IOSR-JAP   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2017

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Use of Autoregressive Moving Average and Artificial Neural Network as Short Term Wind Speed Forecasting Tools for Lagos, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria.
Authors	:	Joseph Aidan || Issa Abdourahamane Ide
	:	10.9790/4861-0904030107

ABSTRACT: Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and Artificial neural network (ANN) models were applied to a univariate response series of hourly wind speed data to forecast future wind speeds. After model identification, parameter estimation and diagnostic checking; and according to Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), ARMA (2, 2)(1, 1) model was found suitable. The ANN design and training sampling revealed that a 5, 5, 1 neuron structure with sigmoid transfer functions at both the hidden and the output layers was the most suitable for the wind speed forecast for Lagos. The models..............

Keywords: Wind speed forecast, Autoregressive moving average, Artificial neural network..

[1] Rialy, G. H. and Abedi, M., Short term wind speed forecasting for wind turbine applications using linear prediction method, Renewable Energy, 2008, 33, 35-41.
[2] Da, F. and Jianzhou W., A novel application of artificial neural network for wind speed estimation, International Journal of sustainable Energy, 2015, 36(5), 415-429.
[3] Barbounis, T. G., Theocharis, J. B., Alexiadis, M. C. and Dokopoulos, P. S., Long term wind speed and power forecasting using local recurrent neural network models, IEEE Tran. Energy Convers., 2006, 21(1), 273-284.
[4] Gomes, M. and Castro, R., Wind speed and wind power forecasting using statistical models:autoregressive moving average and artificial neural networks, International Journal of Sustainable Energy development (IJSED), 2012, 1(1/2).
[5] Fadare, D. A., The application of artificial neural network to mapping of wind speed for energy application in Nigeria, Applied Energy, 87(3), 934-942 (2010).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Small Scale Anaerobic Digester for a Nigerian Home
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Joseph Aidan || Aklahyel Haruna Goni
	:	10.9790/4861-0904030813

ABSTRACT: A simple kit in the form of a truncated regular rectangular pyramid made to float on the septic tank that collects all the effluent biogas and temporarily store it in its hallow has been designed. An average Nigerian family (two parents with four children) has been found to produce an average of 1.333kg of TS (total solid) per day. At this feeding rate, the conversion kit collects biogas at an average of 0.1076m3/day, containing 60% Methane. Using this biogas for cooking, one may get a useful energy of about 2.5695 MJ/day which translates into 0.7137 kWh/Day that is about 260.5 kWh/year. At this rate, a small scale anaerobic digester installed in an average Nigerian home saves 46% of household energy needs.

[1] T. Sabry, Evaluation of decentralized treatment of sewage employing up flow septic tank/baffled Reactor (USBR) in developing countries, Journal of Hazard Materials, 174, 2008, 500 – 505.
[2] T. Panswad and L. Komolmethee, Effect of hydraulic shock loads on small on-site sewage treatment unit, Water Science and Technology, 35(8), 1997, 145-152.
[3] T.A Elmitwalli, K. L. T. Oahnz, G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga, Treatment of domestic sewage in a two- step anaerobic filter/anaerobic hybrid system at low temperature, Water Research 36, 2002, 2225-2232.
[4] N. M. Jay, H. Hsin-Neng, R. Paul and J. Jason, Sustainable Community Sanitation for Rural Hospital in Haiti, sustainability, 4, 2002,3362-3376.
[5] World Energy Council (2015) world Energy Issues Monitor, World Energy Council, London Wikipedia 2015

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gravitational acceleration inside the shell
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Uttam Kolte
	:	10.9790/4861-0904031428

ABSTRACT: Most of the investigators were astonished that, why acceleration due to gravity is zero inside the shell and how it is to be proven? Out of curiosity it has been studied but could not get such a result. It was observed different results, which were more reasonable. In the present investigation, gravitational field inside a uniform spherical shell was equal and opposite from all side, which was observed only to observer located at center as well as near to inner surface. In these two points difference was that, at the center observer observed low gravity where as at inner surface it was high.............

