IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

ABSTRACT: One of the Electrical transport properties, Thermoelectric power of Co substituted Nickel Nano structured Ferrite materials with the formula Ni1-xCoxFe2O4, where (x=0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1.0) prepared by Citrate gel-auto combustion process were studied. The measurements were carried out from 320K to well beyondCurie temperature by the differential method. The Seebeck coefficient is negative for all compositions showing that these ferrites behave as n-type semiconductors. Plots of Seebeck coefficient verses temperature shows maximum at Curie temperature. On the basis of these results an explanation for the conduction mechanism in Ni-Co mixed ferrites is suggested .Compositional and temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient in the present ferrite system has been discussed. On the basis of these resultsa conduction mechanism for Ni-Co nano ferrites system is suggested in different temperature regions. The value of thermoelectric power shows maximum value at Tc (K).

Keywords: Ni-Co Nano Ferrites; Seebeck Coefficient; Conduction Mechanism;Curie Temperature

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ABSTRACT: The effects of pH of the reaction baths on the structural, optical and electrical properties of PbSe thin films have been investigated in the study. The thin films were deposited using the Chemical Bath Deposition technique and the samples were analyzed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry. The different sample thicknesses observed due to the variation of the deposition parameter are reported. The study revealed that the electrical conductivity and band gap energy of the samples decreases with thickness while the dielectric constant increased with thickness. This indicates that the solid state properties of the material can be controllably adjusted to achieve a desired function by variation of the deposition parameter in the deposition technique. Thus, by influencing the deposition of PbSe thin films through variation of it deposition parameters, it is possible to fabricate nanostructured materials with properties that can play significant roles in the production and utilization of thin films for solar system devices. Keywords: Band gap, Characterization, PbSe, pH, Solar devices, Thin film.

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ABSTRACT: A semi organic non linear optical material Bismuth sulpho chloride was synthesised by slow evaporatio9n technique. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups were identified using FTIR analysis. Surface morphology was estimated using SEM. Micro hardness studies were carried to crystal. Kurtz powder test was taken for grown crystals to study the non linear optical effect. A powder x-ray diffraction study shows the crystalline structure of grown Biscl crystals.

Keywords: X-ray diffraction, low temperature solution growth, NLO material.

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ABSTRACT: Chromium doped nanostructured tin oxide (Cr:SnO2) thin-films were prepared on glass substrates by the spray pyrolysis technique at constant substrate temperature of 450oC. The chromium dopant concentrations were taken as 10% and 20%, respectively. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-deposited thin films were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the polycrystalline nature of Cr:SnO2 thin films with tetragonal phase. The films were highly oriented along (211), (002) and (400) planes. The increase in doping concentration impacts the interplaner spacing and crystallite size of the Cr:SnO2 thin films. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images support the XRD analysis of the thin films, while the optical absorbance study suggests blue-shift in the energy band gap with increase in the doping concentration. Keywords: Cr: SnO2 thin-film, nanocrystalline thin film, spray pyrolysis, X-ray diffraction, optical properties.

[1]. S. Chakraborty, A. Sen and H.S. Maiti, Selective detection of methane and butane by temperature modulation in iron doped tin oxide sensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 115(2), 2006, 610-613.
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[3]. A. Salehi, A highly sensitive self heated SnO2 carbon monoxide sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 96, 2003, 88-93.
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ABSTRACT: This theory proposes a possible isotope shift in high Tc superconductors. The attractive electronelectron pairing in the non-variational quasi-particles Hamiltonian formulation by Bogoliubov and Valatin leads due to deeply overlap of electron wave functions around Z  Fe ion, providing an initiation for the covalent mixing of electron wave functions to form a singlet pair in the superconductivity regime. The mathematical solution yields a reversal of signs (stable and unstable energy) in the solution of the quadratic function and leads to negative isotope effect exponent.

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ABSTRACT: Pure BiFeO3 ceramic was successfully synthesized by auto combustion technique. The prepared sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), dielectric studies and ferroelectric studies. The sample was confirmed to have perovskite type rhombohedral structure with space group R3C. The sample is found to be reasonably dense from the micrograph of BiFeO3. Magnetic measurements showed antiferromagnetic behavior. The existence of magnetoelectric coupling was indicated by the observation of the dielectric anomaly in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss near antiferromagnetic Neel temperature. Ferroelectric polarization indicates low resistive leakage. All these properties make BiFeO3 promising for application in the field of spintronics.

