iosr-JECE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2016

Abstract: In this paper, the effect of patch and ground reshaping applied to microstrip antenna have been designed, simulated and investigated in details using Finite Integral Technique (FIT) numerical method. The objective is to control the resonance frequency and to enhance the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna as well as to create an additional resonant mode where the overall patch and ground dimensions are kept constant. Three microstrip antenna configurations with a transmission line feed have been proposed and presented, and their simulated results have been investigated and compared.

[1] www.antennatheory.com
[2] R.Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Itipiboon, Microstrip antenna design handbook (Artech House, Boston –London, 2000).
[3] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design third edition (Wiley, New Jersey, 2005).
[4] http:en.wiki .edia.org/wiki/WiMax/Wlan.
[5] Zulkifli, F.Y., Rodhiah, D., Rahardjo, E.T., Dual band microstrip antenna using U and S slots for WLAN application, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, pp. 2049 – 2052, Jun 2007.

Abstract: The comprehension of group consumption is the foundation of the grasping the future community-basedmarketing. In this paper, external environmental factors and internal motivational factorsthat impact group consumptionare analyzed and the nine characteristic dimensions of the group consumption behaviors are summarized. Vertical and horizontal coordinates, group relationship intensity and consumption action period to construct a 2x2 mode that divides, group consumption mode into four types, including instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented and relationship-oriented.

[1]. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior[M]. NY: Prentice-Hall, 1980,p.112-149.
[2]. Arnould E.J., Price L. L. River Magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1993,20(1): p.24-48.
[3]. Avery J. Saving face by making meaning: The negative effects of consumers' subjective response to brand extension[M]. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 2007.
[4]. Barnes N G. Mob it and it: Creating marketing opportunity through the replication of flash mobs[J]. Marketing Management Journal, 2006, 16(1).
[5]. Bagozzi R P. On the concept of intentional social action in consumer behavior[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2000, 27(3): 388-396.
[6]. Bagozzi R P, Dholakia U M. Intentional social action in virtual communities [J]. Journal of interactive marketing, 2002, 16(2): 2-21.

Abstract: For full development and expansion of wireless sensor hub, energy consumption remains an important factor to design and implement nodes. So to minimize the energy required for one to one communication, the distance between the transmitter and receiver is calculated before used for transmission and less power is required to transmit the measurement data is calculated and determined. To save energy, in this paper we have designed such a structure at hub level and network level which will save energy by going in sleep- wake mode when there is no work and sensing scheme to encrypt data packets.

Keywords: Energy efficiency, periodic sleep/wake-up scheme, received signal strength indication (RSSI), wireless sensor network (WSN).

[1] Jelena Markova's Gregory Prier Peter Reiher, 2002, ―Attacking DDoS at the Source‖, Proceedings of the 10 th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP'02) 1092-1648/02 $17.00 © 2002 IEEE
[2] Suraj Sharma, Pratik Agarwal,and Sanjay Kumar Jena. Energy Aware Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Nabendu Chaki, Natarajan Meghanathan, and Dhinaharan Nagamalai, editors, Computer Networks & Communications (NetCom), volume 131 of Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, pages 753-760. Springer New York, 2013.
[3] Rakesh V, Sarala S M, June 2015, ―Energy Optimization In Wireless Sensor Network Using Different Compression And Encrytion Techniques ‖, International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, Part-2 , May-June, 2015 ISSN 2091-2730
[4] Dilek Karabudak, ―Security Optimization and Data Classification in Wireless Sensor Networks‖
[5] M. Roseline Juliana, S.Srinivasan , Sep 2015, ―seladg: secure energy efficient location Aware data gathering approach for wireless Sensor networks‖
[6] Reshma Patil, Prof.S.M.Shinde , aug 2014, ―secure energy efficient routing in Wireless sensor network‖, Reshma Patil et al, Int.J.Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 5 (4),1392-1397 ISSN:2229-6093

Abstract: In this paper, a speech enhancement method based on the classification of voiced, unvoiced and silence regions and using stationary wavelet transform is presented. To prevent the quality of degradation of speech during the denoising process, speech is first classified into voiced, unvoiced and silence regions. An experimentally verified criterion based on the short time energy process has been applied to obtain the voiced, unvoiced and silence speech region. The stationary wavelet transform has been applied to each segment and compared with a pre-determined energy threshold. Different threshold methods have been applied for voiced, unvoiced and silence frames.

