iosr-JECE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2016

Abstract: The motivation is a need for a more systematic examination of the use of Automatic Number Plate Recognition technology particularly with regards to crime investigations and intelligence development, in order to tackle crime and disorder more efficiently.This paper presents a systematic toll deduction system that utilizes number plate localization algorithm. It extracts license plate candidates using morphological operations. We have formed a rather complete database of all characters and numbers templates in different format............

Index Terms: Toll Deduction, ANPR, Automatic, LPR, Character recognition, Segmentation.

[1] William K. Pratt, ‗Digital Image Processing: PIKS Inside, Third Edition', Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[2] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, ‗Digital Image Processing, Instructor's Manual' Prentice Hall, Third Edition, 2008.
[3] R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, S. L. Eddins, ‗Digital Image Processing Using MatLab', Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2009.

[4] Regis C. P. Marques, Fátima N. S. Medeiros, Jilseph Lopes Silva and Cassius M. Laprano, ‗License Vehicle Plates Localization Using Maximum Correlation', Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin, 2004.
[5] N. Otsu, ‗A Threshold Selection Method for Gray Level Histogram', IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cybernetics, 1979.

Abstract: Automatic number plate recognition is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the number plates on vehicles. Existing closed-circuit television or road-rule enforcement cameras, or specifically designed systems can be used for the task. This system is very helpful for traffic police to find the details of a car violating the traffic rules. Its applications also includes Automatic toll collection system and car parking systems............

Index Terms: ANPR( Automatic Number Plate Recognition),CRS (Computer Recognition System),OCR (Optical Character Recognition), Vehicle Number Plate, Matlab

[1]. Amr Badr, Mohamed M. Abdelwahab, Ahmed M. Thabet , Automatic Number Plate Recognition, Mathematics and Computer Science Series, Vol 38(I),2011, 62-71
[2]. DhirajY. Gaikwad, Promod B. Borole, A Review Paper on Automatic Number Plate recognition ( ANPR) Sytem, International journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering , Vol I Issue,2014
[3]. H. Bai and C. Liu, A hybrid license plate extraction method based on edge statistics and morphology, Proc. Int. Conf. Pattern Recognit., vol. 2. 2004, pp. 831–834.
[4]. F. Faradji, A. H. Rezaie, and M. Ziaratban, A morphological-based license plate location,IEEE International Conference of Image Processing, vol.1. Sep.–Oct. 2007, pp. 57–61
[5]. Mritunjay Singh, A New and Efficient Method for Vehicle License Plate Detection, International Journal of Advanced Research in, Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(12), December - 2013, pp. 1002-1006

Abstract: In the following paper, a stacked multiresonator configuration of a circular patch antenna using FR-4 material as a substrate with dielectric constant of 4.2, for resonant frequency of 2 GHz is proposed. In this configuration, there is hybridization of two techniques, the stacking technique and the multiresonator technique. The radius of the patch is calculated to be 17.8 mm & the air gap is 15 mm between the upper and the lower layer. The percentage bandwidth is 4.6%.............

Index Terms: Stacked, Multiresonator

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Abstract: Leakage power dissipation has become major portion of total power consumption in the integrated device and is expected to grow exponentially in the next decade as per International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (IRTS). This directly affects the battery operated devices as it has long idle times. Thus by scaling down the threshold voltage has tremendously increased the sub threshold leakage current thereby making the static power dissipation very high............

Index Terms: Sub-threshold leakage current, Threshold voltage, Transistor stacking, Low power, Deep submicron. LECTOR, Super Cut off, Forced Transistor Stacking.

[1]. J.C. Park and V. J. Mooney III, "Sleepy stack leakage reduction," IEEETrans. VLSI Systems, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1250-1263, Nov. 2006
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Abstract: Cognitive radio has been proposed in order to promote spectrum utilization by exploiting the spectrum holes. Observing the spectrum resources can be matched to traffic demand of secondary users with the help of relay node. In this article a new research direction for cognitive radio networks by utilizing cooperative relay to assist transmission and improve communication efficiency. Since wireless networks are characterized to have limited resources which are accessed by a large number of mobile towers with distinct capabilities............

