iosr-JECE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2017

Abstract:This paper describes the implementation of Johnson Counter using different techniques like DFAL, GDI, CPL, 2PASCL, TG, CMOS. For the achievement of low power dissipation mainly DFAL is used. Comparison has shown a significant power saving to the extent of 60% in case of diode free adiabatic logic technique (DFAL). The TANNER EDA tool has been used to stimulate all the circuits. The present research provides a low power ,high speed results up to 100MHZ.and proposal has proved to be used in power aware high performance VLSI circuitry..

Keywords: Adiabatic, CMOS, DFAL, CPL, TG, 2PASCL, Energy Recovery, JOHNSON COUNTER, T-SPICE.

[1]. Shipra upadhya R.A Mishra, Nagari,and SP Singh, Diodefreeadiabaticlogiccircuits, hindawan ipublished corporations ISRN
Electronics Volume 2013, Article ID 673601.
[2]. Atul Kumar Maury & Gagnesh Kumar, Energy Efficient Adiabatic Logic for Low Power VLSI Applications, 2011 International
Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies.
[3]. N. Waste and K. Eshraghian, Principle of CMOS VLSI Design: A System Prospective, 2nd New York: Addison – Wesley, 1993.
[4]. W. C. Athas, L. J Svensson, J. G. Koller, "Low- power digital systems based on adiabatic, switching principles" IEEE Trans. On
VLSI systems, 2(4), Dec. 1994, pp: 398-407.
[5]. Prasad D Khandekar, Dr.Mrs Shaila Subbaraman, Low Power 2:1 MUX for Barrel Shifter, First International Conference on
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology...

Abstract: The non-contact measuring and segmentation method is of primary concern for heavy forging industrial applications. Such a measuring method, if successful, can improve the productivity and quality of manufactured items, reduce human labor, minimize material waste, and even further permit real-time control. This proposed method concerns with the utilization a fuzzy logic automatic analysis thermal images as of industrial products for defect detection. An original two stages algorithm is presented based on the feature analysis of the thermal images obtained from the inspected product.. ...........

[1]. Zhiwei Ye, "A Multi-level Thresholding Approach Based on Group Search Optimization Algorithm and Otsu". 2015 8th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design.
[2]. Zhenhua Wang , "A New Multi-threshold Segmentation Method Based on MHFFCM". Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition August 20 - 23, 2006, Weihai , Shandong, China.
[3]. ASSAS Ouarda *,"Image Thresholding Using Type-2 Fuzzy C-Partition Entropy and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm". Laboratory Analysis of Signals and Systems (LASS) University of M'sila , M'sila, Algeria
[4]. Arti Taneja, "A Performance Study of Image Segmentation Techniques". 978-1-4673-7231-2/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE.
[5]. Nita M. Nimbarte," Multi-level Thresholding Algorithm For Color Image Segmentation". 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications...

Abstract: This paper presents a low voltage and high performance 4-bit parallel adder which is used to reduce the power delay product (PDP).This technique is mainly implemented by using 1-bit hybrid full adder where we can reduce the power consumption and delay when compared with the other techniques. By considering this 1-bit hybrid full adder basic circuit we had implemented the 4-bit parallel adder. The above circuits are simulated by using tanner tool V16.0. There was improvement in speed and power delay product metric when compared with C-CMOS full adder.

Keywords: High Speed, Low voltage, logic structure, hybrid adder.

[1]. S. Goel, A. Kumar, M.A. Bayoumi, Design of robust, energy-efficient full adders for deep-submicrometer design using hybrid-CMOS logic style, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integer. (VLSI) Syst. 14 (12) (2006) 1309–1321.
[2]. P. Bhattacharyya, B. Kundu, S. Ghosh, V. Kumar, A. Dandapat, Performance analysis of a low-power high-speed hybrid 1-bit full adder circuit, 2014.
[3]. Z. Abid, H. El-Relook, D. El-Dib, Low power multipliers based on new hybrid full adders, Microelectr. J. 39 (12) (2008) 1509–1515.
[4]. S. Goel, M. Elgamel, M. Bayoumi, Y. Hanafy, Design methodologies for high performance noise-tolerant XOR-XNOR circuits, IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I Reg. Papers 53 (4) (2006) 867–878.
[5]. K. Navi, M. Maeen, V. Foroutan, S. Timarchi, O. Kavehei, A novel low-power full-adder cell for

Abstract: In recent networked world, the need to maintain the security of information or physical property is becoming both increasingly important and increasingly difficult. Face recognition is one of the few biometric methods, which is very complicated system since the human faces change depending on their age, expressions etc. A human being has lots of expressions. So it is not possible to learn all types of expressions into the network. As a result, there is a solution for the unrecognized. Moreover due to the performance variations of the input device, face cannot be detected correctly and pattern may change extremely..........

Keywords: ANN (Artificial Neural Networks), PCA (Principal Component Analysis), SOM(Self Organizing Mapping).