[1] Wenhao Yuan and Bin Xia, "A Speech Enhancement Approach Based on Noise classification", Applied Acoustics, 96, September
2015, 11-19.
[2] Bingyin Xia and Changchun Bao, "Wiener Filtering Based Speech Enhancement with Weighted Denoising Auto-encoder and Noise
Classification", Speech Communication, 60, May 2014, 13-29.
[3] Adam Borowicz and Alexandr Petrovsky, "Signal Subspace Approach for Psychoacoustically Motivated Speech Enhancement",
Speech Communication, 53(2), February 2011, 210-219.
[4] S. F. Boll, "Suppression of Acoustic Noise in Speech using Spectral Subtraction," IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and
Signal Processing, 27(2), April 1979.
[5] M. Berouti, R. Schwartz, and J. Makhoul, Enhancement of Speech Corrupted by Acoustic Noise, IEEE International Conference on
ICASSP , Washington DC, 4, April 1979, 208-211.
[6] J. S. Lim and I. V. Oppenheim, "Enhancement and Bandwidth Compression of Noisy Speech", Proceedings of the IEEE, 67(12),
December 1979, 1586-1604.

Abstract: Internal antennas are widely used in mobile wireless communication devices like smart phones, whichhave been a major incentive of internal antenna research and design during the last decade, where new designs with wider frequency bands have been introduced; single-band devices have developed into multiband and multimode terminals.Although the average terminal size has decreased drastically, the internal antennas have been designed into standard solutions, to meet the new design requirements, taking into consideration the strict limitations set on the energy absorbed by the users of mobile devices. In this paper, a model for frequency tunable ferrite-based Inverted F Antenna is proposedby altering the permeability of the ferrite material.

[1] Petosa, Aldo,"Frequency-Agile Antennas for Wireless Communications," Published by Artech House, ISBN 9781608077694, December 2013.
[2] Uchino, K., Ferroelectric Devices, New York, NY: Marel Dekker, 2000.
[3] Martienssen, W., H. Warlimont, (eds.), "Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics." In Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, pp. 903- 915, Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2005.
[4] Pozar, D., Microwave Engineering, Boston, MA: Addison- Wesley, 1990, pp. 529- 578.
[5] Mishra, R. K., S. S. Pattnaik, and N. Das, "Tuning of Microstrip Antenna on Ferrite Substrate," IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 41 No. 2, February 1993, 230- 233.
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/swru120b/swru120b.pdf

Abstract: This paper describes the development of a sustainable power source that can supply sufficient power to wireless sensors in remote locations while requiring less maintenance and low costs. The soil energy is utilized by Microbial Fuel Cell. The soil with microorganisms can produce energy when they are attached with two electrodes, one positive and another negative electrode. This leads to flow of electrons contributing to electricity. The electricity is then utilized to Electronic circuit consisting of microcontroller and the humidity and temperature sensors are attached to it to read out the values of temperature and humidity on PC by using ZigBee Transceiver. Keywords: Humidity sensor, Integrated circuit, Microbial fuel cell, Soil energy, , Temperature sensor,Wireless sensor.

[1] Yu-Chun Kuo, Jen-Chien Hsieh, Hsi-Yuan Tsai,Yu-Te Liao, Member, IEEE, and Huang-Chen Lee, Senior Member, IEEE, Fu-To Lin, Student Member, IEEE, "A Self-Powering Wireless Environment Monitoring System Using Soil Energy", IEEE SENSOR JOURNAL, VOL. 15, NO. 7, JULY 2015

[2] M. Rahimnejad, "Thionine increases electricity generation from microbial fuel cell using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exoelectrogenic mixed culture," J. Microbiol., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 575–580, Aug. 2012

[3] E. Parra and L. Liwei, "Microbial fuel cell based on electrodeexoelectrogenic bacteria interface," in Proc. IEEE 22nd Int. Conf. Micro Electro Mech. Syst., Jan. 2009, pp. 31–34.

