IOSR-JAP   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2025

ABSTRACT: The energy sources such as oil and gas are transported through underground pipelines. This is the most economical and safest mode of transportation. Leakage is one of the main causes of heavy product losses. It disturbs the normal operation of the pipeline, pollutes the environment, and threatens personal safety. Corrosion of pipelines transporting oil and gas resources leads to product leakage and affects the economy. Other significant causes for pipeline leaks are damage by excavation equipment, accidents, theft, earth movement, etc.......

Keywords: pipeline, radiotracer, data logger, sample analysis.

[1]. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1990) Guidebook On Radioisotope Tracers In Industry, Technical Reports Series No.316, Vienna, Austria
[2]. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2009) Training Course Series No. 38. Guidebook On Leak Detection In Heat Exchangers And Underground Pipelines Using Radiotracers, Vienna, Austria
[3]. Charlton JS (1986) Radioisotope Techniques For Problem Solving In Industrial Process Plants. Leonard Hill, London
[4]. Thýn J (1989) Radioisotope Techniques For Process Optimization. Isot Environ Health Stud 25(4):144–151
[5]. Yulong Li Et Al (2020) An Underground Pipeline Leakage Monitoring And Precise Positioning Method Based On Multi-Point Signal Compensation. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 450 012118

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the potentials of green inhibitors (leaf extracts of Heinsia crinita (atama) and Editan (Clasianthera Africana)) for the prevention of corrosion of mild steel in an acidic media. The experiment was tested in a control environment and in an acidic environment under different concentrations of the green inhibitors and with fixed exposure time. The concentration of the acidic environment was fixed at 0.5 M while the concentration of the green inhibitors was varied between 0 g/mol (control) to 50 g/mol. The incremental steps were maintained.......

[1] Agarry, S. E., Oghenejoboh, K. M., Aworanti, O. A., And Arinkoola, A. O. (2019) Biocorrosion Inhibition Of Mild Steel In Crude Oil-Water Environment Using Extracts Of Musa Paradisiaca Peels, Moringa Oleifera Leaves, And Carica Papaya Peels As Biocidal-Green Inhibitors: Kinetics And Adsorption Studies. Chemical Engineering Communications, 206(1), 98-124.
[2] Bhardwaj, N., Jaiswal, P., & Kaushik, J. (2024). Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of The Phytochemicals In Aerva Lanata. Asian Journal Of Research In Chemistry, 17(3), 149-155.[3] El-Hashemy, M. A., & Almehmadi, A. M. (2025). Evaluation Of Glebionis Coronaria L. Flower Extract As A Novel Green Inhibitor For Mild Steel Corrosion In Acidic Environment. Biomass Conversion And Biorefinery, 15(1), 1121-1137.
[4] Idenyi, N. E., Nwofe, P. A., Agbo, P. E., And Idu, H. K. (2015). Effects Of Psidium Guavaja (Guava) And Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract On The Corrosion Susceptibility Of Mild Steel In An Acidic Medium. Australian Journal Of Basic And Applied Sciences, 9(35), 245-250.
[5] Idu, H. K., Nwofe, P. A., & Idenyi, N. E. (2016). Investigations On The Inhibitive Properties Of Moringa Oleifera And Psiduim Quajava Leaves Extract On The Corrosion Susceptibility Of Mild Steel. American-Eurasian Journal Of Scientific Research, 11(2), 119-124.

ABSTRACT: This study presents an in‐depth evaluation of gamma radiation shielding performance in a series of BLTC glass systems modified with varying levels of BaF₂. Key radiation interaction parameters—including the linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, half‐value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, effective electron density, and buildup factors—were systematically analyzed over a broad range of photon energies. The experimental results reveal that the attenuation properties follow an exponential decay, in agreement with the Beer–......

Key Word: Radiation shielding, attenuation coefficients, BaF2 glasses, Tellurite glasses

[1]. Nagaraju G, Alharshan GA, Chandra Sekhar K, Alrowaili ZA, Shareefuddin M, Olarinoye IO, Et Al. Significant Impact Of Lead(II) Chloride On Synthesis And Properties Of Boron-Based Metallic Glasses For Mechanical, Optical, And Radiation Applications. Journal Of Materials Science: Materials In Electronics 2023;34. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10854-022-09742-0.
[2]. Singh RU, Sekhar KC, Alzahrani JS, Alrowaili ZA, Shareefuddin M, Purushotham Y, Et Al. Effect Of Moo3 On Na2O–B2O3–Cdo–Zno Glasses: Applications In Optoelectronics, Communication Devices, And Radiation Shielding. Ceram Int 2023;49:11600–11.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Ceramint.2022.12.007.
[3]. Sekhar KC, Hameed A, Narsimlu N, Alzahrani JS, Alothman MA, Olarinoye IO, Et Al. Synthesis, Optical, Structural, And Radiation Transmission Properties Of Pbo/Bi2O3/B2O3/Fe2O3 Glasses: An Experimental And In Silico Study. Opt Mater (Amst) 2021;117. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Optmat.2021.111173.
[4]. Olarinoye, O., 2020. Computational Methods In Nuclear Radiation Shielding And Dosimetry: AMBIENT DOSE BUILDUP FACTORS. NOVA Science Publisher.
[5]. Olarinoye, O., Mohammed, B., 2019. Photon Absorption Buildup Factors For Different Concrete Types. African J. Med. Phys. 2 (1), 31–37, 2019..