Keywords: cooperative relaying; relay selection;spectrum utilisation ; network lifetime

[1]. Tao Jing,Shixiang Zhu,Hongjuan Li,Xiaoshuang Xing,Xiuzhen Cheng,Yan Huo,Rongfang Bie,and Taieb Znati,"Cooperative relay selection in cognitive radio networks," IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology,vol.64,NO.5,May 2015.
[2]. H. Shan, W. Z. P. Wang, and Z. Wang, "Cross-layer Cooperative Triple Busy Tone Multiple Access for Wireless Networks," in Proc. of IEEE Globecom, New Orleans, USA, Dec. 2008.
[3]. A. Bletsas, A. Khisti, D. Reed, and A. Lippman, "A simple Cooperative Diversity Method Based on Network Path Selection," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 659–672, Mar. 2006
[4]. J. Morillo-Pozo, O. Trullols, J. M. Barceló, and J. García-Vidal, "A Cooperative ARQ for Delay-Tolerant Vehicular Networks," in Proc. Of IEEE ICDCS, Beijing, China, Jun. 2008.
[5]. K.-S. Hwang and Y.-C. Ko, "An Efficient Relay Selection Algorithm for Cooperative Networks," in Proc. of IEEE VTC.

Abstract: We present the performance of 80 Gb/s polarization division multiplexed-differential quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-DQPSK) optical label switching system with frequency swept coherent detected spectral amplitude code labels in simulation. 4 bits of 156 Mb/s spectral amplitude code (SAC) label are frequency-swept coherently detected. The label and payload signal performances are assessed by the eye diagram opening factor (EOF) and bit error rate (BER) as function of received optical power (ROP) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR). For back-to-back system and 138 km transmission, label eye opening factors are 0.94 and 0.86 respectively.............

Keywords:Coherent detection, optical label switching (OLS), polarization division multiplexed (PDM), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), spectral amplitude code (SAC)

[1]. C. R. S. Fludger, T. Duthel, and C. Schulien, “Towards Robust 100G Ethernet Transmission,” Proceeding LEOS

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[5]. P. Boffi, M. Ferrario, L. Marazzi, P. Martelli, P. Parolari, A. Righetti, R. Siano, and M. Martinelli, “Measurement of PMD tolerance in 40-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK,” Opt. Express 16(17),

Abstract: Initially communication was carried out using analogue signal. Due to its various drawbacks, digital communication was introduced which has so many advantages over analogue communication and soon become very popular. Due to its low cost and easily reachable properties, wireless communication has become popular in communication.In the current scenario of modern wireless communication system, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique has emerged as one of the most efficient and significant method. This paper presents an analysis of MIMO system that has been introduced in the wireless communication..........

[1]. J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, New York, 2001, pp. 822-823.
[2]. J. J. van de Beek, O. Edfords, M. Sandell, S. K. Wilson, and P. O. Börjesson, "Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems," in Proc. 45th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., Chicago, IL, July 1995, pp. 815-819.
[3]. S. Coleri, M. Ergen, A. Puri and A. Bahai, "Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM Systems," IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 48, September 2002, pp. 223-229.
[4]. Michel C. Jeruchim, Philip Balaban and K. Sam Shanmugan, Simulation of Communication Systems, , Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000, pp. 545-621.
[5]. N. Seshadri and J. H. Winters, "Two signaling schemes for improving the error performance of frequency-division-duplex (FDD) transmission systems using transmitter antenna diversity," in Proc. IEEE Veh Technol. Conf. (VTC), Secaucus, New Jersey, USA, May 1993, pp. 508-511.

Abstract: The increased demand for high data rate in the 21st century has necessitated a more efficient method of data spectrum usage. Conventional OFDM is a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) scheme, capable of providing higher data rate, which is traditionally implemented using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for modulation and demodulation, which has a few drawbacks including the inefficient use of the available spectrum due to the addition of cyclic prefix, and higher power requirement [1]. Thus, there is need for an MCM system that overcomes these drawbacks............

