iosr-JECE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2016

Abstract: Inertial navigation systems utilized in several things wherever the utilization of associate degree external relevance measure position is impractical or unreliable. Typical inertial navigation systems utilized in physical science and marine applications where extremely advanced items of kit cost accounting thousands of dollars. However, inexpensive accelerometers and angular rate sensors (gyros) will be accustomed create a so much less correct direction unit. Static tests are carried out to estimate the length of your time over that the system are often thought of reliable. The system is found to have an approximate position error of 0.17 m and speed error of 0.3 m/s when one second, making it probably helpful for increasing accuracy of a GPS system, where typical accuracies are in the one to three meter vary

Keywords: Navigation, MEMS, Gyros, Global Positioning System, Aeronautics.

[1]. Advanced Inertial Reference Sphere. Web page http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Airs.html, (2005).
[2]. Lourakis, Manolis I. A: A Brief Description of the Levenberg Marquardt Algorithm Implemented by levmar. Institute of Computer Science, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, (2005). Available at http://www.ics.forth.gr/ lourakis/levmar/levmar.pdf.
[3]. Ang, Wei Tech.: Physical Model of a MEMS Accelerometer for Lowg Motion Tracking Applications. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Intl. Conference on Robotics & Automation, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1345-1351 (2004).
[4]. Collin, Jussi: Navigating the City. GPS World, (2002).
[5]. Bar-Shalom, Yakov: Estimation with Applications to Tracking and Navigation. Wiley-Interscience, New York, (2001).

Abstract: This paper presents a parallel single-rail self-timed adder using dual gate MOSFETs which is based on a recursive formulation for performing multibit binaryaddition. The addition is parallel for those bits that do not needany carry chain propagation. Thus, the circuit attains logarithmic performance over random operand conditions without any special speedup circuitry or look-ahead schema. A practical implementation of dual gate MOSFET is provided along with a completion detection unit...........

Keywords: Asynchronous circuits, binary adders, DGMOSFET design, digital arithmetic

[1]. Rahman.M.Z, Kleeman.L, and Mohammad AshfakHabib"Recursive Approach to the Design of a Parallel Self-Timed Adder" IEEE Transactions on (VLSI) systems (2014).
[2]. Rahman.M.Z and Kleeman.L, "A delay matched approach for the design of asynchronous sequential circuits," Dept. Comput. Syst. Technol., Univ. Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tech. Rep. 05042013 (2013).
[3]. Tinder.R.F, "Asynchronous Sequential Machine Design and Analysis: A Comprehensive Development of the Design and Analysis of Clock-Independent State Machines and Systems" San Mateo, CA, USA Morgan (2009).
[4]. Choudhury.P, Sahoo.S, and Chakraborty.M "Implementation of basic arithmetic operations using cellular automaton," in Proc. ICIT, pp. 79–80 (2008).
[5]. Cornelius.C, Koppe.S, and Timmermann.D,"Dynamic circuit techniques in deep submicron technologies: Domino logic reconsidered," in Proc. IEEE ICICDT pp. 1–4 (2006)..

Abstract: expression to convey one's thoughts without speaking. This dissertation describes the translation of Indian sign language in to voice with help of technology and embedded system. The hand signal with help ThisSign language is a manual communication involving hand, arms, body and face of cloves of flex sensor converted to digital data using comparator circuit and microcontroller.........

Keywords: Microcontroller, ISL, Flex Sensor, ADC, Embedded system, sign language, 3-axis accelerometer translator.

[1]. Hand Gesture Recognition and Voice Conversion System Using Sign Language Transcription System 1Vajjarapu Lavanya, 2Akulapravin, M.S., 3Madhan Mohan 1M. Tech Student, Dept. of ECE, BVC Engineering College, Odalarevu AP, India.ISSN: 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN: 2230-9543 (Print)
[2]. 2.Sign Language Translator Using Hand Gloves AnujaGolliwar 1, HarshadaPatil 1, RohitaWatpade 1 , Sneha Moon 1 , SonalPatil 1 ,V. D. Bondre 2 B.E. Student 1 , Asst. Professor 2 ,Department of Electronics Engineering YeshwantraoChavan College of Engineering, Nagpur.
[3]. "Sign Language Translator" Mr. SangamMhatre1, Mrs. Siuli Das2 1 (Department of Instrumentation, RamraoAdik Institute of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India). IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 05, Issue 08 (August. 2015), ||V4|| PP 01-04 International organization of Scientific Research 1 | P a g e
[4]. 4Hand Gesture Recognition and Voice Conversion System Using Sign Language Transcription System 1. Vajjarapu Lavanya, 2Akulapravin, M.S., 3Madhan Mohan 1M. Tech Student, Dept. of ECE, BVC Engineering College, Odalarevu AP, India.ISSN: 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN: 2230-9543 (Print)
[5]. 5.Sign Language Translator Using Hand Gloves AnujaGolliwar 1, HarshadaPatil 1, RohitaWatpade 1, Sneha Moon 1, SonalPatil 1, V. D. Bondre 2 B.E. Student 1, Asst. Professor 2, Department of Electronics Engineering YeshwantraoChavan College of Engineering, Nagpur.

