iosr-JECE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2016

Abstract: In computer vision robust feature detection, image matching are the latest concepts that most of the researchers have carried out in this field. Face recognition is also an important field of research. It is also considered one of the most prolific forms of biometrics. The personal identity based on geometric or statistical feature derived from face images are automatically recognised. This paper proposes various methods and algorithms used for face recognition and registration such as SIFT, SURF and FAST AFFINE. Feature extraction and feature matching are the steps of image registration and the accuracy of image registration depends on feature matching..........

Keywords: SIFT, SURF, FASF, Affine transform, and RANSAC.

[1] Y. Tian and S.G. Narasimhan. Globally optimal estimation of nonrigid image distortion. IJCV, 98(3):279–302, 2012.
[2] Barbara Zitova, Jan Flusser, "IMAGE REGISTRATION METHODS: A SURVEY",Image and Vision Computing 21 (2003) 977–1000
[3] Rochdi Bouchiha, Kamel Besbes,"AUTOMATIC REMOTE-SENSING IMAGE REGISTRATION USING SURF", International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2013
[4] Andreas Haug, Stefan Hinterstoisser, 4 December 2005, "DESCRIPTION, DETECTION AND MATCHING OF IMAGE FEATURES – SIFT AND NEAREST NEIGHBOR SEARCH" from wwnavab.cs.tum.ed
[5] Bay, H., Tuytelaars, T., Gool, L.V. (2006). SURF: Speeded up robust features. In Computer Vision –ECCV 2006 : 9th European Conference on Computer Vision, 7-13 May 2006. Springer, Part II, 404-417.

Abstract: OFDM technology considered to be next generation mobile wireless communication technique against the multipath fading channel. OFDM is the effective method for the data transmission for fast speed communication. It has less complexity to implement and having distortion resistance.AlthoughOFDM having some PAPR problem which isthe major drawback for multicarrier transmission system which stimulus power inefficiency for RF section of the transmitter. It has larger no of subcarrier which are independent in nature, because of that its amplitude having highest peak value. In this paper Companding technique is used for reducing PAPR of OFDM system.

Keywords: Companding, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), etc.

[1]. A.Sohail and M.N.Jafri, "Adaptive OFDM over Frequency Selective and Fast Fading Channel Using Blockwise Bit Loading Algorithm", IEEE International Conferenece on Wireless and Optical Communication Networks,pp. 1-4, July 2007.
[2]. J.Faezah and and K.Sabira "Adaptive Modulation for OFDM Systems" , International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) Aug 2009
[3]. P.Kothai , R.Prabhu" PAPR Reduction in MIMO OFDM Using Adaptive SLM Scheme" International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) May2015
[4]. M.I.Rahman, S.S.Das, Y.Wang, F.B.Frederiksen and R.Prasad, "Bit and Power Loading Approach for Broadband Multi-Antenna OFDM System", IEEE Transactions Communications, pp. 1689-1693, 2007.
[5]. Srinu Pyla, "PAPR reduction in OFDM systems using PTS and various modulation schemes", 978-1-4673-2818-0/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE.

Abstract: In 5G wireless communication, Cognitive Femtocell is modern technology that can satisfy the demand of cellular mobile communication in high density area (i.e. indoor , outdoor ,airport and home etc.) . In this network macro base station in macrocell and femto base station in femtocell are considered primary and secondary system. Macrocell User (MU) is called primary user and Femtocell User (FU) is called secondary user. One Macrocell cover more than one femtocells. Macrocell and Femtocell uses the same frequency channel. Spectrum allocation management function follows as........

Keywords: Cognitive radio, 5G, Macrocell, Femtocell , Femto-User, Fusion Center

[1]. Cheng-Xiang Wang, Heriot-Watt University and University of Tabuk, "Cellular Architecture and Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Communication Networks" ,IEEE Communications Magazine , February 2014.
[2]. Ekram Hossain and Monoware Hasan,"5G Cellular: Key Enabling Technologies and Research Challenges", IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Volume:18 ,Issue:3, Pages: 11 – 21, Year: 2015.
[3]. P. Demestichas, A. Georgakopoulos and D. Karvounas, K. Tsagkaris, V. Stavroulaki, J. Lu, C. Xiong, and J. Yao, "5G on the horizon: Key challenges for the radio-access network," IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 47-53, Sept. 2013.
[4]. A. Zakrzewska, S. Ruepp, and M. Berger, "Towards converged 5G mobile networks - Challenges and current trends," in Proc. ITU Kaleidoscope Academic Conference, pp. 39-45, Jun. 2014.
[5]. Cognitive Radio,http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/cognitive-radio.

Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology for exchanging data in various real-time monitoring systems. The WSN has distributed nature and dynamic topology which introduces very special requirements in routing the data. Various protocols developed for routing in WSNs are broadly classified in to four categories i.e. based on Network Structure, Communication Model, Topology and Reliable Routing. Many energy efficient routing protocols are proposed for WSNs in recent years. Network structure based routing protocols are more commonly used in various applications. To save the energy and for providing the extension of the network life time network structure based protocols are used. The routing protocols based on network structure can be further classified as flat or hierarchical. Finally, a comparison on flat and hierarchical protocols is done, which shows for the energy efficiency hierarchical protocols are more suitable in larger WSNs applications.

Keywords: Energy efficiency, network lifetime, routing protocols, WSN.

[1]. P. Minet, "Energy efficient routing", in Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks: Architectures: Algorithms and Protocols.Bentham Science,2009.
[2]. L. Alazzawi, A. Elkateeb, "Performance Evaluation of the WSN Rout-ing Protocols Scalability," Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications, 2008, Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 1-9.
[3]. L. Junhai, X. Liu, Y. Danxia, "Research on Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile ad-hoc Networks," Computer Networks, 2008, Vol. 52, Issue 5, pp. 988-997.
[4]. I. F. Akyildiz, S. Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, "A survey on sensor networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102–114, 2002.
[5]. Al-Karaki, A. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor net-works: A Survey," Security and Networks, 2004, Vol. 11, Issue 6, pp. 6-28..

Abstract: The effect of Silicon treatments on 11 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) seed germination under in vitro drought stress conditions was studied. The laboratory experiment was performed using a factorial completely randomized design with three levels of drought stress (0, 100 and 200 g/l PEG8000) and five Silicon concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/l Si) with three replications for each treatment. Fresh weight, dry weight, germination percentage, seedling length and vigor index were measured under the experiment conditions. Variance analysis results (ANOVA) showed highly significant (p<0.001) differences between treatments and varieties for all traits. It was observed that PEG concentrations decrease seed germination and seedling growth traits and that adding Si mitigates PEG effects as a significant increase especially with highest Si concentrations (15 and 20 mg/l). Silicon increase fresh weight, dry weight, germination percentage, seedling length and vigor index by 25 %, 21.42 %, 12.67 %, 17.45 %, 164.67 % and 143.12 % when the Si concentration was 0 mg/l and 20 mg/l respectively. It is concluded that Si addition is beneficial to improve durum wheat seed germination and plant under drought stress.

Keywords: drought stress, durum wheat, stress tolerance

[1]. Abdoli Majid and Saeidi Mohsen. 2012. Effects of Water Deficiency Stress during Seed Growth on Yield and its Components, Germination and Seedling Growth Parameters of Some Wheat Cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. IJACS, 1110-1118.
[2]. Ahmad Awais , Tahir Muhammad, Ul lah Ehsan, Naeem Muhammad , Ayub Muhammad, Rehman Hassebur and Talha Muhammad. 2012. Effect of Silicon and Boron Foliar Application on Yield and Quality of Rice. Pak. j. life soc. Sci. 10(2): 161-165
[3]. Ahmed Mukhtar, Kamran Atif, Asif Muhammad, Qadeer Ummara, Iqbal Ahmed Zammurad, Goyal Aakash. 2013. Silicon priming: a potential source to impart abiotic stress tolerance in wheat: A review. AJCS 7(4):484-491
[4]. Almaghrabi Omar A. 2012. Impact of Drought Stress on Germination and Seedling Growth Parameters of Some Wheat Cultivars. Life Science Journal, 9(1)
[5]. Almutairi Zainab M. 2016. Effect of nano-silicon application on the expression of salt tolerance genes in germinating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings under salt stress POJ 9(1):106-1149.

