IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-10 ~ OCT-2014

ABSTRACT: Livestock in general and dairying in particular play a major role in the Indian rural economy. The importance of dairying in India hardly needs emphasizing as this sector is the major source of income for an estimated 27.6 million people.Livestock sector provides employment to many people and nearly 70 per cent of them are women (Subbarama Naidu and Kondaiah, 2004). Smallholder dairy production in India contributes significantly to the income of the poor and middle class urban dwellers, rearing only few cows. Diseases and parasites are serious constraints affecting dairy cattle production in various ways such as reduced growth rate, milk production, fertility and value of hides and mortality causing considerable economic losses to livestock keepers (Chenyambugaet al., 2010).

[1]. Beck, H.S., W.S. Wise and F.H. Dodd (1992). Cost benefit analysis of bovine mastitis in the UK. Journal of Dairy Research., 59(4):449-460.
[2]. Chenyambuga, S.W., C.Waiswa, M.Saimo, P.Ngumi and P.S.Gwakisa (2010). Knowledge and perceptions of traditional livestock keepers on tick-borne diseases and sero-prevalence of Theileriaparva around Lake Victoria Basin. Livestock Research for Rural Development.,22: 7
[3]. Cullor, J.S. (1993). The control, treatment and prevention of the various types of bovine mastitis. Veterinary Medicine.,18: 571-579.
[4]. Deb, R., A.Kumar, S.Chakraborty, A.K.Verma, R.Tiwari,K.Dhama, U.Singh, and S. Kumar(2013). Trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: a review. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science., 16(23):1653-61.
[5]. Firat, M.Z. (1993). Susceptibility of clinical mastitis in successive lactations. Livestock Production Science., 34(1 & 2) : 175-180.

ABSTRACT: Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic disease characterized by internal and external abscesses and is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.Thisstudy is designed to measure the hematological, biochemicaland serum electrolyte changes in experimental non-pregnant doesinoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis via variousroutes. Little is known about the changes in these parameters through different routes of infection.A total of 20 healthy does (n=20) were divided into 4 groups (intradermal, intranasal, oral and control) of 5 goats each. The three groups were inoculated with 107cfu/1ml of live Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, while control is kept unexposed. Following infection, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for hematological, biochemical and serum electrolyteanalysis. A significantdecrease was observed in RBC count (p<0.05) in the intradermal group, whilenochangesobserved in PCV, Hb, MCV and MCHC parameters. Significant increasein WBC were observed in intradermal, intranasal and oral groups (p<0.05). Slight increase (p<0.05) in monocyte count was observed in intranasal group. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in lymphocytic count was observed for the intranasally inoculated group (p<0.05) and a slight increase (p<0.05) in neutrophil was observed in intranasal and intradermal groups. Biochemically,creatinine and albumin levels increases inintranasal group(p<0.05) and GGT levels were elevated in all the three infected groups (p<0.05).However,there were no significant changes in AST, T.Protein and APT. Serumelectrolyte, revealed a decrease in Calcium (Ca+) concentration in intradermal group with concentration of 2.22mmol/L,intranasal 2.23mmol/L group (p<0.05), and no changes were observed in potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+). The study, therefore, observed increase in WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, creatinine, GGT, albumin levels and decrease in RBCs, lymphocytes and calcium concentrations on different route of infections.

Keywords: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, haematology, biochemical, serum electrolyte, does, routes

