IOSR-JAP   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study of Cell Tower Radiation and its Health Hazards on human body
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Lalrinthara Pachuau || Zaithanzauva Pachuau
	:	10.9790/4861-06110106

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we present the study of RF radiation from mobile tower and its health effects on human body. Power density of RF radiation from a mobile tower have been measured in close proximity to the mobile base station (GSM 900) at the selected locality in Aizawl, Mizoram, India, which was erected in 2009. Questionnaire was conducted on different health problems faced by the inhabitants living near the base station. The absolute power densities have been measured at different houses which is compared with standard limits given by various authorities like International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Bioinitiative : 2012 and with the current Indian Standards. Frequency spectrum was analysed at different sites. Different health symptoms of RF exposure faced by the inhabitants within 50m and outside 50m from the tower are analysed and compared. The result is also analysed based on sex. It was found that the inhabitants living within 50m are having more health complaints than those living outside 50m. It was also found that females are having more complaints than males. This type of study is the first time report in the state.

Key words: RF, Non ionizing radiation, Power density, Frequency spectrum, base stations.

[1] JF Viel, S Clerc, C Barrera, R Rymzhanova, M Moissonnier, M Hours, E Cardis, Residential exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from Mobile Phone Base stations, and Broadcast Transmitters: A population-Based Survey with Personal Meter, Occup Environ Med 66 (2009) 550-556.
[2] AM Martinez-Gonzalez, A Fernandez-Pascual, Practical Procedure for Verification of Compliance of Digital Mobile Radio Base Stations to Limitations of Exposure of the General Public to Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Proceedings on Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation (USA) 149 (2002) 218-228.
[3] A Ahlbom, A Green, et al, Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure, Environmental Health Perspectives 112(17), (2004), 1741-1754.
[4] U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Radiation emitting Products: Reducing Exposure : Hands-Free Kits and Other Accessories, 2009.http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandprocedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/ucm116338.htm
[5] Nora D. Volkow, Dardo Tomasi, Gene-Jack Wang, Paul Vaska, Joanna S. Fowler, Frank Telang, Dave Alexoff, Jean Logan and Christopher Wong, Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism, Journal of American Medical Association, 305(8), 2011, 808-813.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Stokes first problem for an unsteady MHD fourth-grade fluid in a non-porous half space with Hall currents
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	H. Zaman || Ubaidullah || M. A. Shah || M. Ibrahim
	:	10.9790/4861-06110714

ABSTRACT: The well-known problem of unidirectional plane flow of a fluid in a non-porous half-space due to the impulsive motion of the rigid plane wall it rests upon is discussed in the context of an unsteady MHD fourthgrade fluid in presence of Hall currents. The governing non-linear partial differential equations describing the problem are converted to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformations. The complex analytical solution is found by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The existing literature on the topic shows that it is the first study regarding the effects of Hall current on flow of an unsteady MHD fourth-grade fluid over an impulsively moving plane wall. The convergence of the obtained complex series solutions is carefully analyzed. The effects of dimensionless parameters on the velocity are illustrated through plots and the effects of the pertinent parameters on the local skin friction coefficient at the surface of the wall are presented numerically in tabular form.
Keywords: Fourth-grade fluid, HAM, Hall currents, Stokes first problem, Unsteady.

[1] G. G. Stokes, On the effect of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums, Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc, (Part II), 9(2),
1851, 8-106.
[2] R. I. Tanner, Note on the Rayleigh problem for a visco-elastic fluid, Z. angew. Math. Phys, (ZAMP), 13, 1962, 573-580.
[3] V.M. Soundalgekar, Stokes problem for elastico-viscous fluid, Rheol. Acta, 13(2), 1974, 177-179.
[4] I. Teipel, The impulsive motion of a flat plate in a viscoelastic fluid, Acta Mech, 39(3-4), 1981, 277-279.
[5] P. Puri, Impulsive motion of a flat plate in a Rivlin--Ericksen fluid, Rheol. Acta, 23(4), 1984, 451-453.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Spectral Depth Analysis of Sokoto Basin
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Bonde, D. S. || Udensi E. E. || Rai J. K.
	:	10.9790/4861-06111521

