IOSR-JAP   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development of Ground Displacement Sensor based on Flat Coil Element for Detection of Landslide
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Edi Sanjaya, Mitra Djamal, Suprijadi, Gunawan Handayani, Ambran Hartono, Ramli
	:	10.9790/4861-06130106

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the development and characterization a low cost, robust and reliable ground displacement–based flat coil sensor for application of landslide detection. Flat coil element has been made from a thin epoxy and silver mixed with a number of coils 30, diameter of 3 cm and inductance 9.2 μH. The measurement static characteristic of sensor showed that the sensor output voltage increases with increasing distance between the seismic mass to the sensor and vice versa. Flat coil-based sensors have a working area between 0.6 to 10 mm with the absolute and the relative error of 0.035 mm, 0.81 %, respectively. The dynamic characteristic of sensor system is able to detect the ground shifting in the direction of the horizontal and vertical in the range (0-15) mm and (0-20) mm, respectively.

Keywords: Flat coil, ground displacement, landslide, induction sensor, seismic mass

[1] Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management, (2013): Data bencana tanah longsor, Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://geospasial.bnpb.go.id/pantauanbencana/data/datalongsorcetakall.php
[2] F. Nadim, O.Kjekstad, P. Peduzzi, C. Herold, C. Jaedicke, Global landslide and avalanche hotspots, Landslides 3, 2006, 159–173
[3] University of Alabama Huntsville (2013, October 24). Landslide sensors may save lives worldwide. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2013/10/131024101947.htm
[4] M. Djamal, E. Sanjaya, Islahudin, and Ramli, The low frequency 2D vibration sensor based on flat coil element, AIP Conf. Proc. 1454, Bandung, 2011, 182-185
[5] D. Kohn, W.Killar, H., R. Trankler, Smart sensor for measurement of displacements, Proc. Of the 11th of the IMEKO, Houston, Texas, 1988. 279-298
[6] M. Djamal, A Study of flat coil sensor for Measuring Displacements, Kontribusi Fisika Indonesia,.7(2), 1996, 25-28

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Control the activity of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Electric Field waves at resonance frequency (In vivo &In vitro) studies
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Fadel Ali , Hala Moustafa, Nashwa Abbas, Hanan Moustafa, Hamida Hamdi
	:	10.9790/4861-06130717

ABSTRACT: Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) causes severe disease, abortion and deaths in domestic animals (especially) young sheep, cattle and goats humans are infected by this virus through mosquitoes which maintain epizootic transmission being in contact with infected animal tissue. For this purpose, RVFV activities in Vero cell line media were exposed to different frequencies of amplitude modulated (AM) waves in the frequency range ( from 1 Hz to 10 Hz) for a period of 30 minutes /day along four successive days no measurable effect of the square amplitude modulated waves (QAMW) was noticed after the experiment in the Vero-cells. In another experiment 48 female Bulb/C mice were equally divided into 6 groups namely A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 & negative control.A1, A4 & A5 animals were infected by injection intraperitoneal (i.p) with dose of RVFV (0.15 mg/ Kg body weight (b.w) .

[1]. Amiali M., Ngadi M., Smith J. and Raghavan V.(2007)" Synergistic effect of temperature and pulsed electric field on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis in liquid egg yolk." J. Food Eng. 79: 689–694.
[2]. Arthur RR, (2000): Rift Valley fever. In: Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders: p253-5.
[3]. Balkhy. Hanan H., Ziad A. Memish. (2003): Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula. International Journal of Antimicrobial 21: p153 -/157.
[4]. Bancroft J, D, and Gamble M, (2002)."Theory and Practice of Histological Technique" (5th Ed.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg and London.
[5]. Bergmeyer, H.; Schreiber, P. and Wahlefeld, A. (1978): Optimization of methods for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Clin. Chem. 24 (1): 58-73.
[6]. Beyaert R.and Fiers W. (1998): Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin. In Cytokines. A. R. M.-S. a. R. Thorpe, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, P.335-360.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Application of Werner Deconvolution Method in the Direct Interpretation of Residual Aeromagnetic Anomalies
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Usman N., Lawal K. M., Aku M. O.
	:	10.9790/4861-06131821