Abstract: In today's world there is rapid growth in computer technology and internet due to that security of information plays vital role in communication. To provide security there are two ways, Cryptography and Steganography. Steganography is process of hiding information in any media like Text, image, audio and video. Audio steganography is branch of this discipline in which data is embedded in Audio file. Cryptography is a technique which scrambles plain text (ordinary text) into cipher text (encrypted text)..........

Keywords: Blowfish, Cryptography, Security, Audio steganography, Wavelets, DWT.

[1]. A.Cheddad,J.Condell, K.Curran, P.M.Kevitt, "Digital image Steganography:survey and analysis of current methods", Journal of Siganl processing, Vol.90,No.3, pp.727-752, Mar 2010.
[2]. K.Bailey, K.Curran, "An Evaluation of image based steganography methods ", Journal of multimedia tools andapplications, Vol.30, No.1,pp.55-88,July,2006.
[3]. N.Meghanathan, L.Nayak, "Steganalysis algorithms for detecting the hidden information in image, audio and video cover media", International journal of Network Security and its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.2, No.1,pp 43-55, Jan 2010.
[4]. Z.K.Al-Ani, A.A.Zaidan, B.B.Zaiden, H.O.Alanazi, "Overview :Main fundamentals for Steganography", Journal of Computer , Vol.2, No.3,pp. 158-165,2010.
[5]. W.Bender, D.Gruhl, N.Morimoto, A.Lu, "Techniques for data hiding", IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3 , pp. 313-336, 1996.

Abstract: This paper presents the measurement of Electromagnetic Field Strength of Radio Rivers, which operate at a frequency of 99.1 MHz, in Port Harcourt and its environs with the aid of an automated Band scanner GPS system. The measurements were carried out by taking the Radio station's transmitter as a reference point at the center and selecting 24 measuring point around the transmitter. These points were selected with 1Km spacing taken as the interval between two measuring points, summing up to a total distance of 6Km due EAST, NORTH, WEST and SOUTH of the Radio transmitter respectively...........

Keywords: Antenna, Band scanner, Field Strength, Signal, Transmitter.

[1] Robert E. Collin, Antennas and Radio –wave Propagation, (Mcgraw – Hill Book, First Edition,1985).
[2] Band Scanner GPS. [Online] Available: http://www.deva-fm-monitoring.com/products/band-scanner-gps.
[3] G. Kennedy, B. Davies, S.R.M. Prasanna, Electronic communication system(New Delhi: McGraw-Hill, 2012).
[4] R. Gowri, Electromagnetic fields and waves (New Delhi: S. K. Kataria and Sons, 2008).
[5] B. O. Omijeh, B. I. Bakare and R. O. Okeke, Investigating the behavior of Lossy Transmission Lines in Communication Systems, International Journal of Electronic Communication and Computer Engineering 6(1), 2014, 23-27..

Abstract: Cognitive Radio (CR) was proposed as a brain empowered wireless communication system. It uses the software defined radio (SDR) to use and dynamically share the spectrum in an opportunistic manner. In this paper, we have defined a priority assignment technique (CR+) so that spectrum can be used effectively and dynamically and there would be much heavily reduction in the forced termination of a handoff request

Keywords: Cognitive Radio (CR), Handoff

[1]. Y Thomas Hou – 2008, Guest Editorial: special issue on Cognitive Radio oriented wireless network and communication,2008
[2]. L. Berlemann, G. Dimitrakopouls, K. Moessner, J. Hoffmeyer, Cognitive Radio and Management of spectrum and radio resources in reconfigurable networks, 2005
[3]. Cuiran Li, Chengshu Li, Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2008
[4]. D. Cabric, S.M.Mishra, D Willkomm, Robert Brodereson, CR Approach for usage of Virtual Unlicensed Spectrum, 2005
[5]. C.Guo, T.Zhang, Z. Zeng, C Feng- investigation on spectrum sharing technology based on CR- 2006.

Abstract:shape of Microstrip patch antenna embedded in superstrate uniaxial Anisotropic layers is presented. The Anisotropic effects has been enhanced the patch characteristics like directivity and gain. The formulation of the canonical problem of determining the field produced by impressed point electric (or magnetic) current sources in the presence of a multilayered uniaxially anisotropic medium, where the sources and observation points are assumed to be in any layer is investigated via plane wave spectral integral representation of the dyadic Green's function of the layered medium. The radiation field has been analyzed analytically via matlab Code than compared with CNT Studio Simulation, and the results is good agreement.

Keywords: Anisotropic Superstrate, Patch Antenna, Gain, Directivity, Return loss.

[1] Nguyen, D.L, Paulson, K.S, Riley, N.G. : 'Reduced-size circularly polarised square microstrip antenna for 2.45 GHz RFID applications', IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 2012, Volume 6, Issue 1, p. 94.

