IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2015

ABSTRACT: A nuclear softness model with weaken parameter is introduced for the first time to describe the structure of superdeformed (SD) bands in A~190 mass region. The data set includes fourteen SD bands in Hg-Tl-Pb nuclei. For each band the model parameters and the unknown bandhead spin are deduced by fitting the calculated transition energies𝐸𝛾𝑐𝑎𝑙with the recent experimental ones 𝐸𝛾𝑒𝑥𝑝. A computer simulated search program depending on iteration procedure has been used in the fitting. The excellent agreement between 𝐸𝛾𝑐𝑎𝑙 and𝐸𝛾𝑒𝑥𝑝presents reasonable support of the model.The calculated level spins I, rotational frequencies ℏ𝜔, the kinematic 𝐽 1 and dynamic 𝐽 2 moments of inertia are examined.

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ABSTRACT: The total electron content (TEC) is an important parameter to monitor for possible space weather impacts. The radio waves that pass through the earth's ionosphere travel more slowly than their free space velocity due to group path delay of the ionosphere. This group path delay is directly proportional to the TEC of the ionosphere. Using dual frequency GPS receiver at low latitude stations of Ile-Ife (7.52oN, 4.28oE), Addis Ababa (9.04oN, 38.77oE) and Bangalore (13.03oE, 77.57oE), all located within 0 - 15oN of the equatorial anomaly region, the measurement of ionospheric TEC for 2012 has been carried out. The data from the three stations were used to study the diurnal, monthly and seasonal variations of TEC. The diurnal variations maximize between 10:00 – 16:00UT, 08:00 – 14:00UT and 06:00 – 12:00UT for Ile-Ife, Addis Ababa and Bangalore stations respectively. The diurnal variations showed wave-like pertubation during disturbed and quiet periods at Bangalore and Addis Ababa stations.

[1]. Rama Rao, P. V. S., Gopi Krishna, S., Niranjan, K., & Prasad, D. S. V. V. D., Temporal and spatial variations in TEC using simultaneous measurements from the Indian GPS network of receivers during the low solar activity period of 2004–2005, Ann. Geophys., 24, 3279–3292, http://www.ann-geophys.net/24/3279/2006/, 2006.
[2]. Ariyibi, E.A., Doherty, P., Coster, A.J. and E.O. Joshua, E.O., Diurnal variation of ionospheric TEC and S4 index, during the period of low geomagnetic activity at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 2013a.
[3]. Ariyibi, E.A., E.O. Joshua, and B.A. Rabiu, Studies of Ionospheric Variations During Geomagnetic activities at the Low-Latitude Station, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, ActaGeophysica,61(1), 2013b, 223 – 239, Doi: 10.2478/s11600-012-0039-3
[4]. Chuahan, V., Singh, O. P. &Birbal, S., Diurnal and Seasonal variation of GPS – TEC during a low solar activity period as observed at a low latitude station Agra, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 40, 26. 2011.
[5]. Bolaji, O. S., Adeniyi, J. O., Radicella, S. M. & Doherty, P. H., Variability of Total Electron Content over an equatorial West African station during low solar activity, Radio sci. (USA), 47, doi: 10.1029/211RS004812, 2012.

ABSTRACT: It is strongly believed that the speed of the light (c) is constant. Two more constants also never change, and they are gravitational constant (g) and Planck's constant (h). They are the basic concepts that built our Universe. When the understanding of the speed of light is so strong, here is a simple submission to the scientific world that there must be an unknown radiation which travels the infinite distances instantly, at the doubling speed of the preceding speed, at the every unit of 300,000 km per second of light. It is explained through a Thought experiment, which is one way to prove a new concept in Science.

Keywords: Everything, light, speed, space, thought experiment..

[1]. Albert Einstein (1916), Relativity – The Special and the General Theory, General Press, New Delhi.
[2]. Sharad Nalawade (2012), The Speed of Time, WORDIZEN Books, India.
[3]. Stephen Hawking (2005), A Briefer History of Time, Bantam Press, London.
[4]. Stephen Hawking (2006), The Theory of Everything, Phoenix Books, USA.
[5]. Stephen Hawking (2010), The Grand Design, Bantam Press, London.
[6]. Walter Issacson (2007), Einstein, His life and Universe, Simon & Schuster, UK Ltd., London.