Abstract: Harvesting is the process of gathering mature crops from the fields. However, the field is always a combined outcome of weed plants as well as immature plants. These weed plants and immature plants are called header plugs. This paper is focused on detecting these header plugs in the crop using Greenness detection algorithm. The algorithm is a combination of RGB band extraction, Histogram and Masking operations used in image processing. This helps in crop estimation and early precaution to avoid major crop damage.

Keywords: Harvesting, Header plugs, Algorithm, Histogram, MATLAB.

[1]. Su Hnin Hlaing1, Aung Soe Khaing2,"CROP SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION USING AREA THRESHOLDING",in Proc., of IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308.
[2]. Irshad Ahmad, Abdul Muhamin, Muhammad.Islam and Shahid Nawaz,"Weed Classification using Histogram Maxima with Threshold for Selective Herbicide Applications", World Academy of science, Engineering and Technology 2007.
[3]. Sajad KIANI, "Discriminating the Corn Plants from the Weeds By Using Artificial Neural Networks", International Joural of Natural and Engineering Sciences 6 (3): 55-58, 2012 ISSN: 1307-1149,E-ISSN: 2146-0086
[4]. M. E. Faki, N. Zhang, D. E. Peterson, "WEED DE-TECTION USING COLOR MACHINE VISION," Transactions of the ASAE, vol. 43(6), 1969-1978.

Abstract: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a popular multiple access technique which is used in many present day communication systems. It is a multiuser variant of OFDM, providing high data rate transmission than OFDM based systems. For providing better data rates at cell edges intermediate nodes known as relay nodes are incorporated between the source and destination. Thus a promising technique known as Cooperative relaying is used for OFDMA based communication systems to improve the coverage area and to increase the capacity at the cell edges

Keywords: Cooperative relaying, Multi Relay Selection, Resource Allocation, Joint Optimization, System Capacity, OFDMA

[1] Roya Arab Loodaricheh, Shankhanaad Mallick, and Vijay K. "Resource Allocation for OFDMA Systems with Selective Relaying and Energy Harvesting," IEEE, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,2014
[2] W. Dang, M. Tao, H. Mu, and J. Huang, "Subcarrier-pair based resource allocation for cooperative multi-relay OFDM systems," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1640-1649, May 2010.
[3] Qingdao WAN, Guanyi MA "Resource Allocation in AF-OFDMA Two-Way Relay Systems," IEEE, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014
[4] Megumi Kanek and Petar Popovski, "Radio Resource Allocation Algorithm for Relay–aided Cellular OFDMA System," IEEE, Center for TeleInFrastructure (CTIF), Aalborg University,2007
[5] J. N. Laneman, D. N. C. Tse, and G. W .Wornell, "Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062–3080, Dec. 2004.

Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology for exchanging data in various real-time monitoring systems. The WSN has distributed nature and dynamic topology which introduces very special requirements in routing the data. Various protocols developed for routing in WSNs are broadly classified in to four categories i.e. based on Network Structure, Communication Model, Topology and Reliable Routing. Many energy efficient routing protocols are proposed for WSNs in recent years.............

Keywords: Energy efficiency, network lifetime, routing protocols, WSN.

[1]. P. Minet, "Energy efficient routing", in Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks: Architectures: Algorithms and Protocols.Bentham Science,2009.
[2]. L. Alazzawi, A. Elkateeb, "Performance Evaluation of the WSN Rout-ing Protocols Scalability," Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications, 2008, Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 1-9.
[3]. L. Junhai, X. Liu, Y. Danxia, "Research on Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile ad-hoc Networks," Computer Networks, 2008, Vol. 52, Issue 5, pp. 988-997.
[4]. I. F. Akyildiz, S. Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, "A survey on sensor networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102–114, 2002.
[5]. Al-Karaki, A. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor net-works: A Survey," Security and Networks, 2004, Vol. 11, Issue 6, pp. 6-28.

Abstract: The issues of frequency offset and channel estimation are considered for the downlink of multiple input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems This difficulty is estimated using multiple CFOs comes from performance of communication in MIMO ODFM downlink receiver, since many factors are involved in these processes. A parallel interference cancelation strategy which significantly reduces computational complexity and compensate for CFO effect is adapted............

Keywords: Channel estimation, frequency offset, multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM).