ABSTRACT: Spectral depth analysis of Sokoto basin was carried out to determine the the sedimentary thickness in all parts of the basin, The total magnetic field values, obtained by digitizing the contour maps of the basin, was used to produce the composite map of the area. The Sokoto Basin is situated between latitudes 10o 30″ N to 14o 00″ N and longitude 3o30″ E to 7o 00″ E with an estimated area of 59,570 km2.Spectral depth analysis was carried out on each aeromagnetic sheet to estimate the depth to basement and infer areas of probable hydrocarbon prospects. The results of the spectral studies indicate an increase in sedimentation northwards, with several depressions on the basement rock. Two prominent magnetization layers of depths varying from 0.04 km to 0.95 km and 0.36 km to 2.88 km were observed. The areas, where higher sedimentary thicknesses are observed such as sheets No 28(Argungu), sheet no.12 (Isah) and sheet no. 13(Gandi) are the most probable sites for prospect of hydrocarbon accumulation in the basin.
Key words: Geophysical investigation; Composite map; Sedimentary thickness; Anomalies.

[1]. Corell, L. and Grouch, V.J.S. (1985), Mapping basement zones from magnetic data in the san juan basin; New Mexico: presented at the 52nd Annual International Meeting, Society or exploration, geophysicists, Dallas U.S.A.
[2]. Dobrin, M.B. (1976), Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. Mc-Graw Hill Books Co (3rd Ed.) N.Y. Pp. 630
[3]. Hahn, A., Kind, E.G.and Mishra, D.C. (1976), Depth estimates of Magnetic sources by means of Fourier Amplitude Spectra. Geophy.Prosp 24,278- 308.
[4]. Kangkolo, D.E. Ojo, and S.B. (1976): The Influence of Outlier Points and their Suppression in theDetermination of Regional Fields by Polynomial Fitting. Proceedings of the 31s' Annual Conference of the Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society.
[5]. Kearey, P, Brooks, M. and Hill, I. (2004), An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration. Third• Edition, Blackwell Pub.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Film Thickness on Structural and Optical Properties of Sol – Gel Spin Coated TiO2 Thin Film
Country	:	India
Authors	:	P. Malliga || J. Pandiarajan || N. Prithivikumaran || K. Neyvasagam
	:	10.9790/4861-06112228

ABSTRACT: Titanium dioxide thin films have been prepared from the solution of TTIP (Titanium Tetra Isopropoxide), Acetic acid and Ethanol on the glass substrates by sol-gel spin coating technique. In the present work, the TiO2 thin films have been analyzed for different coating cycles which were annealed at 450° C for one hour. The annealed films were characterized by X – Ray diffraction (XRD) method, UV – Visible & Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X – Ray Analysis (EDAX).The XRD results show that the crystallite size increases from 6.3 nm to 35.5 nm with increase in number of coating cycles. The transmittance of the film and the optical band gap are found to decrease with increase in number of coating cycles. The room temperature PL spectra of TiO2 thin films show blue and green emissions at 485 nm and 530 nm with excitation at 410 nm. The surface morphology shows rough surface with irregular particles. The stoichiometric ratio of the film was confirmed by EDAX analysis. The results of structural and optical characteristic study suggest that the sol-gel spin coated nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films can have high potential application in photo catalytic activities.
Keywords: Film thickness, FESEM, PL, Spin coating method, TiO2 thin film.