ABSTRACT: The total field aeromagnetic contour map located between geographic latitude 11000'N to 11030'N and longitude 7030'E to 8000'E was acquired, digitized and residualized in order to assess the Werner deconvolution method in the interpretation of geophysical data. Three profiles were selected for the interpretation of residual aeromagnetic anomalies. The result obtained from the data of Zaria area using Werner deconvolution method was filtered and shows that the depth to magnetic source values vary from 0.1 to 2.6km below the ground surface indicating the shallow nature of the magnetic source, while the susceptibility vary from 6.7x10-5 to 2.193 S.I unit approximately. The result obtained shows much correlation with some of the geophysical works carried out in the study area. The method is found to be simple, past and very effective.

Key words: Aeromagnetic anomaly, Werner deconvolution, Depth to magnetic source and Susceptibility

[1] Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., 2001. Applied Geophysics Second Edition, University press Cambridge, page: 62-134.
[2] Ibrahim B., 1992. Ground Magnetic investigation of the Kubani basin, Zaria. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis A.B.U Zaria.
[3] Lawal K.M. 1998. The application of reduction to the pole technique for the Interpretation of aeromagnetic data of Zaria area north
central Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis A.B.U. Zaria.
[4] Oniku, S.A, Lawal, K.M and Osazuwa, I.B, 2012. Studies of Rock Magnetic Properties of Kufena Hill in Zaria Area Northern
Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences(JETEAS) 3(1): 108-113.
[5] Geological Survey of Nigeria, GSN, 1994. Geological map of Zaria area, sheet 21.
[6] Geological Survey of Nigeria, GSN, 1974. Airborne Magnetometer Survey Map of Contours of Total magnetic Field Intensity.
Sheet 102, Zaria area.
[7] Hartman, R.R., Tesky, D.J., and Friedberg, J.L., 1971. A system for rapid digital Aeromagnetic Interpretation. Geophysics, 36(5):
891-918.
[8] Umego M.N., 1990. Structural interpretation of gravity and aeromagneticAnomalies over Sokoto basin, north western Nigeria.
Unpublished P.H.D. thesis A.B.U. Zaria.
[9] Jain S. 1976. An automatic method of direct interpretation of magnetic Profiles. Geophysics, 41(3):531-541.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Estimation Of Diffusion Cofficients And Convective Velocities Of 137cs (Radiocaesium) Within Undisturbed Soils In Southwestern Nigeria By Solving Fokker-Planck Equation Using Adomian Decomposition Method (Adm).
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Faweya E. B, Enoch. O, Adesakin G.E, Fatigun A.T
	:	10.9790/4861-06132226

ABSTRACT: Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) was employed to solve the second order differential equation of diffusion-convection model for the mobility of radiocaesium in undisturbed soils of southwestern Nigeria. Applying this method the convection velocity ranged from 0.09 to 0.16 cmy-1 and the diffusion coefficients varied from 0.07 to 1 cm2y-1. These values fall in the range that are widely reported in the literature.

Key Words: Adomian, Caesium, Diffusion –coefficients, Convective-velocities, Soils.

[1]. Kanapickas, A, Mazeika, J, Paulaitiene, I and Bauziene, I (2005). Influence of physical properties of soil on 137Cs mobility. Lithuanian Journal of Physics 15(1): 67-72.
[2]. Ruhm, W, Kammerer, L, Hiersche, E and Wirth, E (1996). Migration of 137Cs and 134Cs in different forest soil layers. J.Environ.Radioactivity 33:63-75.
[3]. Toso, J.P and Velasco, R.H (2001). Describing the pobserved vertical transport of adiocaesium in specific soils with three time-dependent models, J.Environ. Radioactivity 53: 143-144.
[4]. Likar, A, Omahen, G, Lipoglavsek, M and Vidmar, T (2001). A Theorectical description of diffusion and migration of 137Cs in soil. J.Environ.Radioactivity 57:191-201.
[5]. Isaksson, M and Erlandsson, B (1998). Model for vertical migration of 137Cs in the ground- a field study. J.Environ.Radioactivity 41:163-182.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Characteristics of Nanocrystalline ZnS thin films grown on glass with different Zn ion concentrations by CBD technique.
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Adel H. Omran Al-khayatt , Mustafa D. Jaafer
	:	10.9790/4861-06132735