Keywords: Gravity inside shell, Acceleration, Classical Mechanics, Gravitation, Euclidean Geometry,

[1] U. S. Kolte (Adanyanche Vishwa – Pruthvichya kendrakade shunya gurutvakarshan?Viraj Publication, India) (2017)
[2] S. Chandrasekhar Newton's Principia for the Common Reader (Oxford: Clarendon) (1995)
[3] I. Newton Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Amsterdam: Sumptibus Societatis) (1723)
[4] Gravitation (Physics, Higher Secondary First Year Volume – I), Tamilnadu textbook corporation (2007)

[5] https://www.math.ksu.edu/~dbski/writings/shell.pdf

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Some Properties Of Cross Vortices and System of Cross Vortices
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Valentina Markova
	:	10.9790/4861-0904031926

ABSTRACT: This article develops the effects and the results of the New Axioms and Laws, described in previous articles. Here is appointed a new approach, i.e. the opening of the closed vortices and the replacing the even with uneven movement. A number of very interesting properties and surprising mutual relationships appear, such as : the electric charge as a dynamic characteristic; the structure of the vacuum as a feed-back; the essence of the masses, as cross(transverse) vortices; the form of the two vortex elements as dynamics of an accelerating and a decelerating vortex; the eccentricity of the vortices of the two elements as a reason why the decelerating element rotates around the accelerating one; transformation of the linear movement into a cross vortex as the cause of a parasitic rotation (precession) of the two vortex elements around their axis, and others.

[1] Landau L .D. , Lifshitz E. M., Theory of fields, M., Science, 1988.
[2] Markova V., The other axioms (first part), S., Nautilus, 2003.
[3] Markova V. , New Axioms and Structures , Fundamental J. of Modern Physics, Vol 8 , Issue1.,.2015, Pages 15-24.
[4] Markova .V. , Extended Field Theory. New Axioms, Laws and consequences.,IOSR-JAP,Journal of Applied Physics,e-ISSN:2278-
4861,Vol.9,Issue1,Ver.2(Jan.-Feb.2017).
[5] Ivanov S., Fundament of Theoretical and Quantum Mechanics , S.,S.U,.‖Sv. Kl. Ohridski ―,1998.
[6] Markova V., The other axioms (second part), Sofia, Nautilus,2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Wear and Friction Study of Ferroelectric Composite Nanomaterial on Pin on Disc Machine
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kalpana G. Joshi || S. B.Bajaj || R.B.Bajaj || Sumedh S. Ingle
	:	10.9790/4861-0904032731

ABSTRACT: Ferroelectric perovskites have been the subject of extensive studies due to their promising electrical characteristics, which has a potential usefulness in fundamental research and technological applications. Friction is one of most important aspect of material science for which the atomic nature and the chemical interaction at the material surface, plays crucial role. Hence, to understand the mechanisms of friction at the atomic level, with desired material is an essential step in the design of new materials with specific frictional properties. In present research perovskite composite nanomaterial BaNi0.5Nb0.5O3 (BNN) was synthesized by conventional solid state method and palletized..........

Keywords: coefficient of friction, wear, composite nanomaterial, perovskite, etc.

[1] Anandha Moorthy, Dr. N. Natarajan, R. Sivakumar,M. Manojkumar, M. Suresh "Dry Sliding Wear and Mechanical Behavior of Aluminium/Fly ash/Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Taguchi Method" International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.2, Issue.3, ISSN: 2249-6645, 2012, pp-1224-1230.
[2] Ashok Kr. Mishra, Rakesh Sheokand, Dr. R K Srivastava "Tribological Behaviour of Al-6061 / SiC Metal Matrix Composite by Taguchi‟s Techniques" International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN 2250-3153, 2012.
[3] S. Venkat Prasat, R. Subramanian "Influence of Parameters on the Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Aluminium/Fly ash/Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites" European Journal of Scientific Research Vol.53 No.2, ISSN 1450-216X , 2011, pp.280-290.
[4] Stone, D. S.; Harbin, S.; Mohseni, H.; Mogonye, J.-E.; Scharf, T. W.; Muratore, C.; Voevodin, A. A.; Martini, A.; Aouadi, S. M. Lubricious Silver Tantalate Films for Extreme Temperature Applications. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2013, pp. 140−146.
[5] Rao R.N. and Das S. "Effect of SiC content and sliding speed on the wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites", International Journal of Materials and Design, Vol. 32, 2011, pp. 1066-1071

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Generalized Rienmanian Schrodinger Wave Equation for Hydrogen Atom
Country	:	Abuja
Authors	:	G.G Nyam || S.X.K Howusu || O.F Adeyemi
	:	10.9790/4861-0904033234

ABSTRACT: It is well known that the Theoretical Physics from the time of Galileo to date was built upon the Euclidean geometry. In this paper we derive the Riemannian Schrodinger wave equation for the Hydrogen atom based upon the Great Metric Tensor

