iosr-JECE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2016

Abstract: Researchers are deliberately searching for what happens inside the brain of depressed patients. The best attempts were to get the evidences that brain signals shows changes on EEG, this leads to further studies on how these can be read and relaxed.According to the new studies [1],application of low level direct currents has shown significant changes in brain signals. There are many sensors available but practicality and speed considerations exclude most of the sensors in option to detect the brain signals. Our technical idea after much research and contemplation consists of a device which can be used as a head band. It will include tDCS circuit and BCI used for producing and detecting signals respectively. That band will be autonomous and will be attached with the user's cell phone through an application. We have deliberated about an electronic device which will work in four stages: Detection, Transmission, Feature Extraction and Stimulation.

[1] Neuroscience Research Australia(28/07/11), Lead researcher- DR. TOM WEIKERT, and University of New South Wales, Australia.
[2] www.beyondblue.org.au
[3] AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (2008) 2007 National Survey of Mental Healthand Wellbeing: Summary of Results (4326.0). Canberra: ABS.
[4] NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (2000) POSTNATAL DEPRESSION: NotJust the Baby Blues. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia
[5] COAN AND ALLEN, 2004; Davidson,2004.

Abstract:Digital Down Converter (DDC) performs the critical frequency translation needed to recover the information from a digitized modulated signal. In terms of system performance, the critical component in digital down conversion is the Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO). The NCO synthesizes a range of frequencies from a fixed time base. It generates sine values from a ROM lookup table (LUT). The size of the LUT is one of the main concerns as it has to store enough sine samples in order to generate sine values of varying frequency. The size of the LUT will therefore limit the bandwidth of the sine output..........

Keywords: DDC, NCO, ROM-LUT, progression of state.

[1]. Nagarjun Marappa, Design Of Digital Down Converter Chain For Software Defined Radio Systems On Fpga, MSc diss., Western Michigan University, 2015.
[2]. Maruthi G.B, Saleem Malik Prashanth Kumar and Pratap M.S, Implementation of High Performance DUC and DDC for Software Defined Radio Applications, International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol 110 – No. 6, Jan 2015.
[3]. Vaidyanathan, P.P., "Multirate digital filters, filter banks, polyphase networks, and Applications : a tutorial, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vols. 78, no.1, pp. 56-93, Jan 1990.
[4]. A. A. Abidi, Direct-Conversion Radio Transceivers for Digital Communications, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, No. 12, December 1995, pp 1399-1410.
[5]. T. Hentschel, M. Henker, and G. P. Fettweis. The Digital Front-End of Software, Radio Terminals. IEEE Personal Communications, 6(4):40–46, Aug 1999.

Abstract: In this paper, a compact double (back to back) U-shaped monopole microstrip patch antenna is presented. The proposed antenna comprises a plane U-shaped rectangular patch element with another inverted U-shaped patch which offers quad band. The overall size of the antenna is 40mm×15.6mm×3.2mm including finite ground feeding mechanism. The antenna operates in four bands which are 3.2-3.6 GHz, 5.8-6.8 GHz, 7.5-9.8GHz, and 10.2-11.9 GHz. Stable Omni-directional radiation patterns in the desired frequency band have been obtained. The proposed geometry was practically realised and tested its parameters. Measured data fairly agree with the simulated results.

Keywords: Micro strip Antenna, Finite Ground, and Monopole Antenna.

[1]. Kaushik Mandal and Partha Prtim Sarkar "High Gain Wide-Band U-Shaped Patch Antennas With Modified Ground Planes" IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation, vol. 61, no. 4, April 2013
[2]. K.-F. Lee, S. Lung, S. Yang, and A. A. Kishk, "Dual-and multiband U-slot patch antennas," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 645–647, 2008.
[3]. K. L. Wong and W. S. Hsu, "Broadband triangular microstrip antenna with U-shaped slot," Electron. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 2085–2087, 1997.
[4]. J.-Y. Sze and K.-L. Wong, "Slotted rectangular microstrip antenna for bandwidth enhancement," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 48, no.8, pp. 1149–1152, 2000.

Abstract: The performance of resource allocation algorithms for wireless networks is measured by various parameters. One of the parameters is the 'fairness of allocation' which is a widely studied topic. A number of metrics have been defined in literature for measuring fairness. Jain's Index is the most popularly used metric. A survey of these metrics and issues therein has been carried out in this paper. Possible methods to address these issues have also been proposed.