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ABSTRACT: This theory is proposed to account for the spinor transformation (ST), antiferromagnetism (AF) and superconductivity (SC) in the direct d-orbital overlap of iron based superconductors. The ST, shows the gradual transition in the pair representation by Nambu to the Fourier's Green function leading up to SC and AF state. The AF dominant in the band regime, is determining from the two component spinor describing its interaction effect on the band electrons, represented by the spin, Coulomb integral and exchange integral.

[1]. Efstratios Manousakis, Jun Ren3, Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras. Is the nature of magnetic order in copper-oxides and in ironpnictides different?: arXiv:0902.3450v1 (2009)
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[3]. Spin Ordering in LaOFeAs and Its Suppression in Superconductor LaO0.89F0.11FeAs Probed by Mossbauer Spectroscopy: arXiv:0805.0041
[4]. Q. Huang, Jun Zhao, J. W. Lynn, G. F. Chen,J. L. Luo,N. L. Wang,3and Pengcheng Dai:, Doping evoluton of antiferromagnetic order and structural distortion in LaFeAsO1−xFx. arXiv:0809.4816v2(2008)
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ABSTRACT: In the present paper, we presented the study of complaints on thirteen (13) different health symptoms faced by inhabitants living near mobile tower – Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM 900) and those inhabitants living in the area where there is no mobile tower. The study was conducted in two different localities in Aizawl city in the year 2014. For the study, questionnaires were conducted in both the localities. Power densities were measured in different places in both the localities. Frequency spectrum was taken in each locality. Health complaints between the two localities were compared. It was found that power density is much higher in the area where there is mobile tower than the area where there is no mobile tower. Inhabitants living near mobile tower are having more health complaints than those inhabitants living in the area where there is no mobile tower. Responses from inhabitants who participated in the questionnaires from both the localities were statistically analysed and compared by performing Kruskal Walli's t-test. Out of the thirteen (13) different symptoms studied it was found that the comparisons are statistically significant with p < 0.05 in three (3) symptoms. Women were statistically more affected (p < 0.05) than male in muscle pain.

Keywords: frequency spectrum, mobile tower radiation, power density, RF radiation.

1]. JF Viel, S Clerc, C Barrera, R Rymzhanova, M Moissonnier, M Hours, E Cardis, Residential exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from Mobile Phone Base stations, and Broadcast Transmitters: A population-Based Survey with Personal Meter, Occup Environ Med 66 (2009) 550-556.
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ABSTRACT: This paper presents experimental analysis and results of GaN (being a III-V semiconductor) doped with Ferrite elements synthesized using Sol-Gel technique which are carried out at National Chemical Laboratory, Pune Maharashtra. The GaN is employed as dopant for x=1 and x=5, in the formula Ga(2x) N Fe2(49-x) O3 . A non-spinel ferrite system ( Fe2 O3) is chosen for our study. The XRD (Structural), SEM (Morphological) & FTIR spectroscopic studies were carried out to confirm the size, type of bonding and study the surface between the compounds and present results are in good agreement with the literature.

Keywords: III-V Semiconductors; Ga N; Synthesis of doped ferrites; Sol-Gel technique; XRD; SEM; FTIR.

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ABSTRACT: On the11st of August 2012 northwestern Ahar and northeastern Varzaghan, eastern Azarbayjan province in Iran,were struck by two major earthquakes which measured firstMw =6.4 (6.4onthe moment magnitude scale) at 12:23:15 UTC time and second Mw= 6.2 at 12:34:33 UTC time. Several aftershocks occurred in the cities, the biggest one of which (MW=5.5) happened on the 7th of November 2012 at 6:26:31 local time 9 kilometers away from Varzaghan. In the present article, this area was considered the main earthquake focus along with the two major earthquakes. We attempt to develop determine aftershock trends of the area based on aftershocks. After drawing diagrams and maps, we discover that aftershocks crack at the bottom of the plane in the three main focuses. This means that earthquake activity starts in the west and stops in the east with lower speed and velocity. As a result, earthquakes are more active in the west. In addition, is using surfer, Arc GIS.
Keywords: Ahar-Varzghanearthquake,modling , aftershock

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[4]. Masson, F., Chéry, J., Hatzfeld, D., Martinod, J., Vernant, P., Tavakoli, F., &Ghafory- Ashtiani, M. (2005). Seismic versus aseismic deformation in Iran inferred from earthquakes and geodetic data. Geophysical Journal International, 160(1), 217-226.
[5]. Nemati, M. (2013).Some Aspects about Seismology of 2012 August 11Ahar-Vaezaghan (Azarbayjan, NW ofPersia)Earthquakes Sequences. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 24(3), 229-241.