ABSTRACT: Thin films of zinc sulfide (ZnS) with various values of Zn ions concentrations (0.2,0.3,0.4)M have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique on glass slides substrate at 80 ºC bath temperature. The prepared films were annealed in air at constant temperature 400 ºC and constant time (180) min . Structural and optical properties of ZnS thin films were investigated and analyzed extensively before and after annealing . The structure properties of the prepared films were studied by using x-ray diffraction technique , it has been found that all prepared films at different Zn ions concentrations were amorphous structure, while the annealed films showed polycrystalline structure type (Hexagonal) , The lattice constants (a , c) of ZnS films were calculated and its values found about (3.86,31.6) Å , the crystallite size (Grain size) of ZnS thin films also calculated and found to vary from (20.8 to 83.7) nm ,which indicate that annealed ZnS thin films has Nanocrystalline structure .

[1] S. Muthu Kumaran and M. Ashok Kumar, Size dependent structural, optical and morphological properties of ZnS:Cu thin films , J. Mater. Sci: Mater Electron, 23, 2012, 811–815 .
[2] B. Bhaskarjyoti and P.K. Kalita , Structural and Optical Properties of ZnS:Cu Transparent Nanosheets , Res. J. Physical Sci., .1(1) , 2013 , 2-5 .
[3] XUE Shu-Wen, ZHANG Jun, and SHAO Le-Xi, Phase Evolution of Cubic ZnS Annealed in Mild Oxidizing Atmosphere , CHIN. PHYS. LETT. 29 (3), 2012 , 038102-1-4 .
[4] Z.Q. Li, J.H. Shi, Q.Q. Liu, Z.A. Wang, Z. Sun, and S.M. Huang , Effect of [Zn]/[S] ratios on the properties of chemical bath deposited zinc sulfide thin films, Applied Surface Science, 257, 2010 , 122–126 .
[5] Saafie Salleh, M. N. Dalimin, and H. N. Rutt , Structural and Surface Characterization of Cold Deposited Zinc Sulfide Thin Films , Proceedings of ICSSST 2010 3rd International Conference on Solid State Science & Technology December 01-03 , Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (2010).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	New insights into the nature of the Universe obtained
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	F. N. C. Anyaegbunam (Ph.D.)
	:	10.9790/4861-06133639

ABSTRACT: Scientists have, in the last few decades, discovered that there is a lot more to the universe than meets the eye: the cosmos appears to be filled with not just one, but two invisible constituents -- dark matter and dark energy -- whose existence has been proposed based solely on their gravitational effects on ordinary matter and energy. In this regard, astrophysicists had postulated the existence of invisible particles called dark matter in order to explain the peculiar motion of galaxies. Based on these observations, they estimate that there must be about 10 times as much (invisible) dark matter in the universe as (visible) ordinary matter. Again dark energy, which produces a repulsive force that appears to be ripping the universe apart was postulated in the 1990's. Scientists invoked dark energy to explain observations that the rate at which the universe appears to be expanding is not slowing, as most cosmologists had thought, but is accelerating instead. It is estimated that three quarters of the universe is made up of dark energy while dark matter accounts for another 23% and baryonic or ordinary matter and energy occupy only 2%.Therefore dark energy is hardly science fiction and recent space mission has further proved its existence.

Keywords: dark energy, dark matter, baryonic matter, universe.

