region around Mn2+ ion in the glass matrix. The hyper fine splitting factor (A) is employed to estimate ionic bonding between the adjoining oxygen ions and Mn2+ ions. The total number of spins participated, and susceptibility values are calculated from electron paramagnetic resonance spectra

Keyword: Barium Borate glasses; FTIR; EPR; Optical absorption spectrum.

[1]. A. Ichoja, S. Hashim, S.K. Ghoshal, I.H. Hashim, S. A Dalhatu, R.S. Omar, Analysis of the physical, structural and optical characteristics of Dy3+-doped MgO–SrO–B2O3 glass systems, Indian Journal of Physics. 93 (2019) 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-019-01390-1.
[2]. A. Yahia, A. Attaf, H. Saidi, M. Dahnoun, C. Khelifi, A. Bouhdjer, A. Saadi, H. Ezzaouia, Structural, optical, morphological and electrical properties of indium oxide thin films prepared by sol gel spin coating process, Surfaces and Interfaces. 14 (2019) 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2018.12.012.
[3]. P. Ramesh Babu, R. Vijay, V. Ravi Kumar, D. Krishna Rao, N. Veeraiah, The influence of In2O3 on electrical characteristics of iron mixed Li2O–PbO–B2O3–SiO2–Bi2O3 multi-component glass system, Ceram Int. 40 (2014) 8311–8322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.01.036.
[4]. G. Sangeetha, K.C. Sekhar, A. Hameed, G. Ramadevudu, M.N. Chary, M. Shareefuddin, Influence of CaO on the structure of zinc sodium tetra borate glasses containing Cu2+ ions, J Non Cryst Solids. 563 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.120784.
[5]. E.A. Davis, N.F. Mott, Conduction in non-crystalline systems V. Conductivity, optical absorption and photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors, Philosophical Magazine. 22 (1970) 903–922. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437008221061

ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology is a promising science with wide applications from cosmetics, food products, clothing, and household appliances to fuel catalyst, disease treatment, and renewable energies. Nanotechnology is also being applied to a variety of industrial and purification processes including construction materials, nanomachining of nanowires, nanorods, graphene, water filtration, and wastewater treatment. Their applications are becoming wider in "nanomedicine" by interfacing the nanomaterials with biological molecules or structures, "green technology" to enhance the environmental sustainability and "renewable energy" to develop the new ways to capture, store, and transfer energy. For instance, carbon nanotube productions have been used for applications in energy storage, automotive parts, thin-film electronics, coatings, and so forth........

[1]. Wikipedia: Applications of Nanoparticles
[2]. Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, by Robert A. Freitas Jr. 1999, ISBN 1- 57059- 645-X.
[3]. Wagner V; Dullaart A; Bock AK; Zweck A. (2006). "The emerging nanomedicine landscape". Nat. Biotechnol. 24 (10): 1211–1217.
[4]. LaVan DA; McGuire T; Langer R. (2003). "Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery". Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (10): 1184–1191.
[5]. Boisseau, P.; Loubaton, B. (2011). "Nanomedicine, nanotechnology in medicine". Comptes Rendus Physique. 12 (7): 620–636

ABSTRACT: Alkaline batteries, especially the primary type, are prevalent in hand-held electronic devices due to their affordability and safety features. The environmental impact caused by their usage and subsequent disposal has led to significant studies focusing on their recyclability. An alternative method to lessen the disposal of these batteries involves enhancing their operational lifespan by improving their energy storage capacity. This study focuses on optimizing the energy capacity of an AA primary alkaline battery. This was achieved by calculating the ideal proportions of electrode materials using advanced multiphysics simulations. A detailed electrochemical model for the alkaline battery was created using the COMSOL Multiphysics software and was tested against real-world data by comparing....

Keywords: Alkaline Battery Optimization, Multiphysics Simulation, Electrochemical Modeling, Energy Density Enhancement, Electrode Material Analysis

[1]. Business Wire, 2020, Alkaline battery report – World market to hrow by USD 493.35 million by 2024, Business Wire <https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201104005283/en/> accessed 13.03.2022.
[2]. Chadderdon X.H., Wendling M.T., 2019, Mathematical modeling of primary Zn/MnO2 alkaline batteries, COMSOL <https://www.comsol.com/paper/mathematical-modeling-of-primary-zn-mno2-alkaline-batteries80991> accessed 13.03.2022.
[3]. Edison T.N.J.I., Atchudan R., Karthik N., Xiong D., Lee Y.R., 2019, Direct electro-synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles over nickel foam from spent alkaline battery cathode and its supercapacitor performance, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 97, 414–423.
[4]. Energizer, 2018, Product datasheet Energizer E91, Enegizer <http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/E91.pdf> accessed 13.03.2022
[5]. Farrell T.W., Please C.P., 2005, Primary alkaline battery cathodes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 152, A1930