Keywords: Bit Error Rate (BER), Cyclic Prefix, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM)

[1]. L. Korowajczuk, LTE, WiMAX and WLAN network design, optimization and performance analysis, (John Wiley & Sons, 2011) 360
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Abstract: This paper deal with the performance analysis of vectored DSL in terms of the computational complexity and practical implementation. Paper is more specific for the design of pre-coder in downstream transmission of vectored DSL. There are many type of linear and nonlinear pre-coders have been proposed in the past. All of these pre-coder are either highly complex in design or they give poor performance in terms of bit rate. As the cost of the cp modem is an important issue, any technique that can minimize the complexity of the system is extremely beneficial. In this paper performance of basic model of vectored DSL is been analyzed using DSK 6713 a digital signal 32 bit, floating point processor............

Keywords: Signal Processor Starter Kit (DSK), Digital Subscriber line (DSL), Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL),Discrete multi tone modulation (DMT), power spectral density (PSD).

[1] Philip Golden, Herve, Dedieu, Krista Jacobsen "Fundamental of DSL Technology ",Auerbach Publication 2006.
[2] Christopher Leung, Sean Huberman, Khuong Ho-Van, and Tho Le-Ngoc" Vectored DSL:Potential, Issues and Challenges" IEEE Communications surveys & tutorials, vol. 15, no. 4, fourth quarter 2013.
[3] R. Zidane, S. Huberm C. Leung, and T. Le-Ngoc, "Vectored DSL:Benefits and Challenges for Service Providers," IEEE Commun. Mag, Feb. 2013.
[4] George Ginis and John M. Cioffi " A Multi-user Precoding Scheme achieving Crosstalk Cancellation with," Application to DSL Systems research gate 2000.
[5] R. Cendrillon, F. Liming, J. Chou, G. Long and D. Wei, "Challenges and Solutions in Vectored DSL," in Access , ser. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer Heidelberg, 2010, vol. 37, pp. 192–203.

Abstract: Optical flow estimation is oldest but still most active research domain in image processing. This method is used in motion estimation process. Here, we have discussed the Optical flow method to detect the moving object in video. We have also discussed object detection technique which is used in object detection for moving object. Thereafter, we have chosen optical flow method of detection for further improvement in object detection task. We have discussed different types of most popular techniques of optical flow and also recent survey paper and identified problems (research gaps) in the existing techniques. We found the most recent benchmark of optical flow MPI Sintel.............

Keywords: Object detection, Optical Flow, SURF Feature, Patch Matching, Near Neighbourhood Field (NNF), Sub-pixel Refinement.

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[2]. Kulchandani, Jaya S., and Kruti J. Dangarwala. "Moving object detection: Review of recent research trends." In Pervasive Computing (ICPC), 2015 International Conference on, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2015.

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[4]. Brox, Thomas, and Jitendra Malik. "Large displacement optical flow: descriptor matching in variational motion estimation." IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 33, no. 3, pp. 500-513,2011.

[5]. Butler, Daniel J., Jonas Wulff, Garrett B. Stanley, and Michael J. Black. "A naturalistic open source movie for optical flow evaluation."In European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 611-625.Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

Abstract: Ultra wide band (UWB) bandwidth is much higher than the system bandwidth requirement. Due to large bandwidth in UWB, its systems must have time resolution for system time distribution. But we need to improve data rate and efficiency of the system which uses ultra wide band channels as data rate may trade for power spectral density and performance in multipath. In order to increase data rate, here in this project the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is used. But we need to overcome the drawbacks in OFDM like peak to average power ratio (PAPR) [5],............

Keywords: CFO, ISI, ICI, JTCE, OFDM, PAPR, SC-FDE, UWB

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[5]. Arun Gangwar, Manushree Bhardwaj, An Overview: Peak to Average Power Ratio in OFDM system & its Effect, International Journal of Communication and Computer Technologies Volume 01 – No.2, Issue: 02 September 2012 ISSN NUMBER : 2278-9723
[6]. Hong Xu1, Mustapha Benjillali2 and Leszek Szczeci ski, Bit error rate for rectangular QAM with arbitrary constellation mapping in Nakagami-m channels, Wireless communications and mobile computing Wireless. Commun. Mobile. Computing. 2008; 8:93–99 Published online 12 September 2006 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/wcm.437