Keywords: Great Metric Tensor, Riemannian Schrodinger wave equation

[1] G.G.Nyam, D.I Jwanbot and M.M. Izam, 2016, GeneralisedLaplacian Operator for Hydrogen Atom Based upon Riemannian Geometry. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol 5 No 3 pp. 83-85
[2] Howusu, S.X.K., 2013, Riemannian Revolutions in Physics and Mathematics(Reprint) Jos University press Ltd, pp 69 – 106
[3] Howusu, S.X.K., 2010, The Great Metric Tensor in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates, Jos University press Ltd pp1- 3
[4] Howusu, S.X.K., 2009, The Metric Tensors For Gravitational Fields and The Mathematical Principles of Riemannian Theoretical Physics, Jos University Press Ltd, pp 1 -44
[5] Martin Eisberg Robert, 1961, Fundamentals of Modern Physics, John wiley and sons, inc.pp 293 – 299.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Natural Radiation Map of the Sudan
Country	:	Sudan
Authors	:	Magdi Hassan Saad
	:	10.9790/4861-0904033539

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of natural radiation in Sudan by evaluating the level of natural radioactivity and calculating the external exposure due to radiation from the ground. Surface soil samples were collected from different states in Sudan and their activity concentrations were measured by gamma spectrometer system with a high-purity germanium detector. This allowed us to construct a contour map of the radiation level in Sudan where the highest exposure was found at South Kurdufan state with an average 81 nGy.h-1, and the lowest exposure was found at Nahr El-Nile state with an average 25 nGy.h-1. The exposure was successfully extrapolated to cover the rest parts of Sudan.

Keywords: Environmental, Natural Radioactivity, Annual exposure, External exposure.

[1] UNCEAR, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 2000.
[2] UNSCEAR, Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. Vol. 2. 2009: United Nations Publications.
[3] Clarke, R. and T. Southwood, Risks from ionizing radiation. Nature (London), 1989. 338(6212): p. 197-198.
[4] Saleh, H. and M.A. Shayeb, Natural radioactivity distribution of southern part of Jordan (Ma′ an) Soil. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2014. 65: p. 184-189.
[5] Hammond, D.S., et al., Causes and consequences of a tropical forest gold rush in the Guiana Shield, South America. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2007. 36(8): p. 661-670.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Temperature Dependence of the Frequency Exponent for (Ge0.17Se0.83)100-XIn X Chalcogenide glasses
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dinesh Saxena || Saurabh Kumar Tiwari
	:	10.9790/4861-0904034041

ABSTRACT: The Ge-Se-In ternary system is a prototypical chalcogenide system.The frequency exponent (s) were carried out in the temperature range 300 to 423K. The temperature dependence of the frequency exponent (s) is reasonably well interpreted by the correlated barrier hopping model. The maximum barrier height is also interpreted. The barrier height (Wm) agrees with theory of hopping charge carrier over potential barrier between charged defect states as suggested by Elliott in case of chalcogenide glasses.

Keywords: Frequency exponent, maximum barrier height and optical gap.

[1] Nicolas Ho, Jacques M. Laniel, Real Vallee, Alain Villeneuve (2003), " Photo sensitivity of As2S3 chalcogenide thin films at 1.5μm", Optics Letters, 28, 965.
[2] F.Kyriazis, S.N.Yannopoulos (2009), " Collosal Photostructural changes in chalcogenide glasses", Applied Physics Letters, 94, 101901.
[3] Xianghua Zhang, Hongli Ma, at.el, (2005), "Thermal and optical properties of the Ga–Ge–Sb–Se glasses", Material Research Bulletin, 40, 1816.
[4] M.S.Iovu, P.Boolchand, D.G. Georgiev (2005), "Photodarkening relaxation in amorphous As2Se3 films doped with rare-earth ions",J. Optoelectronics and Adv. Mat. 7, 763.
[5] A.A. Othman, H.H.Amer, M.A.Osman, A.Dahshan (2004), "Reversible photodarkening in amorphous Ga20S75Sb5 and Ga20S40Sb40 thin films ", Radiation effects &defectson solids, 159, 659.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dipole Moment Studies of H-Bonded Complexes of Anilines with Alcohol
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.Priscilla || S.Balamuralikrishnan
	:	10.9790/4861-0904034247

ABSTRACT: The dielectric was determined by using the mixtures of anilines and ethanols. The complexes of hydrogen bonding formed by the mixtures of 2-butoxy ethanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, ethanol with aniline, o-chloro aniline, p-chloro aniline at 300 C by Huysken's method. The dipolar increment of the systems are computed and the values of dipole moment confirms the hydrogen bonding of all the systems.