[4] A. Gurung and S. E. Oh, "The improvement of power output from stacked microbial fuel cells (MFCs)," Energy Sour., A, Recovery, Utilization, Environ. Effects, vol. 34, no. 17, pp.1569–1576, Jun. 2012.

[5] I. Ieropoulos, J. Greenman, and C. Melhuish, "Improved energy output levels from small scale microbial fuel cells," Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2010.

Abstract: To achieve accurate detection of faces and extraction of criminal records through the detected faces, a feedback accuracy system is developed. This model improves the efficiency of accurate detection of criminal faces using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) algorithm. SIFT algorithm uses anisotropic scaling on the query images for accurate corner detection. The identified true positive cases are used for detecting database image using unsupervised RESVM technique. The data is further tested using a hypothesis testing proposed with definedrule that compares the resultant RESVM image with the actual image. Depending upon the rules, the test results provide whether the image is accurate or not. Degree of accuracy determines the acceptance or rejection of images, level of accuracy above a certain threshold value resubmits the image to RESVM. Then the entire process is repeated until the image attains an accuracy level of 95% or more. This proposed method is tested with both similar and different reference and input facial images. Finally, it is found that the results are better and efficient in terms of retrieval time and keypoint reduction.

[1] Deng, Houtao, et al. "A time series forest for classification and feature extraction." Information Sciences 239 (2013): 142-153.
[2] Tao, Dacheng, et al. "General tensor discriminant analysis and gabor features for gait recognition." Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on 29.10 (2007): 1700-1715.
[3] delRivero, José Antonio Sánchez, et al. "Feature selection for classification of animal feed ingredients from near infrared microscopy spectra." Information Sciences 241 (2013): 58-69.
[4] Tao, Dapeng, et al. "Similar handwritten Chinese character recognition using discriminative locality alignment manifold learning." Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2011 International Conference on. IEEE, 2011.
[5] Huang, Qing-Hua. "Discovery of time-inconsecutive co-movement patterns of foreign currencies using an evolutionary biclustering method." Applied Mathematics and Computation 218.8 (2011): 4353-4364.
[6] Wang, Yu, et al. "License plate recognition based on SIFT feature." Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 126.21 (2015): 2895-2901.
[7] Wang, Shen, Chen Cui, and XiamuNiu. "Watermarking for DIBR 3D images based on SIFT feature points." Measurement 48 (2014): 54-62.

Abstract: Adielectric superstrate is touching the patch antennas has remarkable effects on antenna parameters. This paper experimentally studiesthesuperstrate thickness effectson the patch antennas parameters and compared their performances with without dielectricsuperstrate.The coaxial probe fed of rectangular, circular and square patch antennas were designed with 2.4 GHz and fabricated on Arlondiclad 880 substrate.The superstrate materials is also used same specifications ofsubstrate material for designing of the patch antennas. It is found that there is a slight degradation in the performance of the antennas when the superstrate thickness is touching the above the patch antennas. In particular, the resonant frequency will be shifted lower side, while other parameters have slight variation in their values. In addition, it has also been observed that return loss and VSWR increases, however bandwidth and gain decreases with the dielectric constant of the superstrate thickness. This type of antennas were used for wireless, Wi-Fi and Blue-tooth applications
Index Terms: Rectangular patch antenna, circular patch antenna, square patch antenna, dielectric superstrate (radome), resonate frequency, gain etc.

[1]. I J Bhal and P Bhartia, "Microstrip antennas", Artech house, 1980.
[2]. Balanis, C.A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley& Sons.
[3]. R.Shavit,"Dielectric cover effect on Rectangular Microstrip Antennas array". IEEE Trans. Antennas propagat.,Vol 40,. PP.992-995, Avg.1992.
[4]. Inder ,Prakash and Stuchly, "Design of Microstrip Antennas covered with a Dielectric Layer. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate. Vol.AP-30.No.2, Mar 1992.
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Abstract: With the growing need of communication in our daily life good signal strength is a major issue. For this a signal must be transmitted in such a way that it should have low bit error rate. Here a 4-bit QPSK is compared with 256 bit QAM on the basis of SNR (signal to noise ratio) and BER (bit error rate).BER testing is a powerful tool for testing of digital transmission systems. A BER test shows the performance of the system. If the BER rises too high then the system performance will degrade. Outputs of both the techniques are shown on scatter plots. Result is calculated on the basis of better quality signal and greater efficiency.