[1]. Williamson, L.H. (2001). Clinical Small Ruminants. Veterinary Clinical North American,17 :359–371.
[2]. Kuria, J.K., Mbuthia, P.G., Kang' ethe, E.K, and Wahome, R.G. (2001). Caseous lymphadenitis in goats: the pathogenesis, incubation period and serological response after experimental infection. Veterinary Research Communications. (25): 89-97.
[3]. Dorella, F.A., Pacheco, L.G.C., Oliveira, S.C., Miyoshi, A., and Azevedo, V. (2006). Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: microbiology, biochemical properties, pathogenesis and molecular studies of virulence. Veterinary research, (37): 201-218.
[4]. Ibtisam, M.A. (2008). some clinicopathogical and pathological studies ofCorynebacterium ovisinfection in sheep. Egypt Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinic Pathology, (21): 327-343.
[5]. Abdinasir, Y.O., Jesse, F.F.A., Sharee, A.A., Haron, A.W., Sabri, J., Rasedee, A. (2012). Haematological and Biochemical Alterations in Mice Following Experimental Infection With Whole Cell and Exotoxin (PLD) Extracted from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances (11): 4660-4667.

ABSTRACT: A post-partum total uterine prolapse in a 3 years old non-descript goat was presented. This paper reports a clinical management of the case. The everted uterus was carefully assessed and gross debris gently removed and disinfected with dilute chlorhexidine solution. Epidural anaesthesia was achieved using 2 ml of 2% lignocaine solution administered at the intercoccygeal joint. The prolapsed uterus was replaced and no suture was placed on the vulva. Oxytocin, calcium borogluconate, broad-spectrum antibiotics (ceftriaxone) and DNS solution were administered. The animal was completely recovered.

Keywords: Clinical, Doe, Management, Post-partum, Uterine, Prolapse

[1]. S.J.Roberts , Injuries and Diseases of the Puerperal Period", in S J Roberts (Ed.), Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, 3rd Edition, (Vermont, Woodstock,1986) 353-397.
[2]. D E, Noakes, T.J. Perkinson and G.C. W. England, Post Parturient Prolapse of the Uterus, in Arthur's Veterinary Reproductionand Obstetrics, (Saunders,2001), 333-338,
[3]. E.A. Hanie, Prolapse of the Vaginal and Uterus in Text Book of Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians", (Elsevier, Mosby,2006), 218-221.
[4]. S. L. Fubini and G. N. Ducharme),Surgical Conditions of the Post PartumPeriod in Text Book of Farm Animal Surgery, (2006), 333-338.
[5]. T. Potter, (2008), Prolapse of the Uterus in the Cow, UK Veterinary Journal, 13,2008, 1-3.
[6]. S. J. Roberts, Injuries and Diseases of the Puerperal Period in Text Book of Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, (Indian Edn.1982), 300-340.

ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to assess the contribution of urban crop production to the socio- economic development of Benue State, Nigeria. Multi- stage sampling technique was adopted to select 210 urban crop farmers across three major towns (Gboko, Makurdi and Otukpo) in Benue State. Data analysis was through descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production model. Results showed that most respondents were educated, married and had primary occupations, but used urban agriculture to augment their food supplies and income. Regression results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.519 suggesting that 51.9% of the variation in output was predicted by variables included in the model. The F- Ratio (55.29) was significant at 5% level of probability indicating that the model was well specified. Furthermore, t-tests showed that farm size (X1), amount of fertilizer applied (X3), and the quantity of seeds and other planting materials used (X4) were significant determinants of respondents' output and productivity. Therefore, to improve productivity across urban farms in the study area, the study recommends enhancement of urban farmers' access to bigger farm sizes, fertilizers, improved seeds and planting materials, and extension education on suitable food production and consumption choices.

Key words: urban agriculture, urban crop production, socio-economic development

[1]. Adeyemo, R. and F. Kuhlmann, (2009). ''Resource use efficiency in urban agriculture in South-western Nigeria''. Tropicultura, 27:49-53.
[2]. Agbamu (2006). Essentials of agricultural communication in Nigeria. Malthouse Press Limited Lagos.
[3]. Ajibefun, I.A. and Aderinola, E.A. (2004). ''Determinants of technical efficiency and policy implications in Traditional Agricultural production: Empirical study of Nigerian food crop farmers''. Final Report presented at Bi-annual Research Workshop of African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi, Kenya.
[4]. BNARDA (2001). ''The impact of Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority on Agriculture and Rural Development in Benue State''. BNARDA Makurdi, Nigeria.
[5]. Cofie, O. (2008). ''Emerging issues in Urban and peri-Urban agriculture (UPA) in West Africa'': Brief Note. International Water Management Institute Publication, pp:http://ruaf.iwmi.org/Data/Sites/4/PDFs/UPA%20paper%20for%20REFILS_Cofie.pd