Keywords: H-Bonding, 2-butoxy ethanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, ethanol, Aniline, o-chloroaniline, p-chloroaniline, Dipole moment, Dipolar increment.

[1] Makhatadze GI & Privalor PL,J Mol. Bio, 226,495(1992).
[2] U.Sankar, A.Kingson Solomon Jeevaraj and T.Thenappan, IJPAP, 44, 339-344 (2006)
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[4] Ratajczak H & Sobezyk L,Bulli Ser Chim,18,93(1970).
[5] M. Subnramanianand T. Thennappan, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 39 417 (2001).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Temperature Annealing on Electrical and Optical Properties of Ni/Au/ITO Contacts to p-type GaN
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kuldip Singh || Ashok Chauhan || Manish Mathew || Pawan Kumar || Rajesh Poonia || Rajendra Singh Kundu
	:	10.9790/4861-0904034852

ABSTRACT: The effect of annealing temperatures on Ni/Au/ITO contacts on p- type GaN (2 x 1017/cm3) has been studied. The Ni/Au/ITO (1.5/1/50 nm) metal layers were prepared by electron beam evaporation technique at the base pressure of 1.2 x 10-6 torr. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of as-deposited and annealed Ni/Au/ITO contact at annealing temperature of 400 0C exhibit the rectified behavior. However, I-V characteristics of contacts becomes linear after thermal annealing of Ni/Au/ITO contacts..........

Keywords: p-GaN, Ni/Au/ITO contact, rapid thermal annealing and transmittance.

[1]. M. Koike, N. Shibata, H. Kato, and Y. Takahashi, Development of high efficiency GaN-based multiquantum-well light-emitting diodes and their applications, IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 8 (2), 2002, 271-277.
[2]. S. P. DenBaars, D. Feezell, K. Kelchner, S. Pimputkar, C-Chen Pan, C-Chen Yen, S. Tanaka, Y. Zhao, N. Pfaff, R. Farrell, M. Iza, S. Keller, U. Mishra, J. S. Speck, S. Nakamura, Development of gallium-nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes for energy-efficient lighting and displays, Acta Materialia, 61, 2013, 945-951.
[3]. D-Feng. Wang, F. Shiwei, C. Lu, A. Motayed, M. Jah and S. N. Mohammad, Low resistance Ti/Al/Ni/Au multilayer ohmic contact to n-GaN, J. Applied Physics, 89, 2001, 6214-6217.
[4]. V. R. Reddy, C. K. Ramesh, Low resistance ohmic contacts to n-type GaN using Ti/Al/Re/Au multilayer scheme, Journal of
[5]. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials 6(1), 2004,177 – 182.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Venkob's Theory of Energy – Force
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manjunatha Venkoba
	:	10.9790/4861-0904035356

ABSTRACT: Energy (E) is the most commonly used concept in day today life. It is one of the important thing we are using in our life. These are so many types of forms in energy. Ex: kinetic energy potential energy, electrical energy etc… And another important concept we are using in our life I.e. Force. Yes, it is also a useful thing in our life force is defined as a change in a particle's momentum. These two important accepts are related to each other. The concept of force is closely related to energy.............

Keywords: Energy (E) – force (F)'venkob's constant (vm),force of a particle (f ) ,nuclear force-energy.

[1] Einstein's mass energy Equivalence theory – view google Scholes
[2] Max planck's quantum theory -view google Scholes
[3] Newton's laws of motions and concepts about force specially F=ma -view google Scholes
[4] Einstein's special theory of relativity -view google Scholes
[5] De- Broglie dual nature of matter hypo this is studies -view google Scholes

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Growth, Structural, Optical, Thermal and Mechanical properties of Copper Glutamate Dihydrate Single crystal
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S. Sakthivel || T. Balakrishnan || P. Revathi || P. Jaikumar
	:	10.9790/4861-0904035767

ABSTRACT: Semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystals of copper glutamate dihydrate (CuC5H7NO4.2H2O) were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Single crystal X - ray diffraction analysis reveals that the grown crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with space group P212121. The crystallinity of the grown crystals was studied by powder X - ray diffraction analysis and their diffraction pattern was indexed using AUTOX 93 software. Functional groups of synthesized material was identified using Fourier transform infrared (FT – IR) spectroscopic analysis. The optical transmission percentage of grown CLGD crystal was ascertained by UV – Vis – NIR spectrum.............