[1]. Yao-Jen Liang,Gordon L. Stüber, Jin-FuChang and De-Nian Yang," Joint Channel and Frequency Offset estimator for the Downlink of Coordinated MIMO-OFDM Systems", vol. 11,no. 6, june 2012.
[2]. B. Zarikoff and J. Cavers, "Multiple frequency offset estimation for the downlink of coordinated MIMO systems," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 901–912, Aug.2008.
[3]. O. Besson and P. Stoica, "On parameter estimation of MIMO flat-fading channels with frequency offsets," IEEE Trans. Signal. Proces.vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 602–613, Mar. 2003.
[4]. Y.-J. Liang and J.-F.Chang, "Noniterativejoint frequency offset and channel estimation for MIMO OFDM systems using cascaded orthogonal pilots," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.,vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 4151–4156, Oct. 2010.
[5]. H. Minn and N. Al-Dhahir, "Optimal training signals for MIMO OFDM channel estimation," in Proc. 2004 IEEE GLOBECOM, vol. 1, pp. 219–224.

Abstract: Robots are used for the purpose of picking the object and placing it into another place. This robot runs with human guidance and communicates through blue tooth. The robot setup is controlled by the android mobile which is having the blue-control application. Tele-manipulation allows human to perform operations in a remote environment. This system provides human operators with the ability to see, touch, and feel objects from a remote location. Using Tele-manipulation technique, the robot is controlled by the remote. Haptic shared control is a promising approach to improve tele-manipulated task execution, by making safe and effective control actions tangible through guidance forces..............

Keywords: Android, haptic shared, Robots, tele-manipulation

[1] H. Boessenkool, D. Abbink, C. Heemskerk, F. van der Helm, and J. Wildenbeest(2012), ―A task-specific analysis of the benefit of haptic shared control during tele-manipulation,‖ IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, pp. 2–12.
[2] N. Stefanov, C. Passenberg, A. Peer, and M. Buss(2013), ―Design and evaluation of a haptic computer-assistant for tele-manipulation tasks,‖ IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst., vol. 43, pp. 385–397
[3] Ningbo Yu, Member, IEEE, Kui Wang, Yuan Li, Chang Xu, and Jingtai Liu(2015), ―A Haptic Shared Control Algorithm for Flexible Human Assistance to Semi-Autonomous Robots ‖ Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 82, no. 15–24.
[4] J. Wildenbeest, D. Abbink, C. Heemskerk, F. van der Helm, and H. Boessenkool(2012), ―The impact of haptic feedback quality on the performance of teleoperated assembly tasks,‖ IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, pp. 1939–1412.
[5] Franck Mars, Mathieu Deroo, and Jean-Michel Hoc(2014), ―Analysis of Human-Machine Cooperation When Driving with Different Degrees of Haptic Shared Control‖ vol. 7, pp 324-333.

Abstract: Communication requirements are constantly evolving in recent times demanding flexibility and response mechanism in controlling deployments need for everyday connections. It is a necessity in business today and a well designed unified communication networks facilitate smooth flow of information. An effective and efficient communication network gives an enterprise competitive advantage and reduces operational costs. This project identifies the challenges of having a parallel VoIP and PSTN systems, proposes a solution on how to integrate MGCP, H.323 and SIP gateways with CUCM and designs a model to determine its applicability. Unified communication refers to a method of transmission of voice data over IP networks and traditional circuit PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks).In this paper the researcher discusses about UC, about the design issues of Gateways, how to measure efficiency,.............

Keywords: Cisco Unified Communication Manager (CUCM), Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and H.323.

[1]. R. Frederick,H. Schulzrinne, V. Jacobson " A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550, July 2003
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[4]. Cisco white paper:" Cisco IOS IP service level Agreement",[online] available at http://www.cisco.com Last Access Apr 22,2015.
[5]. Cisco systems, inc. (2012) Cisco Unified Communication System Release 8.x SRND), from www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_IP_ comm/cucm/admin/6_0_1/ccmcfg/bccm.pdf.

Abstract:A new approach of signal design for multiple target detection in high resolution radar in presence of high additive noise and Doppler shift. The Hamming backtrack algorithm is designed and used for optimization by taking figure of merit and discrimination as the measure of goodness. The detection capability is further improved through coincidence detection. The simulation results shows the improved robustness of noise and Doppler shift for high resolution radar target detection..........

Keywords: Hamming backtrack algorithm, high resolution radar, target detection.

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