ABSTRACT: Dirac-Maxwell equations are generalized by introducing electric scalar field and magnetic scalar field in order to obey second order differential equations by both scalar fields and vector fields without implementation of Lorentz condition on them. It makes the electric charges and magnetic charges timedependent generating scalar field and magnetic scalar field respectively. These scalar fields further contribute to the electric vector field and magnetic vector field. They are further responsible to produce longitudinal components of electric vector field wave and magnetic vector field wave in addition to their transverse components as usual.
Keywords: Generalized Dirac-Maxwell's equations, Lorentz Gauge, Electric scalar field, Magnetic scalar field, Poynting vector.

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ABSTRACT: Nanofluids have emerged as a new class of fluids with special characteristics of enhanced heat transfer characteristics. It is designed by suspending nanoparticles of dimension ranging from 1nm-100nm into a base fluid like water ,ethylene glycol or oil. The volume fraction of particles under study ranges from 2% to 8%. A higher volume fraction results in the particles agglomerating as well as causing abrations in the walls through which it flows. Nanofluids for heat transfer has managed to overcome both these problems. The suspensions are more stable and cause lesser damage to the walls along with better heat transfer characteristics than the base fluids. It is therefore possible to design lighter and more compact heat exchangers as the quantity of the fluid required is much smaller than the base fluid.

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[4]. Semiha Öztuna, Kamil Kahveci , Baha Tulu Tanju , Natural Convection of Water-Based CuO Nano fluid Between Concentric Cylinders, Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics and Heat & Mass Transfer, 164-169.
[5]. Vatsal. S. Patel, Ragesh. G. Kapadia , Dipak A. Deore , An Experimental Study of Counter flow Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger using CuO / Water Nanofluid , International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2 Issue 6, 2006, 914- 920

ABSTRACT: In this work we have presented exact optical and physical parameters for P3HT: PCBM solar cells. We have used Langevin model to evaluate recombination rate, utilizing singlet and triplet models for exchange between charge carrier and singlet and triplet excitons. Turning point in our work is to insert RGO–TiO2 composite layer in bulk heterojunction solar cells. The results indicate that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be enhanced in bulk heterojunction P3HT: PCBM solar cells by inserting an interfacial electron transporting layer consisting of reduced graphene oxidetitanium dioxide (RGO–TiO2) between the active layer and Al cathode, which improves the PCE of the organic solar cell up to 1.94%.

[1]. O. Ourahmoun and M.S Belkaïd, Dependence of the characteristics of organic solar cells on cathode polymer interface,Revue des Energies Renouvelables,2010, 583 – 590.
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[3]. R. Søndergaard , M. Helgesen , M. Jørgensen , F. C. Krebs , Fabrication of Polymer Solar Cells Using Aqueous Processing for AllLayers Including the Metal Back Electrode ,Advanced Energy Materials 2011,1,68.
[4]. P. A. Troshin, H. Hoppe, J. Renz, M. Egginger, J. Y. Mayorova, A. E. Goryachev, A. S. Peregudov, R. N. Lyubovskaya, G. Gobsch, N. S. Sariciftci, and V. F. Razumov, Material solubility-photovoltaic performance relationship in the design of novel fullerene derivatives for bulk heterojunction solar cells, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(5), 779–788 (2009).

ABSTRACT: In this study, we have applied the k0 –neutron activation analysis (k0 – NAA) standardization technique to evaluate the concentration of various elements of significant for plant growth in the cultivated areas of Dutsin-Ma Local Government, Katsina State, North – West Nigeria. The samples and the standard reference material (NIST Coal Fly Ash 1633b) were irradiated at a thermal power level of 31.0 kW corresponding to a neutron flux setting of 2.5 x 1011 cm-2 s-1 and 5.0 x 1011 cm-2 s-1for the outer and inner irradiation channels respectively using the Nigeria Research Reactor – 1 (NIRR – 1).The result of the NIST Coal Fly Ash 1633b showed good agreement with the certified values using the k0-IAEA program. Besides, the concentration of twenty-six elements (Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Dy, Na, K, As, Br, La, Sm, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Rb, Sb, Cs, Ba, Eu, Yb, Lu and Hf) were determined from 25 different samples collected within the study areas using the k0 – IAEA program.The result shows that most of the trace elements required for plant growth are adequate, but elements like Mg and Ca are deficient, while Al, Mn and Fe, as well as the heavy metals (Cr and Zn) in most of the samples studied has reached toxic levels.

[1] Verma, H.R., Atomic and Nuclear Analytical Methods, XRF, Mössbauer, XPS, NAA and Ion-Beam Spectroscopic Techniques, Punjabi University, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, Ch 6, pp 243-268.