ABSTRACT: The aerobic bacterial flora of the reproductive tracts were investigated using seventeen goats slaughtered at Al-Hilla Medhatiea slaughterhouse. Samples were collected aseptically from the vagina, cervix, uterine body, right and left uterine horns and right and left oviducts and for bacteriological examination. Standard microbiological techniques were used for isolation and identification of bacterial species. From a total of 119 specimens collected for bacteriological examination from cervix, uterine body, right and left uterine horns, right and left oviducts and vagina (17 each). Bacterial species identified were Staphylococcus aureus (30.25%) is the highest percentage which were positive for coagulase test, Escherichia coli(26.89%), Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus Spp. (10.93%) , Proteus mirabilis. (8.4%),the pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.72%),and finally Listeria monocytogenes (5.88%), from the positive results, were isolated from all the anatomical sites examined. In a nutshell, Staphylococcus aureus were dominant in this environment, followed by Escherichia coli.

Keywords: Goats, micro flora, Female genital system, Staphylococcus aureus.

[1]. Hirsh,D.C, the genital tract as a microbial habitat, Review of Veterinary Microbiology,1990, 243-244.
[2]. Ababneh, A.M and Degefa .T, Bacteriological Findings and Hormonal Profiles in the Post-Partum Balady Goats .Reproductive Domestic .Animal., 4(1), 2007, 12-16.
[3]. Safiriyu,I.O., Waliu,A.S.and Gabriel.E. Exfoliative Vaginal Cytology During the Estrus Cycle of West African Dwarf Goats. Reprod .Nutr.Dev.46, 2006, 87-95.
[4]. Bukar Y.M., Amin.J.D., Zaria.L.T., Bacteria flora of the anterior genitalia of the sahelian doe in Maiduguri-borno state , Nigeria., Nigerian Veterinary Journal Vol.28(2), 2007, 60-62.
[5]. N. W. Zaid. Vaginal flora of Iraqi sheep and goats during different reproductive stages. 2009;Al- Anbar J. Vet. Sci., Vol.: 2 No. (1).

ABSTRACT: The main objective of the study was to determine attitude to work of the extension agents in Katsina State.Multistage sampling technique was employed to select cells and blocks from each of the three KTARDA Zones while simple random sampling procedures were used to select 108 extension agents as respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect information for the study which was analyzed using correlation, descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency counts and measures of central tendency. The results revealed that majority (49.07%) of the agents had a moderate attitude towards extension work.Finding from correlation analysis revealed that there is no significant relationship between attitude to work and age ( r= 0.102ns), performance(r = 0.153ns), work experience (r = 0.042ns) and the rank(-0.048ns)of extension agents, but the relationship between age and work experience( r =0.476** ) is highly significant while the relationship between work experience and rank(r = 0.185*) is significant at 0.05 level of significant.. Similarly, finding of the survey revealed that extension agents endorsed four problems as some of the problems faced by extension service in the state. The problems endorsed include insufficient number of extension staff, inadequate funding, poor logistics supports and lack of promotion and in sufficient allowance to field staff. Results revealed good salary, regular promotion of staff, provision of in-service training, involvement of staff in planning and decision making of extension service in the state, some level of autonomy and recognition to staff. as factors influincing attitude to extesion work.Thus it is recommended that the state government should employ more extension agents,pay them good salary and involve them in decision making and planning of extension programmes in their establishment for effective agricultural transformation agenda in the state and Nigeria atlarge.

