IOSR-JAP   Volume-16 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – June 2024

ABSTRACT: Physical constants such as Gravitational Constant (G) and Planck Constant (h) are constant quantities. They don't change with anything at all, no matter of the observation reference points and gravitational fields. However, the number and unit components of the physical constants measured at various reference points are different, subject to the local gravitational field and aging of the universe at the reference points (such as on earth). These can be proved by the calculation of Gravitational Constant from Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Newton's second law of motion, and Planck constant from photon momentum and wavelength.......

Keywords: Physical Constant, Gravitational Constant, Planck Constant, Wu Constant, Wu Spacetime Constant, Physical Unit, Wu's Spacetime Transformation, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Wu's Spacetime Field Equation, Einstein's Field Equation.

[1] Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington–A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015, Article Id Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242.
[2] Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures And Unified Field Theory Based On Yangton And Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, Pp. 165-171. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp. 20150404.13.
[3] Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Equilibrium And Subatomic Properties As Foundations Of Wu's Spacetime Theories And Wu's Spacetime Field Equations." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 12(6), 2020, Pp. 42-51.
[4] Edward T. H. Wu. "Principle Of Equilibrium, Principle Of Correspondence And Principle Of Parallelism As The Foundations Of Wu's Spacetime Theories." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 12(4), 2020, Pp. 50-57.
[5] Edward T. H. Wu. "Principle Of Correspondence, Principle Of Parallelism And Redshift Based On Yangton And Yington Theory." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 12(3), 2020, Pp. 14-18.

ABSTRACT: In the vast tapestry of the physical world, few phenomena capture the imagination quite like liquid crystals. Bridging the realms of order and chaos, these curious substances defy conventional classification, exhibiting properties reminiscent of both liquids and solids. In this article, we embark on a journey through the captivating realm of liquid crystals, exploring their structure, behavior, applications, and the profound impact they wield across various fields of science and technology......

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[3] De Gennes Pg, Prost J (1993). The Physics Of Liquid Crystals. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Isbn 978-0-19-852024-5.
[4] Carroll, Gregory T.; Lee, Kyung Min; Mcconney, Michael E.; Hall, Harris J. (2023). "Optical Control Of Alignment And Patterning In An Azobenzene Liquid Crystal Photoresist". Journal Of Materials Chemistry C. 11 (6): 2177–2185. Doi:10.1039/D2tc04869h. S2cid 256151872.
[5] Dierking I (2003). Textures Of Liquid Crystals. Weinheim: Wiley-Vch. Isbn 978-3-527-30725-8.

ABSTRACT: Sections of one conductor with alternating electric current located at a short distance, separated by electromechanical contacts, repel each other. The force of interaction is proportional to the square of the current and is quite large at high frequencies of alternating electric current. This is only possible if the conductor has a surface electric charge.

KeyWords: Alternative current, Charge, Frequency, Weight of conductor, Metal electrodes, Electric field

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ABSTRACT: CdSe doped with Mn+2 ions in the range 1,3,5,7 and 9 at. % thin films were synthesized on to ultrafine ITO substrates by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique and studied the nanostructures, micro-strains and stress and dislocation density in the films using XRDand SEM techniques. Xray diffraction results in the films showed cubic zinc blend structures with preferential reflection along (210)- 1at.%, (110)-3at.%, (200)-5, 7 at.% and (110) -9 at.% of Mn+2 ion concentrations. The observed lattice parameters a and d – values.........

KeyWords: CdSe films, XRD, SEM, nanostructures, doping.

[1] G. Mohan Kumar, Nanotechnology Nanomaterials And Nanodevices, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1.12(2016)
[2] D K Gupta,M Verma, Kb Sharma And Ns Saxena, Indian Journal Of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 55, Feb. 2017, Pp 113-121
[3] Ajaya K. Singh, Soumya R, Deo Lata Desmukh, Garima Pravin Pandey, R. S. Singh, Ashish Gupta, Res Chem Intermed ,
Springer Doi 10.1007/S11164-013-1208-Y
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[5] D. Yu,B. L. Wehrenberg, P. Jha, J. Ma, And P. Guyot-Sionnest, Journal Of Applied Physics,Vol. 99, No. 10 Article Id 104315,
2006

ABSTRACT: We present a way to solve an arbitrary problem according to the refraction of light using a geometrical method to apply it in more complex situations.
Background: Physics can be described in many ways to understand nature, the core way of finding solutions is using geometrics to simulate the behavior of light through different materials. In the article "Simulation to build a solar collector upon Fresnel lens" we started to approach the light refraction on the atmosphere but at that moment we could not find.........

KeyWords: Refraction, geometrics, light

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[2]. Ruiz, J. (2006). Geometría Analítica. México : Publicaciones Cultural.
[3]. Swokowski, W. Y Cole A. (2011). Álgebra Y Trigonometría Con Geometría Analítica. México: Cengage Learning.