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[3] Queirolo, F., Stegen, S., Restovic, M., Paz, M., Ostapczuk, P., Schwuger, M. J., Munoz, L. Total Arsenic,lead, and cadmium levels in vegetables cultivated at the Andean villages of northern Chile. The Sci. of the Total Environ.2000, 255:75.

[4] Montoya, E. H., Cohen, R. I. M., Mendoza Hidalgo, P., Torres Chamorro, B. &Bedregal Salas, P. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 240, 1999, 475-479

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ABSTRACT: Corrections in energy levels of hydrogen and muonic hydrogen atom are calculated using Uehling potential with point and finite size proton. The finite size protonis used by introducing the charge density of the proton. The derivative expansion theory is used to obtain approximate finite size potentials by taking two forms of the proton charge densities (Gaussian and the exponential). The three potentials (point charge and approximated Gaussian and exponential potentials) give approximately the same results. These calculations are performed with Schrödinger and Dirac coulomb wave functions using perturbation theory. For point proton there is a very small difference (in the second decimal) in the Lamb shiftbetween the results calculated bySchrödinger wave functions and those with Diracwave functions. The finite size of proton gives values of Lamb shifthigher than that of point charge. The fine structure correction is very small compared to the Lamb shift values.
Key words: Uehling potential – Point proton – Finite size proton – Hydrogen atom – Muonic hydrogen atom – Energy levels corrections – Lamb shift.

[1] W.karshenboin, V.G.Ivanov, and E.Yu. Korzinin, Eur. Phys. J. D39, 351(2006)

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ABSTRACT: A theoretical model to study the dynamical behaviour of zinc blende structure crystals has been formulated. This model is known as van der Waal's three body force rigid shell model (VTRSM). This new model incorporates the effect of van der Waal's interactions and three-body interactions into the rigid shell model of zinc blende structure, where the short range interactions are operative upto the second neighbours. The model thus developed, has been applied to study the phonon dispersion curves (PDCs) along the three principal symmetry directions, Debye temperatures variation, Combined density of states (CDS) curves, two-phonon Raman / IR peaks and anharmonic elastic properties (third order elastic constants and their pressure derivatives) of ZnSe.

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ABSTRACT:Substitution of Zn content on the structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Li0.15NixZn0.85-2xFe2+xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40) ferrites prepared by standard double sintering ceramic technique, sintered at 1150 ºC for 5 hours have been studied. It has been observed that Zn-substitution on Li-Ni ferrites plays a remarkable role in improving its structural, electrical and dielectric properties. The bulk density, x-ray density and lattice constant of the samples decreases with increasing the Ni content. The porosity of the prepared samples didn't show any trend with Ni content.

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ABSTRACT:We demonstrate the synchronization dynamics of coupled Duffing - Van der Pol (DVP) equation. The stability and sufficient criteria for synchronization alongside some pairs of period doubling (route to chaos) are discovered and periodic windows with the range of angular velocities for which the system is non-chaotic are experienced using linear matrix inequality (LMI). Numerical simulation tools such as bifurcation diagrams, Poincar e  maps and phase projections are used to exhibit some new complex dynamical behaviors of the systems.

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ABSTRACT: Thin films of NiSe (nickel selenides) were prepared at different concentrations in the range 0.50 M to 1.00 M with the other deposition variables such as the bath temperature, pH, and source to substrate distance kept constant. The films were characterised using optical spectroscopy to investigate the absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance versus wavelength measurements, thus enabling the determination of important optical constants (optical absorption coefficient, energy bandgap, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and the dielectric constants). The results show that the optical constants were strongly dependent on the concentrations. The transmittances of the films were > 50% and the energy bandgap was direct, with values in the range suitable for application in solar cell devices. The refractive index was found to vary between 1.2 to 2.4.