Keywords: BER, Modulation, NRZ Coder, QAM, QPSK, Signal to noise ratio (SNR).

[1] Malcom Sellers and Demos Kostas, "Comparison of QPSK/QAM OFDM & spread spectrum for 2-11 GHz PMP BWAS", IEEE Feb.2000

. [2] Imdadul Islam and Siddique Hossain, "Comparison of traffic performance of QPSK and 16-QAM modulation techniques for OFDM system", Journal of Telecommunication & Information Technology 2005.

[3] Shengxi Diao, Yuanjin Zheng , Yuan Gao, San-Jeow, Xiaojun Yuan, , Minkyu Je and Chun-HuatHeng "A 50 Mb/s CMOS QPSK /O-QPSK transmitter employing injection locking for direct modulation" January 2012.

[4] Colby Boyer, "Coded QAM backscatter modulation for RFID" IEEE July 2012.

Abstract: Now a days many countries are facing a serious problem of mobile signal strength. It has also become a major issue in many parts of the world. In order to solve this problem use of MANET (mobile ad hoc network) through WiMAX has popularized. In this paper I will show the complete scenario of MANET network. In this three conditions are included: when the users are fixed, when the users are movable away from the base station and the last one is when the users are movable towards the base station. These three conditions are shown one by one by routing protocol both AODV and DSDV and results are simulated with NS2.
Keywords: AODV, Ad hoc network, DSDV, MANET, NS2, Simulation, WiMAX

[1] Mrs.S.Madhurikkha &Dr.R.Sabitha ,Defending against packet dropping attack using DRI & cross checking mechanism in MANET.
[2] Zahian Ismail& Rosilah Hassan, Effect of packet size on AODV routing protocol implementation in homogenous and heterogenous
manet-2011
[3] S.Mangai & A.Tamilarasi ,Hybrid location aided routing protocol for gps enabled manet clusters-29 Dec 2011
[4] Zhenyu Chen, Lin Guan ,Xingang Wang, Xunli Fan "Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector routing with Backup Route
Update Mechanism" IEEE 14TH International Conference On High Performance Computing And Communications 2012.
[5] Prabhakar D. Dorge, Sanjay S. Dorle, Megha B. Chakole and Dhiraj K. Thote , "Improvement of QoS in VANET with Different
Mobility Patterns" Proceedings of the International Conference on Radar, Communication and Computing (ICRCC 2012), SKP
Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, TN., India. 21 - 22 December, 2012.

Abstract: Currently, Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) is one of the leading technology being used for detecting brain tumor. Brain tumor is detecting at the advanced stages with the help of MRI image. Diagnosing of brain tumor from MRI is time consuming task. Segmentation of an image is an prime process to remove suspicious region from complicated medical image. Segmentation of brain tumor in MRI image is a difficult task because of the different intensities of an image, locations and shapes. Cluster analysis recognizes a similar object groups and helps in locating distribution of pattern in large data sets. The prime objective of this paper is to compare the different technique which is used for the segmentation. K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering techniques are compared for their better performance in segmentation. The detection brain tumor is carry out in two stages: First stage is Preprocessing and Enhancement & Second stage is Segmentation and Classification.

Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), Brain Tumor, Segmentation, K-means, Fuzzy C-means.