ABSTRACT: Zinc lithium calcium magnesium tantalum bismuth borate glasses containing.....

Key Word: ZLCMTBB Glasses, Optical Properties, Intensity parameters, Transmittance and Upconversion Properties Introduction

[1]. Meena,S.L.(2024).Photoluminescence and Raman analysis of Nd3+ doped in ytterbium zinc lithium sodium barium calcium aluminophosphate glasses,IOSR,Appl.Phys.16,28-34.
[2]. Kashif,I.,Ratep,A.(2023).Luminescence in Er3+ co-doped bismuth germinate glass-ceramics for blue and green emitting applications, J.Korean Ceram.Soci.60,511-526.
[3]. Bardins,M.,Vakula,N.,Petit,L(2025).Emission efficiency at 1 μm from low Yb3+ concentrated tellurite glass-ceramics:Alternative materiala for the future rare- earth metal shortage,255,116355.
[4]. X. Li, Z. Guan, Y. Duan, R. Shen, Y. Tian, X. Wang, S. Xu, H. Yu, X. Zhang and B. Chen, Bright green up-conversion luminescence of LaNbO4: Nd3+/Yb3+/Ho3+ phosphors under 808 nm and 980 nm excitations and the effects of dopant concentration, J. Lumin., 2022, 241, 118524.
[5]. Matos,I.M.,Balzaretti,N.M.(2024).Effect of mixed alkali ions on the structural and spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ doped silicate glasses, Results Mat.21,100517..

ABSTRACT: Glass of the system :(40-x)TeO2:10ZnO:10Li2O:10Na2O:10WO3:20B2O3:xNd2O3. (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies......

Key Word: ZLSTBT Glasses, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Photoluminescence Properties

[1]. Xia,Y.J.,Zhang,T.(2024).Advances in the optical and electronic properties and applications of bismuth based semiconductor materials.J.Mat.Chem. C 12,1609-1624.
[2]. Meena,S.L.(2023).Spectral and Raman analysis of Er3+ doped ytterbium zinc lithium sodalime magnesium borophosphate glasses,Int.Inn.Res.Sci.Eng.Tech.12,10915-24.
[3]. Kaur, R.B.R., Kumar,A.(2021).Physical,optical,structural and thermoluminescence behavior of borosilicate glass doped with trivalent neodymium ions,Opt.Mat.117,1-13
[4]. Matous,I.S.,Balzaretti,N.M.(2024).Effect of mixed alkali ions on the structural and spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ doped silicate glasses,Results Mat.21,10051.

ABSTRACT: Glasses samples containing Ho3+ in Zinc Lithium Alumino Cadmium Sodalime Bismuth Borate Glasses (25-x)Bi2O3: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10Al2O3: 10CdO: 10CaO: 10Na2O :15B2O3 :xHo2O3 (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching......

Keywords: ZLACSLBB Glasses, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Radiative Properties

[1]. Meena,S.L.(2024).Spectral, Thermal and Upconversion properties of Dy3+ doped borotellurite glasses with large stability parameter, IOSR Appl.Phys.42-49.
[2]. Fang,T.,Guoxing,X.,Yuqin,M.,Yunlong,Z.,Binhao,G.,Shunfa,C.,Dexiao,C.,Yumeng,B.,Dechun,Z.(2024).Structure and Spectral properties of Er3+ doped bismuth borate tellurite near-infrared laser glasses,Mat.17,3292.
[3]. Boudchicha,N., Iezid,M., Goumeidane,F., Legouera,M., Prasad,P.S., Rao,P.V.(2023).Judd–Ofelt Analysis and Spectroscopy Study of Tellurite Glasses Doped with Rare-Earth (Nd3+, Sm3+, Dy3+, and Er3+),Materials,16,6832,1-19.
[4]. Dousti, M.R. , Poirier, G.Y. and de Camargo, A.S.S.(2020).Tungsten Sodium Phosphate glasses doped with trivalent rare earth ions (Eu3+, Tb3+, Nd3+, Er3+ ) for visible and near infrared applications, Journal of Non- Cryst. Solids 530, 119838.
[5]. [5].Meena,S.L.(2024).Spectral and Luminescence study of Er3+doped phosphate glasses for the development of 1.5 μm broadband amplifier,IOSR Appl.Phys.16,35-41.