[2] Peixeiro, Custodio. : 'Microstrip patch antennas: An historical perspective of the development ',Microwave & Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC), 2011 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International, pp 684 – 688.
[3] R. Kastner, E. Heyman, A. Sabban. : 'Spectral domain iterative analysis of single- and double-layered microstrip antennas using the conjugate gradient algorithm', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1212.
[4] E. H. Newman. : ' Strip Antennas in a Dielectric Slab, ' IEEE Trans. on Antennas and propagation, September 28, 1978, Vol. AP-26, No. 5, pp 647-653.
[5] K. C. Gupta , R. Gary, I. J. Bahl. : ' Microstrip Lines & Slot Lines', Dedhams, MA Artech House , 1979, 3rdedn. 2013..

Abstract: A robust algorithm has been developed for improving the backscattered signal and recognizing the shape of the shallow buried metallic object using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and image analysis techniques for remote sensing at X-band. An ANN with image analysis technique based on tangent analysis is proposed to recognize the shape of metallic buried objects and minimize the orientation effect of buried object. The experimental setup has been assembled for detecting the buried metallic objects of any size at different depths in the sand pit. The system uses only one pyramidal horn antenna for transmitting and receiving microwave signals at X-band (10.0GHz)..........

Keywords: Shallow buried objects, image analysis, monostatic scatterometer, ANN, X-band, horn antenna.

[1]. Ulbay, F. T., R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing (Active and Passive), First Ed., Vol. 3, Ch. 14, Addision-
Wesley, New York, 1981.
[2]. Al-Nuaimy, W., Y. Huang, M. Nakhkash, M. T. C. Fang, V. T. Nguyen, and A. Eriksen, "Automatic detection of buried utilites and
solid objects with GPR using neural networks and pattern recognition," Journal of Applied Geophysics, Vol. 43, 157– 165, 2000.
[3]. Carosi, S. and G. Cevini, "An electromagnetic approach based on neural networks for the GPR investigation of buried cylinders ,"
IEEE Geoscience and Remotes Sensing Letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2005.
[4]. Brunzell, H., "Detection of shallowly buried objects using impulse radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No. 2,
875–886, March 1999.
[5]. Yamaguchi, Y., Y. Maruyama, A. Kawakami, M. Sengoku, and T. Abe, "Detection of object buried in wet snowpack by FM-CW
radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing, Vol. 29, No. 2, 201–208, March 1991.

Abstract: In mobile ad hoc networking nodes communicate wirelessly and share the same media (radio, infrared, etc.). The nodes can be rapidly repositioned and move in the region of the network. A MANET is an on-demand network; build dynamically when a source and destination party wants to exchange their data packets. The communication between these mobile nodes is distributed with none centralized management..........

Keywords: AWK Script, CBR, FTP, MANET, Pause Time, TCP, UDP.

[1]. Rajiv Misra and C.R.Manda, ""Performance Comparison of AODV/DSR On-demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks in Constrained Situation‟‟, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (India).

[2]. A. Bagwari, R. Jee, P. Joshi and S. Bisht, "Performance of AODV Routing Protocol with Increasing the MANET Nodes and it‟s Effects on QOS of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE, International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), (2012) May.

[3]. N Sharma, S Rana and R.M. Sharma, "Provisioning of Quality of Service in MANETs performance analysis & comparison (AODV and DSR)", IEEE 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET), (2010).

[4]. Z. Ismail and R. Hassan, "Performance of AODV routing protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Network", IEEE, International Symposium on Information Technology (ITSim), (2010).

[5]. T. K. Araghi, M. Zamani and A. B. T. A. Mnaf, "Performance Analysis in Reactive Routing Protocols in Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using DSR, AODV and AOMDV", IEEE, International Conference on Informatics and Creative Multimedia (ICICM), (2013) September...

Abstract: Children are the most precious resource and asset of any nation. Thus, their educational environment should be planned and designed with an utmost care. In so fast- changing world, if we really wish to assist their learning, we should certainly consider the replacement of traditional ways of teaching with the new emerging technologies including Virtual Reality (VR). It provides a rich, interactive and engaging environment to the learners. The idea of facilitating self learning and scope of improvement in learning with the help of virtual reality technology sets the foundation of this research. This paper proposes the idea and discusses the comprehensive insight into benefits of this investment for education sector of our country.

[1]. Barab, S., Thomas, M., Dodge, T., Carteaux, R., & Tuzun, H. (2005). Making learning fun: Quest Atlantis, a game without guns. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53, 86–107.
[2]. Bricken, M., & Byrne, C.M. (1993). Summer students in virtual reality: A pilot study on educational applications of virtual reality technology. In A. Wexelblat (Ed.), Virtual reality applications and explorations. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press Professional.
[3]. Bricken, M. (1991b). Virtual reality learning environments: Potentials and challenges. Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory Technical Report HITL-P-91-5.
[4]. Bricken, W. (1990). Learning in virtual reality. Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory Technical Report HITL-M-90-5.
[5]. Brown, J.S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18, (1), 32-43..