Keywords – Concentration, Energy bandgap, Optical spectroscopy, Refractive index

[1] K. Abd Rahim, Electrodeposition of Nickel Tin Selenide Thin Film. Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2003.
[2] P.P. Hankare, B.V. Jadhav , K.M. Garadkar, P.A. Chate, I.S. Mulla , S.D. Delekar , Synthesis and characterization of nickel selenide thin films deposited by chemical method, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 490(1), 2010, 228-231.
[3] K. Anuar, W.T. Tan , S.M. Ho, M. Yazid , Preparation and Characterization of Chemical Bath Deposited Nise Thin Films, Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(4), 2011, 363-372.
[4] K. Anuar, W.T. Tan , A.H. Abudllah, H.M. Jelas, N. Saravannan, S.M. Ho, M. Yazid, Chemical bath deposition of NiSe thin films from alkaline solutions using triethanolamine as complexing agent, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 25(4), 2009, 813-816.
[5] A.Panneerselvam, M.A. Malik, M. Afzaal, P. O'Brien, M. Helliwell, The chemical vapor deposition of nickel phosphide or selenide thin films from a single precursor. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(8), 2008, 2420-2421.
[6] Z.Zainal, N. Saravanan, H.L.Mien, Electrodeposition of nickel selenide thin films in the presence of triethanolamine as a complexing agent, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 16(2), 2005, 111-117.

ABSTRACT:The influence of pH on some selected properties of Nikel Selenide (NiSe) thin films deposited using the chemical bath technique was studied. The values of some selected optical properties were obtained from the transmission spectra. Our results indicates that pH has some influence on some of this properties. The result revealed that as the pH increases, the bandgap decreases. The recorded band gap lies between 2.60eV-2.99eV, while index of refraction lies in the range of 1.28 – 2.33. The dielectric constant were also found to vary with bath pH. From the findings of this current research and report of similar works, it can be deduced that NiSe thin films would have high potential as buffer layers in heterojunction solar cell.
Keywords: Nickel Selenide, absorption coefficient, refractive index, chemical bath, dielectric constant, bandgap.

[1] Z. Zulkaranian, N. Saravann, H. Mien, Electrodeposition of NiSe thin films in the presence of trethanolmine as a complexing agent. Journal of Material Science in electronics.16, 2005, 111 – 117.

[2] T.S. Joseph, M..Zauden, S. Shanza, Effect of additives on optical measurement of NiSe2 thin films. Procedia Engineering, 53, 2013 555 – 561

[3] K.. Anuar, M. Ho soon, T. Tan wee, R. Yazid, Preparation and characterization of chemical bath deposit NiSe thin films, Ozean Journal of Applied.Science, 4, 2011, 363-369

[4] T . Nicoulae:Structural characterization and optical properties of annealed Sb2S3 thin films,Romanian Journal of Physics, 2008, 53,209 – 215 [5] P.P.Hankare, B.V.Jadhav, K.M.Garadkar, P.A.Chate, I.S.Mulla, S.D. Delekar, Synthesis and characterization of nickel selenide thin films deposited by chemical bath method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 490, 2010, 228-231

[6] N.Moloto, , M.J.Moloto, , N.J. Coville, S.S. Ray:,Optical and structural characterization of nickel selenide nanoparticles synthesized by simple methods. Journal of Crystal Growth, 311, 2009, 3924-3932

ABSTRACT: Many works are still spent on effects of fluids intake during exercise. Different types of solutions are used with so many different concentrations of electrolytes. Trying to understand the physiological effects of different solutions in one set of experiment, we set our work. Three types of fluids which already being used in medical practice for patient postoperatively or with diseases such as acute diarrhea as replacement therapy are involved in this experiment as well as water to compare their outcome on individuals. 10 Healthy female students of twenty year old who have no significant medical history are our volunteers. Every young lady has five sessions of treadmill exercise for thirty minutes in each session. First session is performed without taking any type of fluid.

[1]. Beckmann L., Hahne S., Medrano G., Kim S., Walter M., Leonardht S.(2009) " Monitoring change of body fluids during physical exercise using bioimpedance spectroscopy". Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc: 4465-8.
[2]. Mitchell H., Rosner, and Justin Kirven(2007)." Exercise- associated hyponatremia": CJAN (January), vol.2: no.1: 151-161
[3]. www.extension.iastate.ech/humansciences/fluids.
[4]. www.Fluid intake is an important aspect of fitness
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ABSTRACT:Though relativity and quantum mechanics are born out of inadequacies of Newton's laws, it is yet possible that Newtonian terms may be used, with appropriate modifications in their meaning for formulation of the dynamics of high energy- high speed micro particles. Besides three laws on the lines of Newton's laws a Forth law is also proposed which radically differs from the aspects of Relativity and Quantum mechanics. Possibility of creation of particles even without collision like of protons in Large Hadron Collider of CERN is predicted as a consequence of this formulation.
Keywords - Evolutionary inertia, Threshold velocity, Latent energy, Angel particles, Saturation, Neutrino mass matrix

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