[1] Mrs.Bharat i R. Jipkat e, Dr. Mrs.V.V.Gohokar "A Comparat ive Analysis of Fuzzy C-means Clustering and K means Clustering
Algorithms", Internat ional Journal Of Comput at ional Engineering Research / ISSN:2250-300
[2] P urnit a Majumder, V.P.Kshirsagar, " Brain T umor Segment ation and Stage Detect ion in Brain MR Images using K AMS EM
Algorithm", Internat ional Journal of Computer Applications(0975-8887)Volume 95-No.24,June 2014
[3] Rastgarpour M., And Shanbehzadeh J., Applicat ion Of Ai Techniques In Medical Image Segmentat ion And Novel Categorizat ion
Of Available Methods And Tools, Proceedings Of The Internat ional Mult iconference Of Engineers And Computer Scient ists 2011
Vol I, Imecs 2011,March 16-18, 2011, Hongkong
[4] .Zhang, Y. J, An Overview Of Image And Video Segmentat ion In The Last 40 Years, Proceedings Of The 6th Internat ional
Symposium On Signal Processing And Its Applicat ions, Pp. 144-151, 2001.
[5] Wahba Marian, An Automated Modified Region Growing Technique For Prostate Segmentat ion In Trans-Rectal Ult rasound
Images, Mast er‟s Thesis, Department Of Electrical And Comput er Engineering, Universit y Of Wat erloo, Wat erloo, Ont ario,
Canada, 2008.
[6] W. X. Kang, Q. Q. Yang, R. R. Liang,"The Comparat ive Research On Image Segment at ion Algorit hms", Ieee Conference On Etcs,
Pp. 703-707, 2009.

Abstract: Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANET) are gaining importance in vehicular networks and attracting an increasing attraction from both industry and research communities. Mobility Management is one of the most important and challenging research issue in vehicular networks which support various applications of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). A specific mobility management solution is required for Vehicular Adhoc networks, because traditional mobility management schemes for mobile Adhoc networks (MANET) cannot meet the requirements of vehicular Adhoc networks (VANET) due to its unique characteristic (i.e. high mobility). In this paper, an overview of mobility management techniques in VANET is reviewed in three vehicular communication modes, i.e., Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication, Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication and Hybrid Vehicle (HV) communication. Finally, the related open research issues are discussed.

Keywords: VANETs, Mobility Management, V2I, V2V, HV, ITS, RSUs, RVs.

[1]. FleetNet.http://www.et2.tu-harburg.de/fleetnet/english/visio n.html.
[2]. Car2car Communication Consortium. http://www.car-2-car.org.
[3]. Y. Toor, P. Mühlethaler and A. Laouiti, Vehicle ad hoc networks: applications and related technical issues, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 10(3), 2008, pp.74–88.
[4]. I. Chlamtac, M. Conti, and J. J.-N. Liu, Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges, Ad Hoc Networks, 1(1), 2003, pp. 13–64.
[5]. Manifesto for the car-to-car communication consortium, Sept 2007.
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Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) holds the potential to open domains to distributed data acquisition. Minimizing the consumption of energy in a wireless sensor network application is crucial for effective realization of the intended application in terms of cost, lifetime and functionality. In this paper, we have tried to find out the average lifetime of the batteries calculated for BPSK, QPSK and QAM transmission over different channel models as a function of link distance. Here each modulation is operated at its Optimal SNR. We have also found that, for long transmission distance BPSK,QPSK are optimal choices but as the transmission distance shortens the optimal modulation size grows to 16-QAM even to 64 QAM.

Keywords: WSN, Battery Life time , BPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64-QAM,Optimal SNR, Rayleigh, AWGN.

[1] F.Akyildiz I F, Su W and Sankarsubramaniam Y 2002 Wireless sensor networks: a survey Computer Networks 38393-422

[2] J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in WSNs. IEEE Communications Magazine", (2004)December.

[3] R. Verdone, D. Dardari, G. Mazzini, and A. Conti, Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network: technologies, analysis and design. Academic Press, 2008.

[4] B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications.Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2001.

[5] Chipcon, "CC1000 Single Chip Very Low Power RF Transceiver," datasheet,2002.
[6] "2.4 Ghz IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee-ready RF Transceiver," SWRS041 datasheet,2006.

[7] V. Raghunathan, C. Schurgers, S. Park, and M. B. Srivastava, "Energy- aware wireless microsensor networks," IEEE Signal Processing Maga- zine, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 40–50, Mar. 2002.