Keywords: Wireless Networks, Resource Allocation, Fairness Metrics

[1]. F. Bendaoud, M. Abdennebi and F. Didi, Survey on Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation in LTE, International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN), 6(1), 2014, 17-29.
[2]. S. Dardouri and R. Bouallegue, Comparative Study of Scheduling Algorithms for LTE Networks, International Journal of Computer, Electrical, Automation, Control and Information Engineering, 8(3), 2014, 467-472.
[3]. R. Kwan, C. Leung and J. Zhang, Proportional Fair Multiuser Scheduling in LTE, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 16(6), 2009, 461-464.
[4]. M. M. Tantawy, A. S. T. Eldien and R. M. Zaki, A Novel Cross-Layer Scheduling Algorithm for Long Term-Evolution (LTE) Wireless System, Canadian Journal on Multimedia and Wireless Networks, 2(4), 2011, 57-62.
[5]. B. Jiang, L. Sun and P. Ren, Two Step Resource Block Allocation Algorithm for Data Rate Maximization in LTE Downlink Systems, Communications and Network, 5, 2013, 74-79.

Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach of band selection for dimensionality reduction in Hyperspectral images (HSI). There are several methods of dimensionality reduction which can be further categorized into two groups; feature extraction and feature or band selection. Due to transformation in feature extraction, the critical information may have been distorted. Hence feature selection is preferable for dimensionality reduction because it preserves the relevant original information...........

Keywords: Hyperspectral images, Virtual Dimensionality, Simplex Growing Algorithm, Exemplar based band selection, Spectral angle distance.

[1]. Kang Sun, Xiurui Geng, and Luyan Ji, "Exemplar Component Analysis: A Fast Band Selection Method for Hyperspectral Imagery," IEEE Geoscience And Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 12, no. 5, may 2015.
[2]. K. Sun, X. Geng, L. Ji, and Y. Lu, "A new band selection method for hyperspectral image based on data quality," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2697-2703,Jun. 2014.
[3]. D. Landgrebe, "Hyperspectral image data analysis," IEEE Signal Process.Mag., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 17–28, Jan. 2002.
[4]. B. Kim and D. A. Landgrebe, "Hierarchical classifier design in highdimensional numerous class cases," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 518–528, Jul. 1991.
[5]. Q. Du and H. Yang, "Similarity-based unsupervised band selection for hyperspectral image analysis," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 564–568, Oct. 2008.

Abstract: In the process of extracting information, which is unique for every chip, physical unclonable functions (PUF) use variations in silicon fabrication process. There have been many recent approaches to improve security related applications by using PUF's. It is well known that, for pointing the security threat, the PUF uses a very strong spatial correlation in the process of silicon fabrication.The uncontrollable randomness in the process of manufacturing variations provides necessary strength to store the secrete keys in the integrated circuits (IC's). The PUF's can be used as authenticators for devices and for key generation in security applications..........

Keywords: Puf, Mux, Verilog, Xilinx Ise.

[1] R.Pappu, B.Recht, J. Taylor, and N.Gershenfeld, ―Physical one-way functions,‖ Science, vol. 297, no. 5589, pp. 2026–2030, 2002.
[2] B.Gassend, D.Clarke, M. van Dijk, and S. Devadas, ―Silicon physical random functions,‖ in Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Security, 2002, pp. 148–160.
[3] B. Gassend, D. Clarke, M. van Dijk, and S. Devadas, ―Controlled physical unclonable functions,‖ in Proc. 18th Annu. Comput. Security Appl. Conf., 2002, pp. 149–160.
[4] B. ˇSkori´c, S. Maubach, T. Kevenaar, and P. Tuyls, ―Information-theoretic analysis of capacitive physical unclonable functions,‖ J.Appl. Phys., vol. 100, no. 2, p. 024902, 2006.
[5] B. ˇSkori´c, ―On the entropy of keys derived from laser speckle; statistical properties of Gabor-transformed speckle,‖ J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., vol. 10, no. 5, p. 055304, 2008..

Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region............

Keywords: Path loss, Hata, Cost 231, 3G, Received Signal Strength.

[1] U.N. Nwawelu and M.A. Ahaneku,. The Limitations of campus wireless Networks: A case study of university of Nigeria Nsukka (Lionet). International Journal of Networks and communication, 2(5) 2012, Pp 112-122.
[2] E. Akujobi, O. Nosiri , L.Uzoechi and G. Ononiwu , Optimization of Cost 231 model for 3G Wireless Communication Signal in sub-urban area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Research Technology, 2016, Pp 83-88.