[1] M.E .Yang Juan, Sen and J.M.F. Ferreira Hydrothd, Synthesis of nano sized Titania powders: Influence of tetra alkyl ammonium hydroxides on particle characteristics, J.Am.Ceram.Soc. 84(8), 2001, 1696-1706.
[2] Hang Ru-bin and Gao Lian, Effect of peptizationon phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles, J.Mater Res Bull., 36, 2001,1957- 1965.
[3] M. Anpo, T.O. Shima, S. Kodama and Y. Kubokawa, Photo catalytic hydrogenation of Propyne with water on small particle titania: size quantization effects and reaction intermediats, J.phys.chem, 91, 1987, 4305-4310.
[4] S.Ruan, F. Wu, T. Zhang, W.Gao, B.Xu and M. Zhao, Surface state of TiO2 nanoparticlesAnd photo catalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous TiO2 dispersions, Mater.chem.phys, 69, 2001, 7-9.
[5] S. Liu and X. Chen, A visible light response TiO2 photocatalyst realized by cationic S-doping and its Application for phenol degradation, J.Hazard.mater,152(1), 2008,48-55.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Interaction of a tunable laser beam with high-resolution lines of ozone in 4220 – 4226 cm−1
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Surajit Bhuyan || Anurup Gohain Barua || Biswa Kr. Das
	:	10.9790/4861-06112935

ABSTRACT: Interaction of a tunable narrow linewidth-laser beam with the infrared absorption lines of ozone in the region of 4220-4226 cm-1 is studied  using the quasi-random model of molecular band absorption. Values of transmittance, computed at intervals of 0.1 cm−1, are obtained for three different absorber thicknesses. The generated absorptance values, which simulate the intensities of the high-resolution absorption lines of ozone, are compared with those generated by the line-by-line (LBL) method.
Keywords: Line by line method, ozone, quasi–random model, transmittance, tunable laser beam.

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer (accessed 4 December, 2013).
[2] A. Barbe, O. Sulakshina, J. J. Plateaux, Vl. G. Tyuterev and S. Bouazza, Line position and intensities of the band of ozone, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 175, 1996, 296-302.
[3] V.G. Kunde, Theoretical computations of the outgoing infrared radiance from a planetary atmosphere, NASA TN-D- 4045, 1967.
[4] L. Sparks, Efficient line-by-line calculation of absorption coefficients to high numerical accuracy, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 57, 1997, 631–650.
[5] S. N. Tiwari, S. K. Gupta, Accurate spectral modeling for infrared radiation, NASA CR-152948, 1977.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Techniques of Oil Spill Response in the sea
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Obi, E. O. || Kamgba, F. A. || Obi, D. A.
	:	10.9790/4861-06113641

ABSTRACT: The techniques of combating any kind of oil spill in a marine environment have been studied. It was established that the mechanical method of response using oil booms and skimmers is the best method as this removes the oil completely from the marine environment. However, this method cannot be applied for all oil spills. Other methods applicable are by the methods of biodegradation, chemical dispersants and in-situ burning. This paper explains clearly under what conditions we may apply any of these methods. This is usually done taking into consideration the oil type, the concentration of the oil slick on the surface of the water, the environmental and weather conditions. Apart from the mechanical method, the other three methods have their negative impact on the environment. The negative effects ranges from the destruction of the marine environment, to destruction of marine life and in fact destruction and pollution of the atmosphere. Consequently, the negative effects of the combating technique or techniques have to be carefully evaluated before usage.
Key words: biodegradation, chemical dispersants, in-situ burnin, Oil booms and skimmers.

[1]. Allen A.A., and R.J. Ferek. 1993. Advantages and disadvantages of burning spilled oil. Proceedings of the 1993 International Oil Spill Conference: pp. 765 – 772.
[2]. American Petroleum Institute. 1982. Oil Spill Response: Options For MinimizingAdverse Ecological Impacts. American Petroluem Institute Publication No. 4398. Washington, DC. 98 pp.
[3]. Biello, David. Slick Solution: How Microbes Will Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Scientific American, May 25, 2010. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-microbes-clean-up-oil-spills
[4]. Clark, R.B. (1992). Marine Pollution. 3rd ed., Gookcraft Ltd., Great Britain, UK, pp. 50–60. [5]. David J. Robinson (2011) Collaborative experiments online in a module presente globally, in Bioscience Education (18).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Investigation on the Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of L-Lysine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystal for NLO Applications
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. N. Shaikh || Mohd. Anis || M. D. Shirsat || S. S. Hussaini
	:	10.9790/4861-06114246

