IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

ABSTRACT: Titanium dioxide nano particles (TIO2) were prepared by sol-gel technique. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised for their structure using XRD, SEM and FTIR. Debye scherrer powder technique was used for calculating the average size of the sample. Surface morphology was estimated using SEM. Band gap = 3.2 eV.

Keywords: Titanium dioxide, Sol-gel technique, XRD, Debye-scherrer technique.

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[2]. EL Goresy, Ahmed; Chen, Ming; Gillet, Philippe; Dubrovinsky, Leonid; Graup, GuNther; Ahuja, Rajeev (2001). "A natural shock-induced dense polymorph of rutile with -PbO2 structure in the suevite from the Ries crater in Germany". Earth and planetary Science Letters 192 (4): 485. Bibcode: 2001E&PSL. 192..485E. doi:10. 1016/s0012- 821X(01)00480-0.
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ABSTRACT: In this paper we investigated the general equation that best describes the survival fraction f which is the basic tool for determine the critical mass of uranium (235)isotope, Monte Carlo simulation were used to study neutron interactions in a rectangular geometry of uranium (U235). The simulation takes as inputs the ratio of dimensions, the number of random points as well as the mass, and returns the survival fraction. The critical masses of u235 were obtained for the different ratio of length to thickness (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 inclusive).We used two different models: Cubic equation and logarithmic equation using SPSS6.0 Statistical program. Both models equations are in good agreement with observed data.Statistical analysis shows that logarithmic equation is the best equation that can describe the relationship between survival fraction and critical mass.

Keywords: chain reaction, critical mass, generation, survival fraction, uranium isotope,

[1]. R. H. Filby, Isotopic and nuclear analytical techniques in biological system: A critical study, Journal of pure and applied chemistry, 67(11), 1995, 1929-1941
[2]. H. Lylia, S. Hocine, A. Tarik and Z. Boussaad, Neutron activation analysis, imagine and radio analytical techniques in inter displinary research, intech open science/open minds, 2013
[3]. T. H. Awoke, A. K. Chaubey, A. M. Dubetigue and Y. H. Asres, Application of instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis for the elemental analysis of various rocks from areas around DebreBirhan city, Ethiopia, IJRRAS, 12(1), 2012,
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[5]. IAEA VIENNA, use of research reactor for neutron activation analysis"report on an advisory group meeting held in Vienna, international atomic energy Agency,wagramerstrasse Vienna Austria, 2001.

ABSTRACT: The etiquette of safe practice for the use of x-rays in medical diagnosis requires that each x-ray facility has an appropriate quality assurance program in radiation protection and to keep doses as low as reasonable achievable. An alternative method of evaluating radiological quality parameters of diagnostic x-ray machine is considered in this study. This study was conducted in Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State. The aim was to determine radiological quality parameters using optical densitometer and simple fabricated equipment. This research has determined some of these parameters via the wooden step wedge and metal pin fabricated. The wedge and metal pin were exposed to x-ray and the optical densities of the processed films were measured with a densitometer. The result indicates that simple fabricated equipment can be used to determine the following radiological quality parameters such as dose, beam alignment, peak kilo voltage and tube current consistency in the absence of quality control test equipment. This is an indication that departmental protocol can be established in x-ray department using simple fabricated equipment .These equipment can be used in the determination of radiological quality parameters.

Keywords:[Radiation Protection, Parameters, Optical Densitometer,Diagnostic, Equipment.]

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ABSTRACT: Crystalline silicon-germanium (Si1-xGex) alloy based single junction solar cells with graded Ge fraction are simulated as intrinsic (i) layer between p-doped and n-doped hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si: H) layers. In this paper, I have used the global air mass AM 1.5G (one sun) illumination (1 kW/m2, 0.32 - 1.3 μm) to calculate the optimum efficiency of single junction solar cells with different band gap energy by varying Ge concentration with the help of one dimension simulation program AMPS-1D that was initially developed at the Pennsylvania State University, USA. Alloys that have a lower band gap can extend infrared response of a silicon cell and hence increase the current generation but simultaneously it will also cause the device to suffer loss in voltage.

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Proceedings of The 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009.
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thickening," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94(II), 2010, 1869-1874.
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ABSTRACT: In this work , CdSexS1-x thin films at x equal to (0 , 0.4 , 0.8 & 1) , with thickness (0.5)μm , had been prepared by thermal evaporation method on glass substrates at RT. These films were then annealed under low pressureof (10-2) mbar at )373&473)K for one hour . XRD investigations showed that all the films were polycrystalline in nature and had a hexagonal structure with preferred orientation along (002) plane . It also showed that the increase in Se concentration and annealing temperature led to an increase in the intensity of (002) plane and the grain size , while the dislocation density and the strain of the films decreased with the
increase in Se concentration and annealing temperature .The transmittance and absorbance spectra had been recorded in the wavelength range (480 - 1100) nm in order to study the optical properties .It was found that these films had direct optical band gap which decreases from (2.44) eV to (1.76) eV with the increase in Se concentration , while it increases with the increase in the annealing temperature at (x=1)and was not affected by annealing at (0&0.8). Moreover it was almost constant at (x=0.4) after annealing .