Key words: Katsina,Agents,Attitude

[1] Abdullahi, S. (1996) Identification of training needs of extension workers in the central zone of Sokoto Agricultural Development Project (SADP) Gummi. An unpublished B. Agric Project, Department of agric Economics and extension, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto. P. 51-61.
[2] Adamu, I.A (2000). The Survey of Katsina State in: Nigeria, A people United A future Assured Vol. 2: Mamman et al (eds). Federal Ministry of Information. Pp 291-302.
[3] Agbamu,J.U.(2005) Problems and Prospects of agricultural Extension service in Developing countries. In Adedoyin, S.F. (ed) Agricultural extension society of Nigeria. Pp 159
[4] Abdolmutalleb, et al (2008). Analysis of the job performance of the Agricultural
[5] Extension Experts of Yazd province Iran. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological sciences. 4 (1) Pp 78-85.

ABSTRACT: Objectives of the research were to study the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi could reduce the need of compost and increase the yield of maize. The research applied Split Plot Design by 3 replications. The main plot was AMF, which comprised of 2 levels: without AMF and AMF. Sub Plot was dosage of the compost, which comprised of 5 levels, such as: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ton ha-1. Result of the research showed significant interaction between AMF and compost on various observed parameters. On parameter of growth, AMF treatment and dosage of the compost 10 ton ha-1 have been able to increase leaf area, dry weight of root, dry weight of shoot and dry weight of cob, as well as reduce the need of compost for about 50%. On parameter of yield, AMF treatment and compost 15 ton ha-1 have been able to increase the weight of cob and weight of 100 seeds, as well as to reduce the need of compost for about 25%, while on weight of dry grains, the increasing dosage of compost up to 20 ton ha-1 has still been able to increase the yield. The application of AMF by dosage of compost 10 and 15 ton ha -1 as better as in increasing weight of the corn grains.

Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF), compost fertilizer, maize (Zea mays L.)

[1]. Ministry of Agriculture, Prospect and Developmental Direction of Agribusiness on Maize, Ministry of Agricultural Research and Development, Jakarta, 2014.

[2]. Handayanto, E and K. Hairiah, Soil biology as basic in managing healthy soil, Pustaka Adipura, Yogyakarta, 2007, 97-155.

[3]. Atmojo, S. W., Environmentally safe-land resources management, Sebelas Maret University Press, Surakarta, 2010.

[4]. Mosse, B., Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza Research for Tropical Agriculture, Research Bulletin 194, University of Hawaii, 1981, 82 p.

[5]. Blal, B., C. Morel, V. Gianinazzi, Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae on phospate fertilizer efficiency in two tropical acid soils planted with micropropagated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq), J.Bio Fertil. Soils. 9, 1990, 43-48.

ABSTRACT: All the yield attributing characters were found to be positively correlated with each other which consequently improved the corm yield significantly over the two years (2010-11 and 2011-12). The corm yield had negative and significant correlation with days to 50 per cent emergence (r = - 0.934). However, it showed positive and significant correlations with plant height (r = 0.938), pseudo-stem girth (r = 0.966), number of pseudo-stem plant-1 (r = 0.932), canopy spread (r = 0.964), days to maturity (r = 0.972), corm yield plant-1 (r = 0.969), corm diameter (r = 0.968), dry matter content of corm (r = 0.930) and starch content of corm (r = 0.887). Key words: Correlation, Elephant foot yam, yield, quality

[1]. Germchi, Sardar, Behroozi, FarimahGhanna and Badri, Samira. 2011. International conference on environmental and agriculture
engineering, IPCBEE vol. 15, IACSIT Press, Singapore. pp. 19-24.
[2]. Kumar, Santosh, Singh, P.K., Kumar, K. and Singh, B. K. 2010. Variability and Character Association in Elephant Foot Yam
[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson]. J. Root Crops,36 (1): 105-110.