ABSTRACT: In present investigation L-lysine doped ADP crystal has been grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal was confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. The optical studies were carried to examine optical transparency and determine the optical constants of the grown crystal quenching the optoelectronics applications. The optical band gap of grown crystal is found to be 4.7eV. The third order nonlinear behaviour has been investigated using Z-scan technique at 632.8 nm. The nonlinear third order susceptibility of grown crystal is found to be 1 .578 x 10-5 esu. The nonlinear index of refraction and absorption coefficient were determined to explore the optical limiting applications of the grown NLO crystal. The kurtz powder test confirmed the second harmonic generations by the grown crystal.
Keywords: Growth from solution; UV-Vis; Optical properties; optical susceptibility; SHG efficiency.

[1] N.R. Dhumane, S.S. Hussaini, V.G. Dongre, P. Ghugare, M.D. Shirsat, Growth and characterization of L-Alanine-doped Zinc Thiourea Chloride single crystal (ZTC), Applied Physics A, 95, 2009, 727-732.
[2] P. Rajesh, P. Ramasamy, Optical, dielectric and microhardness studies on (100) directed ADP crystal, Spectrochimica Acta part A, 74, 2009, 210-213.
[3] S.S. Hussaini, N.R. Dhumane, V.G. Dongre, P. Karmuse, P. Ghughare, M.D. Shirsat, Effect of Glycine on the optical properties of Zinc Thiourea Chloride single crystal, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Material (Rapid Communication), 2, 2008, 108-112.
[4] K. Meera, R. Muralidharan, R. Dhanasekaran, M. Prapun, P. Ramasamy, Growth of nonlinear optical material: L-arginine hydrochloride and its characterization, Journal of Crystal Growth, 263, 2004, 510-516.
[5] N.R. Dhumane, S.S. Hussaini, V.G. Dongre, Mahendra D. Shirsat, Influence of glycine on the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of zinc (tris) thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystal, Optical Materials, 31, 2008, 328-332.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of the effects 3D Margins around the treatment volume in radiotherapy planning
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Zyad A.Tawfik || Mohamed El-Azab Farid || Ahmed A. Hussein || Khaled M. Elshahat
	:	10.9790/4861-06114753

ABSTRACT: In radiotherapy treatment there are many potential error sources, which can increase the uncertainty in the dose delivery to a patient to unacceptable values. Potential error sources can be divided into four categories(1,2); (1) errors in the data transfer from treatment planning system (TPS) to treatment equipment, (2) errors in the functioning of the treatment equipment, (3) errors that that may arise from organ motion and (4) inaccuracies during the treatment planning process. Various solutions can be chosen to detect and correct some of these four errors categories, but few solutions can be utilized to detect errors in all four categories. Several margin 'recipes' are described to calculate the CTV-PTV margin(5,6).

[1] Shen S, Duan J, Fiveash J B, Brezovich I A, Plant B A, Spencer S A, Popple R A, Pareek P N and Bonner J A Validation of target volume and position in respiratory gated CT planning and treatment Med. Phys. 30 3196–205, 2003.
[2] ICRU report 50: Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 1993.
[3] ICRU report 62: Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy (Supplement to ICRU report 50). Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 1999.
[4] Book Geometric Uncertainties in Radiotherapy - Defining the Planning Target Volume: The British Institute of Radiology; 2003.
[5] 5.Van den Heuvel F, Fugazzi J, Seppi E, Forman JD. Clinical application of a repositioning scheme, using gold markers and electronic portal imaging. Radiother Oncol;79:94–100, 2006.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Studies on Internal Bremsstrahlung Radiation Accompanying Second Forbidden β-Decay of 36Cl and 99Tc
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	E. I. Khalila || Ahmet Cengiz
	:	10.9790/4861-06115462