Keywords: CdSeXS1-XThin Films ,Grain Size , Dislocation Density , Strain , Optical Energy Gap , Optical Constants.

[1]. Patel , K.D. , M.S. Jani, V.M. Pathak And R. Srivastava ," Deposition Of Cdse Thin Films By Thermal Evaporation And Their Structural And Optical Properties " , Chalcogenide Letters , Vol.6 , No. 6 , P. 279-286 , June (2009) .
[2]. Patidar, D. , K. S. Rathore, N.S. Saxena, KananbalaSharma And T. P Sharma , " Energy Band Gap And Conductivity Measurement Of Cdse Thin Films " , Chalcogenide Letters , Vol.5 , No. 2 , P. 21-25 , February (2008) .
[3]. Toma,O. , S. Iftimie,C. Besleaga,T. L. Mitran,V. Gghenescu, O. Porumb,A. Toderas, M. Radu,L. Ion And S. Antohe," New Investigations On Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films For Photovoltaic Applications ", Chalcogenide Letters , Vol.8 , No. 12 , P. 747-756 , December (2011).
[4]. Vadivel,S. , M. Vimalan, J. MadhavanAnd A. Cyrac Peter , "Electrical And Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Properties Of Slurry Coated Cdsxse1-Xfilms ", Der Chemicasinica , Vol.2 , No. 1, P. 118-124 , (2011).
[5]. Suthan, N.J. , J. Suthagar, B. Saravana, T. BalasubramaniamandK.Perumal, " Effect Of Substrate Temperature On The Structural And Optical Properties Of Nanocrystalline Cadmium Selenide Thin Films Prepared By Electron Beam Evaporation Technique " ,ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A,Vol.118 , No. 4 , P. 623-628 , (2010).

ABSTRACT: Nano sized particles of aluminium doped lithium nano ferrites having general formula Li0.5Alx Fe2.5-x O4(where x=0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,10)were prepared by the citrate gel method at low temperature (1800C).The synthesized powders were sintered at 500oC for 4 hours.The crystal structure characterization of the sintered powders were carried out by using X-ray diffraction(XRD) .The X-Ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure. The average particle size of the synthesized powders was 13 to 27nm.The surface morphology were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which revealed the formation of largely agglomerated nano particles.Lattice parameter, X-ray density, experimental density, porosity of the samples were calculated. The observed results can be discussed in this paper on the basis of composition.

Keywords: citrate gel method; lithium nano ferrites; Scanning Electron Microscopy; surface morphology

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[5]. George M.; Nair, S,S; John A.M; Joy, P.A,;Anantharaman, M.R. Structural magnetic and electrical properties of the sol-gel prepared lithium fineparticlesJ.Phys.D;Appl.Phys2006,39,900- 910.
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ABSTRACT: Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were formed by DC magnetron sputtering onto glass substrates held at different temperature. The temperature of the substrate was in the range 473 – 673 K. The temperature dependence, morphological and optical properties of ZnO films were systematically investigated. Atomic force microscopic analysis revealed that the growth of nanostructure in all the films. The root mean square roughness of the films increased from 0.61 to 3.83 nm in the substrate temperature range of investigation. The average optical transmittance of the films was about 78 % in the visible region. The optical band gap of the ZnO films decreased from 3.349 to 3.357 eV with increase of substrate temperature 473-673 K respectively and have a direct-transition type.

Key words: Zinc oxide, transparent conducting oxide, DC magnetron sputtering, optical transmission and structure properties.

[1]. Juan M. Camacho, R. Castro-Rodríguez, A. Iribarren, E. Chan y Díaz, A. Duarte-Moller and P. Sánchez Santiago, "Structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films grown by radio frequency (rf) sputtering in oxygen atmosphere", International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 2011 Vol. 6,29, pp. 6660-6663.
[2]. Saravanakumar K., "Columnar Growth of Nanocrystalline ZnO Thin Films Prepared through RF Magnetron Sputtering", Adv. Studies Theor. Phys., 2011, Vol. 5, no. 3, 143 – 154.
[3]. Kyoung K., Jae-Hoon S., Hyung-J. J., and Won-K. C., Seong-J. P., Jong-Han S., "The grain size effects on the photoluminescence of ZnO/α-Al2O3 grown by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering", Journal of Apll. Physc., 2000, Vol. 87, No. 7.
[4]. Reddy R. S., Sreedhar A., Reddy A ., Uthanna S., ,"Effect of film thickness on the structural morphological and optical properties of nanocrystalline ZnO films formed by RF magnetron sputtering", Adv. Mat. Lett. , 2012, 3, 3, 239-245.
[5]. Liwei W., Yanfei K., Xianghong L., Shoumin Z., Weiping H., Shurong W., " ZnO nanorod gas sensor for ethanol detection", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2012,Vol. 162, Iss. 1, 20, P. 237–243.
[6]. Jian H., Sheng C., Jieying K.,Long Z., Casey M., Schwarz, Guoping W., Leonid C., Zhanghai C. and Jianlin L. , " ZnO p–n Homojunction Random Laser Diode Based on Nitrogen-Doped p-type Nanowires", Advanced Optical Materials, 2013, Vol. 1, Iss. 2, p. 179–185.