ABSTRACT: Heat Index describes the combined effects of temperature and humidity on human body. The Heat index expresses an apparent temperature felt by human body that cools slower at higher values of the relative humidity due to the reduction in the rate of evaporation .This study aimed at describing the comfort and discomfort periods caused by heat stress in some selected urban towns in five states of the North central region in Nigeria. Monthly data of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Wind speed for thirty years (1980-2009) obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency were used to calculate the Temperature-Humidity indices(THI) and Wind-chill index(WCI) for the five urban towns in North central region investigated..

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ABSTRACT: The radiological effects of mined tailings in some locations in Jos Plateau State have been estimated. The samples were collected from 14 different sites. The radio nuclides concentrations in the tailing samples were measured using gamma spectroscopy method. The average values of 𝑅𝑎226,𝑇ℎ232 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾40 obtained were 762.4Bqkg-1, 17258.3Bqkg-1 and 5901.4Bqkg-1 respectively. These radioactivity concentration values obtained are far above the world average value of 400Bqkg-1 for𝐾40, 35BQkg-1 for 𝑅𝑎226 and 30Bqkg-1 for 𝑇ℎ232 by UNSCEAR. The hazard indices and excess lifetime cancer risk were estimated using standard analytical methods. The average values obtained for annual gonnadal equivalent dose, radium equivalent, external hazard index, internal hazard index, representative gamma indices, annual effective dose equivalent (outdoor),

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ABSTRACT: This study involved 5 Retail and 15 wholesale onion traders in Gashua and Geidam Local Government Areas in Yobe state. Two markets were purposively selected for the study each from Gashua and Geidam Local Government Areas.Questionaire was the main instruments of data collection while a multi stage sampling technique was employed for collecting primary data from a sample of fourty (40) onion traders in the study area. Analytical tools used were; descriptive statistics, marketing efficiency model and inferential statistics. majority (65%) of onion Traders falls within the age bracket of 25-54 years of age,The years of Onion trading experience of the respondents indicates that most of the respondents (37.5%)had below 5 years of trading experience in onion trading and (40%) had between 5-14 years; while only (22.5%) had between 15-24 years of experience in onion trading in the study area. Result of the costs and returns analysis revealed that onion marketing was profitable to the turn of N5, 515.58 and N3, 469.54 per bag for wholesale and retail traders at peak period of onion supply; and N3, 801.94 and N3, 671.19 per bag for wholesale and retail traders at off-peak period of onion supply respectively.

[1]. Adamu, D.C.(2000) "Resource productivity in vegetable crops production among Fadama farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria "An M.sc Thesis(unpublished) Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
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[5]. Amaza, P.S., Ogunbameru, B.O., Iheanacho, A.C. and Anogie, D.A. (1999).Marketing constraints of Fadama Agricultural products: A case Study of Borno and Yobe States. In Kolawole, Awogbade and J.P. Voh,(Eds). Strategies for the sustainable use of Fadama lands in Northern Nigeria. CSER/ABU (Zaria) and IIED (London) ix-214

ABSTRACT: The nano crystalline Cu doped Ni-Zn ferrites having compositional formula Ni0.2CuxZn0.8-x Fe2O4 (where x=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) were synthesized successfully by Citrate-Gel Auto Combustion method at a low temperature (1800C). Analysis of the X-Ray diffraction pattern of all the samples confirmed the formation of single phase cubic final structure with an average crystallite size 24-73nm. In the present work, the effect of nano structured particle size and cu concentration on parameters such as bond length and vibration frequency are discussed with the help of FTIR data. The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, AC Conductivity of the samples were studied as the function of composition and frequency in the range 20Hz-2MHz at room temperature using Agilent E4980 precession, LCR meter.

Keywords: Citrate-gel auto combustion method, dielectric constant, ac conductivity, FTIR.

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ABSTRACT: A simplified model is presented to explain and understand the quantized nature of the orbits of a smaller mass moving under the influence of the gravitational field due to a bigger mass. We use Einstein's relativistic theory of gravitation to derive expressions for the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a unit mass in a curved spacetime continuum. Using the operator form of the Hamiltonian, we write down the equivalent quantum equation which includes the variation of the wave function with the curve parameter .The solutions of the equation bring out clearly the quantized nature of energy levels and orbits of the mass. The model is then applied to estimate the distances of the planets from the sun, in terms of a pair of quantum numbers. The results agree very well with the observed values.

Keywords: Einstein gravitational field, Schwarzchild metric, curvature operator, quantization of orbits.

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