ABSTRACT: The internal bremsstrahlung (IB) radiation accompanying the β-decay of the second forbidden β-transtionof 36Cl and 99Tc sources are Studied. The IB measured using a scintillation -spectrometer. It was analyzed by the variable width peeling-off-method, and then corrected applying the proper corrections. The analyzed and corrected IB spectrum was compared with those calculated according to Monte Carlo simulation and modified KUB calculations(M.KUB).It was found that the present experimental results have a better agreement with the theory than the previous work. Also It was found that the present experimental results are in a better agreement with M.KUB calculations than Monte Carlo simulation. This may be due to that the effect of Coulomb-charge(Z) on the IB process is treated in a more refined manner in M.KUB calculations than Monte Carlo Simulation.The 36Cl and 99Tcsources have the same degree of forbiddness but different values of Coulomb charge (Z)and different values of β-endpoint energy( 709 KeV and 292 KeV respectively). Therefore the effects of Coulomb charge (Z) and values of β-endpoint energy on the IB-processare studied. It was found that these effects have a large contribution into IB-spectrum for the sources of larger Coulomb charge (Z) and lower β-endpoint energy , as in the case of 99Tc-source.
Keywords: Internal bremsstrahlung radiation , Radiative β-decay, Second forbidden β-transtion and Radioactive sources 36Cl and 99Tc.

[1]. Persson, B. Proceeding cont. electron capture & higher order processes in nucleon decays, Debrcecen.Phys. soc. 2, 142 (1968).
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[5]. Lewis, R.R., Ford, G.W. Coulomb effect in inner bremsstrahlung. Phys. Rev., 107 , 756 (1957).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Cloud Cover on Global UV Irradiance over Baghdad, Iraq
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Kais J. AL-Jumaily || Natiq A. Zaki || Ali M. AL-Salihi
	:	10.9790/4861-06116369

ABSTRACT: Six months of continuous of hourly records of Ultraviolet irradiance recorded at Baghdad, (33.34 oN, 44.45 oE, 34 m a.m.s.l.), Iraq, were combined with concurrent synoptic cloud observations to investigate the relative influence of clouds on UV irradiance. The ratio of UV irradiance to the total solar irradiance increases with cloud cover, especially for cloud cover greater than 4 octas, In order to determine the effect of cloud on UV irradiance, a cloud modification factor was considered, it is defined as the ratio between the UV measurements and the corresponding clear sky UV irradiance that would be expected for the same time period and atmospheric conditions. It was shown that the effect of cloud with 4 octas increases demonstrating the spectral dependence of the cloud radiative extinction, while the impact of cloud cover less than 4 octas is relatively constant and ranged between (3.6 – 4.3%).
Keywords: Ultraviolet Radiation, Clouds, Ozone, Baghdad, Iraq.

[1] AL-Salihi, A.M. 2008' Effect of Some Atmospheric Factors on Ultraviolet Radiation ' Ph.D. thesis, Department of Atmospheric sciences, College of Sciences, Al-Mustansiriyah University.
[2] Al-Aruri, S.D., Rasas, M., Al-Jamal, K. and Shaban, N. 1988. 'An assessment of global ultraviolet solar radiation in the range (0.290-0.385) mm in Kuwait', Solar Energy, 41, 159 – 164.
[3] Al-Aruri, S.D. 1990. 'The empirical relationship between global radiation and global ultraviolet (0.290-0.385) mm solar radiation components', Solar Energy, 45, 61 – 64.
[4] Elhadidy, M.A., Abdel Nabi, D.Y. and Kruss, P.D. 1990. 'Ultraviolet radiation at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia', Solar Energy, 44, 315 – 319.
[5] Feister, U. and Grasnick, K.H. 1992. 'Solar UV radiation measurements at Postdam (52°22'N, 13°5'E)', Solar Energy, 49, 541 – 548.