ABSTRACT: Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) / ZrO2 nanocomposites were prepared by solution casting method. The dielectric properties of the composites were studied using LCR Meter and survey the effect of volume fraction concentration of ZrO2 and frequency on the dielectric properties of these nanocomposites. The determination of its dielectric properties, were carried out using capacitance measurements of the above samples as a function of frequency, over the range 50 Hz - 5 MHz at room temperature. The dielectric constant, dissipation factor and dielectric loss of composites behaves nonlinearly as frequency increases over the range 50Hz -3 MHz, whereas above 3 MHz the values of dielectric constant remain constant. And it is observed that the dielectric properties depend on ZrO2 Vp%.

Keywords: PMMA, ZrO2 ,Dielectric properties, Polymer nanocomposite

[1]. Yang F., Nelson G.L.," PMMA/silica nanocomposites studies: Synthesis and properties", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91(2004)3844-3850.
[2]. Cinausero N., Azema N., Lopez-Cuesta J. M., Cochez M., Ferriol M., "Synergistic effect between hydrophobic oxide nanoparticles and ammonium polyphosphate on fire properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene", Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(2011)445-1454.
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[4]. Shanghua Li, Meng M. L., Muhammet S. T., Do Kyung K., Mamoun M., "Nanocomposites of polymer and inorganic nanoparticles for optical and magnetic applications", Nano Reviews,1(2010)5214-5218.

ABSTRACT: SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass at 200℃ substrates temperature by DC magnetron sputtering technique. The prepared films were annealed in air at temperatures of 300 ℃, 400 ℃ and 500 ℃ for 1 h. The effects of annealing on the structural and optical properties of the films were investigated by X-ray diffractometer and UV/VIS spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the SnO2 films had a polycrystalline tetragonal structure The crystallinity levels of the films from the structural parameters such as diffraction angle, lattice parameters, unit cell, grain size, dislocation density and texture coefficient were calculated and analyzed. Optical transmission is found to increase with annealing. Band gap energy, Urbach energy and optical constants were also investigated. Also, the dispersion parameters such as single oscillator energy and dispersive energy have been discussed in terms of the Wemple-DiDomenico single-oscillator model.

Keywords: SnO2, DC. magnetron sputtering, Annealing, Structure, Optical transmittance, Dispersion parameters

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ABSTRACT: In this paper, wind speed in Nassiriya district (south of Iraq) has been measured for four years period (2010-2013) at 10 m altitudeand then, simulated mathematically to study and predict the important wind energy dynamic parametersas a necessary step to utilize the windenergy for electricity production job.The study concludes that the wind speed is feasible for power production at minimumaltitude equal to 44m for ,   0.3 and 32m for   0.4 As best knowledge no previous study investigated thewind energyas a renewable source in Nassiriyah district.
Keywords: Physics energy, renewable energy, wind energy

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ABSTRACT: The complex dielectric permittivity measurements of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) HO[CH2-CH2-O]n H of molecular weight 400 (n=9)g mol−1with carbon tetra chloride(CCl4), benzene and 1,4-dioxane mixtures has been carried out at different concentration in mol/lit at 25oC and in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 30 GHz using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The least squares fit method has been used to obtain the static dielectric constant, relaxation time, and Bruggeman factor for binary mixtures. The Kirkwood–Frohlich theory is applied to compute the dielectric constant for the mixtures. It adequately reproduces the experimental values of static dielectric constants for the binary mixtures. The excess parameters confirm that the heteromolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between alcohol-alcohol and alcohol-CCl4, benzene and 1,4-dioxane pairs very significantly in the mixtures. The Bruggeman model for the nonlinear case has been fitted to the experimental dielectric data for the mixtures.

Keywords: dielectric relaxation, time domain reflectometry, ethylene glycol.

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ABSTRACT: The quantum mechanical formulation of d'Alembertian operator □2 will be drawn in this paper.

Keywords: Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, General and Operator Algebra.

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