[3] E. Akujobi , O. Nosiri, and L. Uzoechi , Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Sub-urban Environments in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 03 Issue: 03 2016 Pp 16-32.
[4] M. A. Alim M.A., Rahman M.M., Hossain M.M., Al-Nahid A., Analysis of Large-Scale Propagation Models for Mobile Communications in Urban Area. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2010 Pp 135-139.
[5] K. Ayyappan, and P. Dananyayan, Propagation Model For Highway In Mobile Communications Journal, Vol. 3, No 4, 2014 Pp 61 66.

Abstract: In microwave system, filter and antenna are the most important and irreplaceable components. Basically filter and antenna are connected independently in microwave transmission network, and both device need to produce excellent performance on the system. Recent researches show the ability of both devices to be design together and connected directly. But, this will lead to impedance mismatch at the filter antenna junction and will degrade the system's performance. In order to solve this problem, an integrated open loop resonator bandpass filter antenna is proposed in this paper.........

Keywords: Antenna, open loop resonator filter, low loss, filter-antenna, higher selectivity

[1] G. Mansour, M. J. Lancaster, P. S. Hall, P. Gardner, and E. Nugoolcharoenlap, Design of Filtering Microstrip Antenna Using Filter Synthesis Approach, Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 145, 2014, 59–67.
[2] T. Mehmood and Y. Yu, Design of a Novel Flat Array Antenna for Radio Communications, Master Thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology Blekinge.
[3] B. M. J. Nourinia, C. Ghobadi, and A. Valizade, Design and Analysis of The Stub and Radial-Stub Loaded Resonator Band-Pass Filter with Cross-Shaped Coupled Feed-Lines for UWB Applications, ACES Journal, vol. 28 (9), 2013, 851–858.
[4] L. Gao, X. Y. Zhang, W. Detection, and I. Engineering, Novel dual-band bandpass filters using stub-loaded short-ended, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 54 (12), 2012, 2771–2774.
[5] W-J. Wu, Q-F. Liu, Q. Zhang, and J-Y. Deng, Co-Design of A Compact Dual Band Filter-Antenna For WLAN Application, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, vol. 40, 2013, 129–138.

Abstract: Technology should be implemented and delivered to those who need it the most. Our proposal, the I-Cane, is a novel, adjustable and a robust artificially intelligent assistive device which help the blind comprehend the environment like normal humans do. It gives greater confidence to the blind to explore the world considering country's infrastructure and user centric needs. It has a processor connected with a camera for exactly identifying what obstacle is ahead and informing the same to the blind by an audio output using text to speech conversion..........

Keywords: Raspberry pi, Arduino, Camera, Digital image processing, artificially intelligent, Ultrasonic sensor, Temperature sensor (TMP 36), Object Detection and Identification, Cloud Storage.

[1]. Rohit Sheth, "Smart White Cane- an Elegant and Economic Walking Aid"
[2]. Mohammad Hazzaz Mahmud, "Smart walking stick - an electronic approach to assist visually disabled persons" "http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CSmart-walking-stick-an-electronic-approach-to-assist- visually-disabled-persons.pdf".
[3]. Singh Vaibhav, " 'SMART' CANE FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED: DESIGN AND CONTROLLED FIELD TESTING OF AN AFFORDABLE OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM" http://assistech.iitd.ernet.in/doc/Transed2010_Smar t_Cane.pdf [4]. S. Shoval, I. Ulrich, and J. Borenstein, "NavBelt and the guide-cane [obstacle-avoidance systems for the blind and visually impaired]," IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 9–20, 2003.
[5]. Living Blind, "Choosing the Right Cane,"http://www.livingblind.com/choosing-cane.html (19 July 2014) K. Elissa, "Title of paper if known," unpublished.

Abstract: Reduced Side lobe-level i.e. therby increasing the directivity can be obtained in the case of thinned linear array. This paper tells about the arrangement of thinned array using Hadamard matrix and Hadamard Conjecture. Using Hadamard Matrix arrangement, the various states of antenna elements are arranged and the inter-element spacing of array in both x-direction and y-direction are varied to optimize SLL (side lobe level) with a smallest value. The result for 4x4 planar arrays is compared with fully filled antenna array. Thus a low side lobe level can be achieved using Hadamard matrix arrangement.........

Keywords: Directivity; Hadamard conjecture; Hadamard matrix; thinned linear array; side lobe level; inter-element spacing

[1]. R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, Revised Edition, John Wiley, New Jersey, 2003.
[2]. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd Edition, John Wiley.
[3]. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley & Sons, 1998.
[4]. S. J. Blank and M. F. Hutt, "On the empirical optimization of antenna arrays," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 47, no. 2, pp.58-67, April 2005.
[5]. M. Skolnik, J. Sherman and F. Ogg, "Statistically designed density- tapered array," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.12, no. 4, pp. 408–417, 1964.