Keywords: Crystal growth, Mechanical strength, Thermal properties, Optical properties.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Optical studies of metal doped As-prepared and Annealed Te-rich thin films Te90Se10 and Te80Se10M10
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Arvind Kumar Verma || Pramesh Chandra || Anchal Srivastava || R.K Shukla
	:	10.9790/4861-0904036774

ABSTRACT: This work is devoted to synthesising thermally evaporated as-prepared and annealed thin-film of high-quality nature from metal doped Te-rich Te90Se10 and Te80Se10M10 (M=Cd, Hg).Glass substrates were used to deposit the film samples from input constituent elements, which have a purity degree 99.999%.XRD pattern of the thin film shows the formation of partially crystalline structure and a combination of amorphous and crystalline nature and crystallinity is changed by changing the metallic additives. Furthermore, the particle size and crystallinity of the film increases while the dislocation density decreases. FESEM image shows that morphology of the films is in a nanosize regime.............

Keywords: Thin films, XRD, FESEM, UV/VIS/NIR, PL

[1] B. Bruno, C.B.pledel, and P.Lucas Forming Glasses from Se and Te, Molecules 14, 2009, 4337-4350.

[2] V. Pandey and S.K.Tripathi, Optical Properties of Amorphous Se100-xSbx Thin Films, J. of Ovonic Research 2, 2006, 67-76.

[3] P.Sharma and S.C Katyal, Optical study of Ge10Se90−xTex glassy semiconductors, Thin Solid Films. 515,2007,7966-7970.

[4] Feinleib, J. DeNeufville, J.Moss and S.C. Ovshinsky, Appl. Phys. Lett 18, 1971,254.

[5] P. Krecmer, A. M. Moulin, R. J. Stephenson, T. Rayment, M. E. Well and S. R. Elliot, Reversible Nanocontraction and Dilatation in a Solid Induced by Polarized Light, Science, 277,1997,1799-802.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Fröhlich Interaction Based Parametric Amplification in a Degenerate Polar Semiconductor Magnetoplasma
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ayushi paliwal || Swati Dubey || S. Ghosh
	:	10.9790/4861-0904037581

ABSTRACT: Principal aim of this paper is to explore amplification characteristics of a semiconductor magnetoplasma by determining threshold pump field required for the onset of parametric amplification and absorption coefficient of the medium. Propagation of intense laser beam in doped semiconductor plasma has been investigated by considering induced second order optical nonlinearity. Hydrodynamic model for one component plasma is used to allow suitable wave propagations and nonlinear interactions resulting into three wave mixing phenomenon namely optical parametric amplification. Coupled mode theory is applied to analyse coupling of electron and Longitudinal Optical.............

Keywords: Fröhlich interaction, III-V polar semiconductor, Polaronic effects, Magnetoplasma excitations.

[1] J. A. Bittencourt, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics (Springer, New York, 2004) p. 561.
[2] R. R. Suarez, E. M. Proupin, C. T. Giner and M. Cardona Phys. Rev. B 62, 11006.
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4684, 2001.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Thermal Radiation and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Country	:	India
Authors	:	D. Makhanlall
	:	10.9790/4861-0904038289

ABSTRACT: Thermal radiation is an important phenomenon in many engineering systems. However, up to now, radiation thermodynamic effects are generally neglected or evaluated incorrectly by the engineering community. Therefore, we dedicate this note to radiation thermodynamics:
 misconceptions surrounding radiation thermodynamics are discussed;
 the second law of thermodynamics is defined to explicitly account for radiation thermodynamic effects.
 and the reversible and irreversible sources of radiation entropy are discussed

Keywords: Second law of thermodynamics; Thermal radiation; Entropy generation,.

[1] L. H. Liu, S. X. Chu. On the entropy generation formula of radiation heat transfer processes, Journal of Heat Transfer, 2006, 128: 504-506
[2] Y. A. Cengel, M. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012
[3] M. J. Moran, H. N. Shapiro, D. D. Boettner, M. B. Bailey. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, New York: Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2010
[4] D. Makhanlall. Irreversible thermodynamics of diffusion combustion processes and the role of thermal radiation, Tsinghua University, 2015, Unpublished report
[5] M. Planck. The Theory of Heat Radiation, New York: Dover Publications, 1959