IOSR-JAP   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Chemical Polymerization of Aniline Using Para-toluene Sulphonic Acid
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. Ratheesh || K. Viswanathan
	:	10.9790/4861-06120109

ABSTRACT: Polyaniline doped with hydrochloric acid (HCl) was prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline (ANI) in aqueous medium with ammonium peroxy disulphate as an oxidant. The deprotonation of the PANI: HCl samples were performed by stirring the PANI: HCl powder (emeraldine salt) in 0.1 M aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide for 24 hours at room temperature, thus obtaining the polymer in the emeraldine base form. The redoping of the PANI (emeraldine base) with para- toluene sulphonic acid was performed by mixing emeraldine base (EB) with para- toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA) to obtain the required doping levels (Y = 0.5, Y =0.3, Y =0.1), known as the molar ratio of TSA to phenyl-nitrogen repeat units (S/N).The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform- infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet- Visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique.The prepared samples were pressed into pellets, and DC electrical conductivity was measured, using four-probe method. The FT-IR peaks obtained in the samples are in good agreement with the reported peaks in literature. UV-VIS spectroscopy shows the various electron transitions present in the polyaniline samples. The crystallinity of the samples was studied in detail by X-ray diffraction technique.The conductivity shows an increase with increase in temperature, for all the three samples.
Key Words: Polyaniline, chemical synthesis, polymerization, emeraldine, FT-IR,XRD, conductivity studies.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	X-RAY Characterization of Mixed KClxBr1–x Crystals
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Lalit Kumar || Jyoti Chaudhary || A. K. Mishra
	:	10.9790/4861-06121013

ABSTRACT: The present chapter is on X-ray characterization of mixed KClxBr1–x single crystals. The distance 'd' between adjacent (100) planes has been found to vary in a linear way with the change of x for different KClxBr1-x crystals, studied through X-ray diffraction analysis.
Keywords: X-ray, KClxBr1–x crystals, diffraction.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dielectric behavior of acetonitrile + methanol binary mixtures at microwave frequency
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. P. Jogdand || Dr. P. L. Kadam
	:	10.9790/4861-06121422

ABSTRACT: Values of dielectric constant (' ) and dielectric loss (") have been experimentally determined for binary liquid mixtures of acetonitrile + methanol at 10.75 GHz microwave frequencies at 300C. The values of ' and " have been used to evaluate the loss tangent ( tan ), molar polarization (P12), apparent polarization (P2) and a.c. conductivity ( p ). From the studied system indicates that the solute-solvent type of interaction taking place. Density, viscosity and refractive index measurement of binary liquid mixtures were carried out at 300C. The values of viscosity have been used to evaluate the activation energy (Ea). The surface tension has been experimentally determined for pure liquid and binary liquid mixtures at 300C.These parameters have been used to explain the formation of 1:1 complex in the system.
Keywords: Binary mixture, Dielectric parameters, Molar polarization, Activation energy, a.c. conductivity, Molecular interaction.

[1]. S.V. Kumara Sastry, S. SreehariSastry and VRK Murthy, Excess dielectric and thermodynamical studies on hydrogen bonded binary mixtures of propan-1-ol with methyl and ethyl benzoates, Chem. Sci. Trans. 2012, 1 (3), 638-652.
[2]. RekhaPande& G.M. Kalamse, Asian J. Chemistry Vol. 17, No. 1 (2005), 283-288.
[3]. Ch. V.V. Ramana, A.B.V. Kirankumar, M. Ashok kumar and M.K. Moodley Dielectric and excess dielectric constant of acetonitrile + Butyl amine + Ethylamine and methylamine at 303, 313, and 323 K Journal of chemistry volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 687106
[4]. Farid I. EI. Dossoki refractive index and density measurements for selected binary protic – protic, aprotic – aprotic, and aproticprotic systems at temperatures from 298.15 K to 308.15 K. J. of the Chinese chemical society 2007, 54, 1129-1137.
[5]. Abeer K. Shams Densities, refractive indices and excess properties of binary mixtures of acetonitrile with Benzene, Toluene nxylene and mesitylene at temperatures from (298.15 to 313.15 K), Journal of Al. Nahrain University Vol. 14 (2), June, 2011, Pp. 75-85.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment of heavy metals in livers of cattle and chicken by spectroscopic method
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Parekhan Aljaff || Banaz O. Rasheed || Dler M. Salh
	:	10.9790/4861-06122326

ABSTRACT: Liver samples of cow, chicken, and sheep were taken for metal analysis, the results are presented for the levels of chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, lead, zinc, selenium, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES).The samples were taken from the local markets in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The concentration of the above metals in the studied samples were found not to be significant (p<0.05). They are generally low, and within tolerance limit.
Keywords: Animal (Cow, Chicken and Sheep) livers, Heavy metals, Spectrometer, ICP-OES.

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[4]. Iron toxicity department of animal science,college of agriculture and life science .Cronel university received from: www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/iron.html
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Pseudopotentials on the Phonon Dispersion of Graphene
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	K. N. Onaiwu, J. O. A. Idiodi
	:	10.9790/4861-06122733

ABSTRACT:The dependence of the various curves in the phonon dispersion of graphene on the particular pseudopotential used is analysed. By using three different pseudopotentials, we did a first principle calculation using the Quantum-ESPRESSO. It was found that the phonon frequencies of the various branches of graphene and some few layers graphene (FLGs) in addition to the crossings at some special symmetry points were dependent on the pseudopotential used.