[3]. Nedunchezhiyan, M., Saurabh, A. and Ranasingh, N. 2006. Elephant foot yam: A commercial crop for Orissa. Orissa Rev., 63 (1):71-72.
[4]. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. 1985. Statistical methods for Agricultural Workers. IV ed. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. p.381.
[5]. Raghu, A., Deepa, V.C. and Sundarn, K. 1999. A study on Soorana (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) The king of tubers, In: Tropical Tuber crops in Food Security and Nutrition. Oxfort& IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 10-14.
[6]. Rezaee, A. and Soltani, A. 1986. Potato production. Mashhad University Publication, Iran.

ABSTRACT: To perform a good classification for vegetation by using Remote Sensing data. In this research the study area located in the Erbil and Sulaimanya governorates are located on longitude 36° 11' 24" North 44° 06' 00"east, and 35°40'00" North and 45°30'0" East, respectively. One scene of the Landsat-TM images used to investigate changes of the vegetation distribution by Normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), the results referred to more green areas in Erbil than Sulaimanya, that's mean, the no vegetation area increased by 247.14 ha because some barren soil and water bodies increased in Sulaimanya.

[1]. Allen, E. 1991 Temporal and spatial organization of desert plant communities. In: Skujins J (ed.) Semiarid lands and deserts. New York. 193–208.
[2]. Black, C. A. 1965a. Methods of Soil Analysis. Physical & mineralogical properties. Madison. Wisc., USA.
[3]. Black, C. A. 1965b. Methods of Soil Analysis. Chemical & Biological properties. Madison. Wisc. USA.
[4]. Dabrowska-Zielinska, K., A. Kogan, F. Ciolkosz, M.Gruszczynska and W.Kowalik. 2002. Modelling of crop growth conditions and crop yield in Poland using AVHRR-based indices. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23, 1109-1123.
[5]. Fadhil, A. M. 2011. Drought mapping using Geoinformation technology for some sites in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. International Journal of Digital Earth, 4, 3, 239 — 257.

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2002 and 2003 at Agricultural Research Station (Paddy), Sirsi to know the effect of eupatorium as green leaf manure in combination with graded levels of inorganic fertilizers on rice yield and profitability. On an average over two years, application of 100 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) recorded maximum grain yield, straw yield and net returns followed by 50% RDF and no fertilizer which were differing significantly from one another. The grain yield recorded with application of eupatorium @ 10 t/ha (6735 kg/ha) was found to be on par with that of 20 t/ha (6929 kg/ha) and 15 t/ha (6915 kg/ha). The trend in net returns was almost similar to that of grain yield.

1] M. M. Hosamani, Integrated weed management in field crops (Wood Ridge Hill Publication, Texas, 1995). [2] M.S. Anwarulla, Eupatorium weed – a green manure for rice, The Hindu, Daily, dated. 2-5-1996. [3] K. Manjappa, Sustainable production of planted and ratoon crop of hybrid rice under hill zone of Kanataka, doctoral diss., University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, 1999. [4] V. Katyal and B. Gangwar, Long-term effect of integrated nutrient management on crop productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) -rice system, Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 70(2), 2000), 110-113.

ABSTRACT: Assorted techniques have been developed for warring against pests, but the most important innovation appears to be the use of chemicals which are now available for different pest situations. Many manual and motorized machines have been developed for crop protection. In Nigeria and especially in farming communities of the north, attempts have been geared towards the development of requisite animal drawn machines for on-farm spraying against pests.

[1]. Yang Cao (2000).The Image Analysis for Optical Spray Patternation. National Library of Canada, 0-612-55892-2; pp. 8.
[2]. Howard G. A. L (2009). Guide to Effective Weed Control. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service PSS-2750 pp. 1.
[3]. BabaShani B, Mohammed U. S. and Abubakar L. G (2013). Animal Drawn Sprayer Distribution Pattern. Applied Science Reports 1 (3); pp. 72.
[4]. Johan Greeff (2006). Coefficient of Variation of Wool Fibre Diameter in Merino Breeding Programs. Farm Note 46/98 of Great Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Katanning, Western Australia; pp. 1.