ABSTRACT: α-MnS nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized at 180°C through a hydrothermal method. All the reflections in the PXRD pattern of α-MnS could be indexed as a cubic structure. Elemental mapping analyzed through EDAX showed the presence of Mn and S without any impurities. FESEM micrographs and HRTEM images were clearly identified that α-MnS NPs have spherical type morphology. SAED shows ring pattern, which clearly state that MnS......

Key Word: α-MnS NPs, PXRD, SEM, EDAX, UV-Visible spectroscopy, antibacterial, dielectric study, complex modulus/impedance spectroscopy

[1] Mulla, R., Rabinal, M.K. Large-Scale Synthesis Of Copper Sulfide By Using Elemental Sources Via Simple Chemical Route. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 39, (2017), 528–533. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Ultsonch.2017.05.027.
[2] Ghanbari, B., Jamali-Sheini, F., Yousefi, R. Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis And Optoelectronic Properties Of Γ-Mns Nanoparticles. Journal Of Materials Science: Materials In Electronics 29, (2018) 10976–10985. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10854-018-9179-9.
[3] Jing, Z., Tan, L., Li, F., Wang, J., Fu, Y., Li, Q. Photocatalytic And Antibacterial Activities Of Cds Nanoparticles Prepared By Solvothermal Method. Indian J Chem. (2013).
[4] Suresh, S., 2014. Studies On The Dielectric Properties Of Cds Nanoparticles. Appl Nanosci 4, (2014) 325–329.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S13204-013-0209-X
[5] Tank, Nirali.S., Parikh, K.D., Joshi, M.J. Synthesis And Characterization Of Copper Sulphide (Cus) Nano Particles. Presented At The Functional Oxides And Nanomaterials: Proceedings Of The International Conference On Functional Oxides And Nanomaterials, Gujarat, India, (2017) P. 040018. Https://Doi.Org/10.1063/1.4982102

ABSTRACT: There are three types of physical constants: (1) Universal Physical Constant such as Gravitational Constant G which, subject to the reference point of measurement, contains a variable real number and a group of variable unit quantities that are both dependent on the local gravitational field and aging of the universe, (2) Gravity Dependent Physical Constant such as Planck Constant h, Coulomb Constant ke, Permittivity ε0, Permeability μ0, Absolute Light Speed C and Wu Constant K which, subject to the location of the object, contains a fixed real number and.....

Keywords: Physical Constant, Gravitational Constant, Coulomb Constant, Planck Constant, Wu Constant, Wu's Spacetime Constant, Permittivity, Permeability, Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pair, Subatomic Equilibrium, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Wu's Spacetime Transformation, Principle of Parallelism, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Photon Inertia Transformation, Absolute Light Speed, Inertia Light Speed, Equation of Relative Velocity, Equation of Light Speed

[1] Edward T. H. Wu. "Arithmetic Operations And Physical Quantities." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 14(03), 2022, Pp. 07-10.
[2] Edward T. H. Wu. "Vision Of Object, Vision Of Light, Photon Inertia Transformation And Their Effects On Light Speed And Special Relativity." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), Vol. 9, No. 5, 2017, Pp. 49–54.
[3] Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity And Spacetime Based On Yangton & Yington Theory, And Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, Pp. 58-64.
Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp.20160504.13.
[4] Edward T. H. Wu. "Physical Constants And Gravitational Field Equations Observed At Different Reference Points And Gravitational Fields." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 16(3), 2024, Pp. 01- 11.
[5] Edward T. H. Wu. "Equations Of Physical Laws And Physical Constants Affected By Gravitational Field And Aging Of The Universe." Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 14(03), 2022, Pp. 29-33

ABSTRACT: In this paper the restmass of the Photon is central in the calculations of particle masses, force carriers and information transfers. The Photons are created by using the new intensity formula together with the discussion of the couple of Photons in a pair. Calculations of different force carriers of different forces and particles have been done together with calculation of information transfers. A new method using Harmonic series by separating the rest mass values of particles into numerical numbers, which represent the masses, charges and oscillation frequences of the particles, has been used here. This method is very accurate and represents a big step for Atomic Physics, where the mass of particles can be calculated without using accelerators.

[1]. Barrera T.and Thelin B. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) Vol 15 (5) p. 56 (2023)
[2]. Barrera T., 18 (2022). The Universe, Mass of the Photon.
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[4]. Thelin B., IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Vol.5 (1) p. 23 ( 2013)
[5]. Yngström S. and Thelin B., Appl. Spectrosc. 44, No 9, 1566 (1990)

ABSTRACT: Two point resolution due to high intensity side lobes caused by optical aberrations when the intensity ratio between the two-object points is α=0.2. Truncation of circular aperture is greatly reducing the effect of aberrations. Further suppression of side lobes is needed to improve resolving power of optical system. Keeping this point in focus we have adopted apodization technique tp improve the two-point resolution. For this process we have selected Hanning amplitude filter. In this work we are reporting two point resolution of an optical imaging system with truncated apertures by apodization for intensity ratios α=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1.0 under various coherence illumination. The resolution of imaging system was confirmed by taking the sparrow limit as a standard.

Key words:- Two-point resolution, truncated aperture, defocus, spherical aberration and Sparrow limit

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