[1]. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M.I. Katsnelson, I.V. Grigorieva, S.V. Dubonos, A.A. Firsov, Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films, Science 306 (2004) 666-669.
[2]. S. Cedric, A. Florence, L. Sylvie, T.S. Jung-Woo, C.H. Mark, D. Gilles, H. Henri, D. Vincent, Flexible Gigahertz Transistors Derived from Solution-Based Single-Layer Graphene, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 1184.
[3]. F. Schwierz, Graphene Transistors, Nature Nanotech. 10 (2010) 487-496.
[4]. Y-M. Lin, et al., Operation of graphene transistors at gigahertz frequencies, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 422-426.
[5]. F. Xia, D.B. Farmer, Y-M. Lin, P. Avouris, Graphene field-effect transistors with high on/off current ratio and large transport band gap at room temperature, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 715-718.
[6]. T. Yu, N. Zhenhua, D. Chaoling, Y. Yumeng, W. Yingying, S. Zexiang, Raman Mapping Investigation of Graphene on Transparent Flexible Substrate: The Strain Effect. J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 12602.
[7]. T.M.G. Mohiuddin, A. Lombardo, R.R. Nair, A. Bonetti, G. Savini, R. Jalil, N. Bonini, D.M. Basko, C. Galiotis, N. Marzari, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari, Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 205433.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Elastic Cross-Section of Positron Scattering from Helium Ions
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Mahasen. M. Abdel-Mageed
	:	10.9790/4861-06123437

ABSTRACT: The collisions of positrons with singly charged helium ion He+ (1s) at ground state have been investigated using Harris–Nesbet variational method. This method is demonstrated for total elastic cross sections which corresponding to S-, P-, and D-wave scatterings below positronium formation threshold. The incident energies is considered up to 40 eV (positron momentum k  1.7 a.u.). The results show oscillating behavior of the cross sections in S-wave, where the existence of a resonance is expected, the first peak starts in S-wave and moving toward higher values of k as the angular momentum L increases. We encourage the experimental physicists to carry out further positron–ions experiments.

Keywords: Elastic Collisions, Positrons, Helium Ion, L-wave, Cross sections.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Characterization and dielectric properties of magnetic nanoparticles (Ferrofluid) conjugated with chemotherapy drug for medical application
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	R. M .Ahmed, Maha Fadel , Magda S.Hanafy , Manar A. Ibrahim
	:	10.9790/4861-0612384

ABSTRACT: Basically, magnetic drug delivery system using magnetic nanoparticle carriers targeted by an external magnetic field has been recently a promising choice to avoid problems coupled with usual chemotherapy. An external magnetic field is used to localize the drug loaded carriers at the tumor site and the drug can then be released from the carriers. Consequently, our study is concerned with the ferrofluid (Fe3O4) as magnetic nanoparticles coated with PEG (polyethylene glycol) and conjugated with the doxorubicin as an anti-cancer drug in which the doxorubicin mixed with different four amounts of ferrofluid 700,800,900 and 1100 μl respectively.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Optical Study of ZnO Thin Films at Different Times of Annealing and Varying Temperatures Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	J.I.Onwuemeka, O.K. Nwofor, N.C. Nwulu, I.E. Nwosu, F.M. Ezike and C.G. Obizo
	:	10.9790/4861-06124751

ABSTRACT: A research on the Deposition and Characterization of ZnO Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique using Ammonia (NH3) as a complexing agent. Thin films of ZnO are deposited onto glass substrates at room temperature for 5hours. The optical properties of the films were measured using Double Beam UV- Spectrophotometer with serial number UV061514, Rutherford Back Scattering Spectroscopy (RBS) analysis revealed that the thin filmshave percentage ratios of the elements of Zn/O, 47/53 as annealed for 3hours at the temperature of 250⁰C and Zn/O, 48.8/51.2as annealed for 1hour at the temperature of 150⁰C.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Synthesis of nanoporous chromium film by DC electrodeposition on aluminum substrate
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Mohamed Shaban , Ashour M. Ahmed , Ehab Abdel-Rahman , Hany S. Hamdy
	:	10.9790/4861-06125257

ABSTRACT: Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) is widely employed as a template for fabrication of nanostructures due to its ability to generate self-organized, well-ordered pore structures. A new technique has been developed to deposit porous Chromium (Cr) film on Al substrate by DC electrodeposition. The chemical composition and morphological characteristics of fabricated PAA membrane and Cr film were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In addition, the growth mechanism of the fabricated nanoporous Cr film was discussed.

Keywords: Nanoporous Cr film; PAA membrane; DC electrochemical deposition; Growth mechanism

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Thin Films of (CdS)0.6 Se0.4 for Solar Cell
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M.S. Kale, N.T. Talele, D.S.Bhavsar
	:	10.9790/4861-06125862

ABSTRACT: The high quality thin films of (CdS)0.6 Se0.4 have been synthesized using thermal evaporation technique onto precleaned rotating amorphous glass substrate at room temperature. The films were characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The XRD spectrum illustrates that the films are polycrystalline having hexagonal structure. AFM images reveals that, sample is smooth with well defined nano sized grains. SEM shows that all the grains are spherical in nature and grains forming conglomerate to form a cluster. The optical band gap energy was estimated within 1.95 to 2.05 eV by using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer.

Keywords: XRD, SEM, AFM and UV-VIS

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