ABSTRACT: This search was carried out to clarify the effects of Diode Laser (DL) therapy on chronic periodontitis, by healing, reducing pockets depth and minimizing microbial counts. Patients (Pts) were 60 as study group (SG) and 15Pts as control group (CG), all were complained of chronic periodontitis. SG was received DL therapy and CG irrigation with normal saline. The treatment period had taken (10week): (phase1: Baseline) at 1st week,( phase2: Treatment secessions) at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th week, and (phase3: Follow up) at 10th week. The mean prevalence of Clinical Dental Indices(CDI),which included PD were (6.6, 5.6, 4.5, 4.0, 3.6 and 3.1mm) and (6.6, 5.8. 4.8, 4.2, 3.9 and 3.5mm), PI were (2.7, 1.7, 1.2, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.2) and (2.7, 1.9, 1.4, 1.1, 0.9 ad 0.6), and BOP were (95, 66.7, 40, 25, 11.7 and 1.6%) and (96.7, 75, 63,3, 45, 31.7 and 25%) for SG and CG respectively. The mean prevalence of Colony Forming Units (CFUs)/ml were (500, 430, 335, 205, 80 and 15) and (500, 455, 400, 325, 255 and 165) for SG and CG respectively. DL irradiation had revealed anti-microbial effects and reduction of inflammation, which supported healing periodontal pockets through microbial elimination than old methods

[1]. Akoi, M., 2008. Current status of clinical laser applications in periodontal therapy. General Dentistry, 3:674-687.
[2]. Lindhe, J. and Nyman, S., 1985. Scaling and granulation tissue removal in periodontal therapy. J. Cline. Periodontal, 12:374-388.
[3]. Gold, V., 1994. Pulsed laser beam effects on gingival. J. Cline. Periodontal, 21:391-393.
[4]. Centty, I., Blank, L., Levy, B., Romberg, E. and Barnes, D., 1996. Carbon dioxide laser for de-epithelialization of periodontal flaps. J. Periodontal., 68:763-769.
[5]. Darveau, R., Tanner, A. and Page, R., 1997. The microbial challenge in periodontitis. Periodontal., 14:12-32.
[6]. Socransky, S., Haffajee, A. and Cugini, M., 1998. Microbial complexes in sub gingival plaque. J. Cline. Periodontal., 25:134-144.
[7]. Moritz, A., Schoop, U., Goharkhay, K. and Schauer, P., 1998. Treatment of periodontal pockets with a diode laser. Lasers Surg. Med., 22:302-311.

ABSTRACT: The effect of different cooking methods (Raw, steaming, microwave cooking, baking, grilling, pan frying and deep frying) on proximate composition and fatty acid profile of Labeo calbasu fish species from Pakistan were analyzed to determine the nutritional qualities in terms of the long chain n-3 PUFA particularly EPA and DHA. In all cooking methods moisture content decrease and protein content increased as compare to raw sample. The moisture content of fish sample seemed to be inversely related to the total extractable lipid content. In steamed, microwave, baked, grilled and pan fried methods MUFA were the abundant fatty acids followed by SFA and PUFA. Deep fried fish sample had the opposite trend having highest PUFA as contrast to MUFA and SFA. Long chain n-3 PUFA were found higher in contrast to n-6 PUFA in all other cooking methods excluding deep frying. The results indicates that steamed and grilled cooking are the best cooking method for healthy eating as they contain more n-3 PUFA (EPA and DHA). Losses of n-3 content in pan fried and deep fried fish were higher than those of fish cooked by other methods.

Key words: Labeo calbasu, Fatty acids, Proximate composition, Cooking methods, Gas chromatography.

[1]. Michail, I.G. Nadezhda, N.S. Galina, A.G. Sevilia, M.D. Galina, S.K. 2006. Effect of way of cooking on content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue of humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Food Chem 96, 446–451.