Abstract: Microstrip patch antenna becomes very popular day-by-day because of its ease of analysis and fabrication, low cost, light weight, easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. To overcome the drawbacks of patch antenna, various feeding techniques have proposed. We propose a new simple design based on line feed technique and the dielectric constant used is Teflon. In this paper we are inserting a C-Shape and H-Shape slot on rectangular patch to compare the impedance bandwidth and gain. After simulation, the obtained results for C-Shape slot on rectangular patch have impedance bandwidth 4% and gain as 4.8 db at 4.5GHz. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN technology.

Keywords: Microstrip; Bandwidth; Dielectric constant; Line feeding; Return Loss

[1] Raied A. R. Ibrahim, Mustapha C.E. Yagoub, "Practical Novel Design Component of Microstrip Patch Slot Antenna MSPSA for RFID applications", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE) ,2010.
[2] Kashwan K R, Rajeshkumar V, Gunasekaran T andShankar Kumar K R,"Design and Characterization of Pin Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE) ,Eighth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD),2011
[3] Mohammed N. Shakib, M. Moghavvemi, and Wan N. L. Mahadi ," A Low Profile Patch Antenna for Ultrawideband Application",IEEE,2015.
[4] Mamta Devi, SharmaAbhishek, KatariyaDr. R. S. Meena,"E Shaped Patch Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application Using Probe Feed andAperture Feed" IEEE,International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, 2012.
[5] T.V. Padmavathy, M. Dinesh Kumar and L. Joy Jason, "Design of quad slot microstrip patch antenna with edge feed for wimax applications ", IEEE, Chennai Fourth International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems, Dec 2013.

Abstract: The use of fingerprint in biometric identification has been the most widely used authentication system. The uniqueness of the fingerprint for every human provides us with all we need for faultless identification. However, during the fingerprint scanning process, the image generated by the scanner may be slightly different during each scan. This paper puts the implementation of Artificial Neural Networks to provide an efficient matching algorithm for fingerprint authentication. Using the Back-Propagation technique, the algorithm works to match twelve fingerprint parameters and relate them to a unique number provided for each authorized user.Upon matching,the algorithm returns the best match for the given fingerprint parameters.

Keywords: Back propagation, Bio-metric, Neural network, Authentication

[1]. Jain and E. Al, "An Introduction to Biometric Recognition", IEEE Tran. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.14, No.1, pp: 4-20, 2004.
[2]. M. Mercimek, K. Gulez, and T. Mumcu, ―Real object recognition using moment invariants‖, Sadhana Vol. 30, pp: 765–775. © Printed in India, 2005.
[3]. V. Srinivasan , and N. Murthy, "Detection of Singularity Points in Fingerprint Images", NUCEJ Vol.15 No.2, Pattern recognition, 20, pp.513-523., 1992.
[4]. D. Maio and D. Maltoni, ―Direct Gray Scale Minutiae Detection in Fingerprints‖, IEEE Tran on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.19, No. 1, 1997.
[5]. S. Al, "Fuzzy Control for Fingerprint Feature Selection", Proc. ACCV Vol. 3, pp: 767-771, 1995.

Abstract: In Nigeria, there has been a substantial growth in the use of mobile communication services over the last few years and this growth is expected to continue for the foreseeable future with the introduction of the 3G and 4G mobile technologies. With this growth comes the inevitable, increase in the number of base station sites, accompanied by public concern and fears of adverse health effects for these communication systems despite reassurances from the service providers that international exposure standards will be followed. The globally recognized, independent International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has released guidelines that provide levels of radio frequency (RF) exposure that are regarded as safe for all members of the community.............

Keywords: GSM Base Stations, Electromagnetic Radiation, Field measurements, and Compliance Assessment.

[1]. ICNIRP (1998), International Commission on Non-Ionization Radiation Protection Guidelines for Limiting "Exposure to Time- varying electric, magnetic and Electromagnetic fields" (1GHz-300GHz) 1998, pp40-41
[2]. Europe (1999), "Council Recommendation on the limitation of Exposure of General Public to Electromagnetic fields "(0GHz-300GHz), Official Journal of the European Communities.
[3]. Nigerian Communication Commission (2013), available at http//www.ncc.gov.ng
[4]. IEEE (1999), "IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with respect to Human Exposure to RF electromagnetic Fields" (3GHz-300GHz), IEEE Inl.
[5]. NRPB (1993), "Board Statement on Restriction on Human Exposure to Static and Time- Varying Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation", National Radiation Protection Board Volume 4 No5, 1993