[1] Itzhak Bars; John Terning (November 2009). Extra Dimensions in Space and Time. Springer. pp. 27–.ISBN 978-0-387-77637-8.Retrieved 2011-05-01.
[2] "Planck reveals an almost perfect universe". Planck. ESA. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
[3] Planck collaboration (2013). "Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters". Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics.arXiv:1303.5076.Bibcode:2013arXiv1303.5076P.
[4] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/
[5] Okoye S.E. (2005), Astronomers gain new insight into the nature of the Universe. Short communications.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Measurements of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials for some Granite Rocks samples in the Eastern Desert Egypt
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	S. Harb, A. H. El-Kamel, A. I. Abd El-Mageed, A. Abbady, Wafaa Rashed
	:	10.9790/4861-06134046

ABSTRACT: The distribution of natural radionuclide γ-ray activities and their respective annual effective dose rates, produced by 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, 235U, 232Th and 40K were determined for igneous rock samples collected along the road between Idfu and Marsa Alam in eastern desert of Egypt. This subject is important in environmental radiological protection, since igneous rocks are widely used as building material. The variation in concentration of radionuclides for thirty igneous rock samples was determined. A HPGe spectrometer was used for quantification of gamma emitting radionuclides in the samples. All igneous rocks contained radionuclides from the uranium and thorium series as well as 40K. 238U concentrations in samples ranged from 12.03±0.88 to 19.34±1.41 Bq.kg-1, 235U from 1.16±0.11 to 4.83±0.44, Bq.kg-1, 226Ra from 9.69±0.82 to 18.97±1.33 Bq.kg-1, 228Ra ranged from 10.24±0.70 to 17.35±1.29, 232Th range from 9.99±0.67 to l7.65±1.23 Bq.kg-1 and 40K from 298.58±21.74 to 955.78±69.58 Bq.kg-1.
Keywords: igneous rock, natural radionuclides; HPGe spectrometer; absorbed dose rates.

[1] B. A. Powell, Lara D. Hughes, Aurelie M. Soreefan, Deborah Falta, Michael Wall, Timothy A. DeVol,. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 94, (2007),121-128.
[2] UNSCEAR,. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations, New York (1988).
[3] S. Isam, M. M., H. B. L.Pettersson, and E. Lund, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 102(3), (2002), 249-258.
[4] S. Harb, Ph.D. Thesis, Center for radation protection and radioecology (ZSR), Hannover University, Germany, (2004).
[5] I. Beretka, P.I. Mathew, Health Physics 48, (1985), 87-95.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Investigation of Variation in Resistivity with depth in Parts of Imo River Basin, South-eastern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ikechukwu B. Ijeh
	:	10.9790/4861-06134754

ABSTRACT: Schlumberger configuration of electrical resistivity survey was used to obtain 88 vertical electrical sounding data from various locations in parts of Imo River Basin to determine the variation of resistivity of the subsurface at various depths. The resultant apparent resistivity values were processed to obtain the respective resistivities of the different layers and their layer thicknesses. The VES data were further processed with the Arch-View 3.2a GIS software to obtain Iso-Resistivity maps at different levels of sounding at the various points. Each map represents a slice of resistivity variation at the depth of investigation corresponding to AB/2 = 2m, 4m, 10m, 100m, 200m, 300m respectively. The depths correspond to approximately 1.33m, 2.67m, 6.67m, 66.6m, 133.3m and 200m respectively.
Keywords: Schlumberger configuration, electrical resistivity, GIS software, Iso-Resistivity maps.

[1] B. I. Ijeh , Assessment of Pollution Status and Vulnerability of Water Supply Aquifers in Parts of Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria, doctoral diss., Federal University of Techology Owerri, Nigeria, 2010, 32-42.
[2] S. A. Arabi, J. Raimi, and B. B. M. Dewu, A Geo-electric Survey for Determination of Suitable Sites for Construction of Tube-wells for the proposed Damari Irrigation Scheme in the North-Central Basement Complex, Nigeria.Online Journal of Earth Science, 4(3-4) 2010, 106-110.
[3] N. Sundararajan, R. Nandakumar, N. M. Chary, K. Ramam, and Y. Srinivas, VES and VLF- an application to groundwater exploration, Khammam, India. The LeadingEdge, 2007, 708-716.
[4] J. Raimi, P. Sule and B. B. M. Dewu, A Geoelectric Surveyfor Groundwater: A Case Study in the North Central Basement Complex, Nigeria. Research and Opinion, 2(12), 2010, 158-165.
[5] W, M. Telford, L.P. Geldert and R. E. Sheriff, Applied Geophysics (Cambridge University Press, England 1990) 283-287.