[2]. Lauritzen, L. Hansen, H.S. Jorgensen, M.H. Michaelsen, K.F. 2001. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina. Prog Lipid Res. 40, 1–94.

[3]. Broadhurst, C.L. Wang, Y. Crawford, M.A. Cunnane, S.C. Parkington, J.E. Schmidt, W.F. 2002. Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens. Comp Biochem Physiol. 131, 653–673.

[4]. Kris-Etherton, P.M. Harris, W.S. Appel, L.J. 2003. N-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease – new recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 23(2), 151–152.

[5]. Din, J.N. Newby, D.E. Flapan, A.D. 2004. Science, medicine, and the future N- 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease fishing for a natural treatment. Br Med J. 328(7430), 30–35

ABSTRACT: Farmer Field School (FFS) is a capacity building method based on adult education principles for a group of farmers, usually comprises of 25-30. It is best described as a 'school without walls', where farmers learn through observation and experimentation in their own fields. FFS aims to increase their knowledge and skills about crop management practices. FFS has been launched by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in the name of 'Polambadi' through department of agriculture, where the emphasis was given to use ecofriendly measures for control of crop pests. In India 4,35,098 FFSs were organized from 1994 to 2013 and in Andhra Pradesh 12,603 FFSs were organized from 2004 to 2013. In Chittoor district, during 2009 to 2012, about 805 Farmer Field Schools were organized in groundnut by department of Agriculture.

..........................................................!

ABSTRACT: rRNA genes are attractive targets for developing PCR identification of fungal pathogens in cultured fishes. Infected fresh water Channa puntatus, were brought alive from Canning fisheries and aquatic resource, Canning, India to parasitology laboratory, Department of Zoology for pathogenic examination. Macroscopic production of wide ribbon-like, coenocytic hyphae on the head, skin and fins was observed. The fungal species was isolated and characterized on the basis of morphological and molecular analysis. The species was identified as Rizomucor pusillus. Fragment of D1/D2 region of 28S rDNA gene was amplified by PCR with a band size of 574bp and 564 bp respectively. The D2 partial sequence of 28S rDNA (HG313769) of this strain was submitted to EMBL. Dendrogram was constructed using reported nucleotide sequences of domains D1/D2 of the nuclear 28S rDNA from different related taxa. HG313769 was found most closely related to JN315054 and JN315053 submitted from Korea. The effect of this pathogenic fungus on host physiology was observed by monitoring changes in biochemical, hematological and histological parameters. In our present research, results showed significant decrease in concentration of RBC, Hb, PCV, glucose, total protein and albumin – globulin (A/G)ratio whereas significant increase in AST, ALT, cholesterol after 10 and 20 days of post- infection with increased doses of 106, 107 and 108 CFU. The cumulative mortalities of the intraperitoneal infection increased along with the sporangiospore concentrations; the highest mortality observed was 70% with108 CFU as compared to the control. This is the first report of R.pusillus infection in fresh water Channa fish.

Keywords: Channa punctatus, dendrogram, histopathophysiological study, Rhizomucor pusillus PKBSG, rRNA genes

[1]. K.J.Lie and T.E. Njo-Injo, Mycosis of the stomach caused by a phycomycete (report on a case), Documenta de medicina geographica et tropica, 8, 1956, 249–254.
[2]. A.M.Sugar, Mucormycosis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, (suppl 1), 1992, S126–S129.
[3]. A.M. Sugar, Agents of mucormycosis and related species. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 6 (Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA) 2973–2984.
[4]. J. A. Ribes, C. L .Vanover-Sams and D. J. Baker, Zygomycetes in human disease. Clinical Microbiology Review 13, 2000, 236–301.
[5]. P. Lenane, C.O. Keane and S .O. Loughlin, Mucor mycosis infection presenting as a non-healing ulcer in an immunocompromised patient. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 28, 2003, 157–159.