ABSTRACT: Glass sample of Yttrium Zinc Lithium Cesium Barium Bismuth Borate Glasses (35-x) Bi2O3 :10ZnO :10Li2O :10Cs2O3 :10BaO : 10Y2O3:15B2O3:xTb2O3. (where x=1,1.5,2 mol%) have been prepared by melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The absorption, fluorescence......

Key Word: YZLCBBB glasses, Energy interaction parameters, Optical properties, Raman analysis.

[1]. Meena, S.L.(2024).Photoluminescence and Raman analysis of Nd3+ doped in ytterbium zinc lithium sodium barium calcium aluminophosphate glasses, IOSR Appl.Phys.16,28-34.
[2]. Boudchicha,N.,Iezid,M.,Goumeidane,F.,Legouera,M.,Prasad,P.S.,Rao,P.V.(2023).Judd–Ofelt Analysis and Spectroscopy Study of Tellurite Glasses Doped with Rare-Earth (Nd3+, Sm3+, Dy3+, and Er3+),Materials,16,6832,1-19.
[3]. De, M.,Jana, S.(2020).Optical characterization of Eu3+ doped titanium barium lead phosphate glass, Optik-Int. Journal for light and Electron Optics,215,164718,1-7.
[4]. Mirdda,J.N., Mukhopadhyay,S.,Sahu,K.R.,Goswami,M.N.(2020). Enhancement of optical emission and dielectric properties of Eu3+-doped Na2O–ZnO–TeO2 glass material, Glass Phys. Chem. 46,218-227..

ABSTRACT: In this work, the potentials of leaf extracts of Heinsia crinita (atama) was investigated for use as a green inhibitor for the control of corrosion of mild steel in an acidic environment. The experiment was conducted in an acidic environment and in a control environment under different concentrations of the green inhibitors and with different exposure times. The concentration of the acidic environment was maintained at 0.5 M. Further, the concentration of the green inhibitor was changed between 0 g/mol (control) to 50 g/mol. The incremental change in the concentration of the leaf extracts of Heinsia crinita were retained at 10 g/mol. The exposure times were varied between.....

[1] Abdo, M.O, Aziz, M. & Hasnah, M.S. (2015) Turmeric And Ginger As Green Inhibitors Of Mild Steel Corrosion In Acidic
Medium. Journal Of Materials And Environmental Sciences, 6(5), 1480-1487.
[2] Agarry, S. E., Oghenejoboh, K. M., Aworanti, O. A., And Arinkoola, A. O. (2019) Biocorrosion Inhibition Of Mild Steel In Crude
Oil-Water Environment Using Extracts Of Musa Paradisiaca Peels, Moringa Oleifera Leaves, And Carica Papaya Peels As
Biocidal-Green Inhibitors: Kinetics And Adsorption Studies. Chemical Engineering Communications, 206(1), 98-124.
[3] Bhardwaj, N., Jaiswal, P., & Kaushik, J. (2024). Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of The Phytochemicals In Aerva Lanata.
Asian Journal Of Research In Chemistry, 17(3), 149-155.
[4] El-Hashemy, M. A., & Almehmadi, A. M. (2025). Evaluation Of Glebionis Coronaria L. Flower Extract As A Novel Green
Inhibitor For Mild Steel Corrosion In Acidic Environment. Biomass Conversion And Biorefinery, 15(1), 1121-1137.
[5] Idenyi, N. E., Nwofe, P. A., Agbo, P. E., And Idu, H. K. (2015). Effects Of Psidium Guavaja (Guava) And Moringa Oleifera
Leaves Extract On The Corrosion Susceptibility Of Mild Steel In An Acidic Medium. Australian Journal Of Basic And Applied
Sciences, 9(35), 245-250

ABSTRACT: The fundamental premise of both the GZK and TeV-γ photon theories relies on the concept of Lorentz invariance. In our previous work1, we introduced a novel perspective on the spatial orientation of inertial frames and highlighted a fundamental mathematical limitation of the Lorentz transformation equations in
relating the space and time coordinates of two inertial frames in relative motion. This insight successfully explained the presence of ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles and multi-TeV gamma photons on Earth — an observation that contradicts the predictions of the GZK and TeV-γ photon theories. In this paper, we provide
further evidence and clarification to support these insights.

Keywords: GZK Theory, TeV- γ photon theory, Orientation of inertial frames, Lorentz transformation.

[1] Rajan B. Jain, IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Vol. 10, No. 6 (2018), Pp. 01-09. Also Available On Researchgate And Academia.Edu. (Rajanbjain@Rediffmail.Com)
[2] K Greisen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 748 (1966).
[3] G T Zatsepin And V A Kuzmin, Sov. Phys.–JETP Lett. 4, 78 (1966).
[4] A I Nikishov, Sov. Phys. JETP. 14, 393 (1962).
[5] R J Gould And G Schreder, Phy.Rev. Lett.16, 252 (1966).