[1]. Self Organizing Maps, Tom Germano, March 23, 1999.
[2]. Self-Organizing formation of topologically correct feature maps, Biol. Cybern., vol. 43, pp.59- 69, 1982.
[3]. Self-Organizing Map, Teuvo Kohonen, vol. 78, No.9, 1990.
[4]. Face Recognition Using Self-Organizing Maps, Qiu Chen, Koji Kotani, Feifei Lee and Tadahiro Ohmi, Tohoku University, Japan
[5]. AT&T Laboratories Cambridge, The database of faces at ttp://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/attarchive/ facesataglance.html.

Abstract: Addition and multiplications are a fundamental blocks to perform all operations in digital circuits. A high performance multiplier is a one of the key component in designing applications of integrated circuits. In designing integrated circuits power is a one of premium resources a designer tries to save when designing the circuit or system.The major issue for design of adderpower dissipation, delay. These issues can be overcome by new technique GATE DIFFUSION INPUT (GDI) logic technique which is commonly occurring a threshold voltage problem, so it does not allow adders without additional inverters...........

Keywords: Adder, GDI logic,Digital design, Full swing.

[1]. Mohan Shoba, RangaswamyNakkeeran GDI based full adders for energy efficient arithmetic applications,
[2]. A. Chandrakasan, R.W. Broderson, Low Power Digital CMOS Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
[3]. V.G. Oklobdzija, D. Villeger, Improving multiplier design using improved columncompression tree and optimized final adder inCMOS technology, IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. 3 (2) (1995) 292–301.
[4]. A.M. Shams, D.K. Darwish, M.A. Bayoumi, Performance analysis of low power 1-bit CMOS full adder cells, IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. 10 (1) (2002) 20–29.
[5]. M. Maeen, V. Foroutan, K. Navi, On the design of low power 1 –bit full adder cell, IEICE Electron. Expr. 6 (16) (2009) 1148–1154.

Abstract: Digital images have one major issue which is their resolution. As these images are being used in various fields of research where the visual appearance of an image plays a vital role IE is very important. In this paper, a method of resolution enhancement of a satellite image is proposed as satellite images play significant role in many applications such as geosciences studies, astronomy and geographical information. This proposed resolution enhancement method is based on the interpolation of the input image and high frequency components of input image which undergoes discrete wavelet transform(DWT). DWT is used to decompose the low resolution input image into different frequency sub-bands...........

Keywords: Discrete wavelet transform(DWT), Dual Tree- Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT),Image enhancement, inverse discrete wavelet transform(IDWT),Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Recursive Cycle Spinning (RCS),,Wavelet zero padding(WZP)

[1] Ahmed M. Mahmood, and Jasni Mohmad Zain. " A study on the validation of histogram equalization as a contrast enhancement technique". In Advanced Computer Science Applications and Technologies (ACSAT),2012 International Conference on, pp.253-256.IEEE,2012.
[2] Cao, Gang, Yao Zhao, Rongrong Ni, and Xuelong Li. "Contrast enhancement-based forensics in digital images." Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on 9, no. 3 (2014): 515-525.
[3] Cheng, H. D., and Yingtao Zhang. "Detecting of contrast over-enhancement." In Image Processing (ICIP), 2012 19th IEEE International Conference on, pp. 961-964. IEEE, 2012.
[4] Chen, Xiaoming, and Lili Lv. "A Compositive Contrast Enhancement Algorithm of IR Image." In Information Technology and Applications (ITA), 2013 International Conference on, pp. 58-62. IEEE, 2013.
[5] Reshmalakshmi, C., and M. Sasikumar. "Image contrast enhancement using fuzzy technique." In Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), 2013 International Conference on, pp. 861-865. IEEE, 2013.

Abstract: Multiplier is the most commonly used circuit in the digital devices. Multiplication is one of the basic functions used in digital signal processing. To achieve high data throughput most high performance DSP systems rely on hardware multiplication. There are various types of multipliers available depending upon the application in which they are used. Gate diffusion input (GDI)—a new technique of low-power digital combinational circuit is design with Wallace tree multiplier, which is found to be much more power efficient..........

Keywords: Wallace tree multiplier, Gate Diffusion Input, CMOS, Low Power

[1]. Kokila Bharti Jaiswal 1, Nithish Kumar V 1, Pavithra Seshadri 2 and Lakshminarayanan G, "Low Power Wallace Tree Multiplier Using Modified Full Adder", 2015 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication and Networking (ICSCN)
[2]. Mohan Shoba, Rangaswamy Nakkeeran, "GDI based full adders for energy efficient arithmetic applications" Elsevier, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 19 (2016) 485–496.
[3]. Vijaya Shekhawat, Tripti Sharma and Krishna Gopal Sharma, "2-Bit Magnitude Comparator using GDI Technique" IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE-2014), May 09-11, 2014, Jaipur, India
[4]. N. Weste and K. Eshraghian,‖ Principles of CMOS ...digital design‖, Pearson Education, Addison-Wesley,2002
[5]. A. P. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng, and R. W. Brodersen ,‖Low-power CMOS digital design‖, IEEE J. Solid-.State Circuits, vol. 27, pp. 473–484, 1992.

Abstract: This handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for Spying and unauthorized video transmission. The circuit can detect the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the Bug detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission ceases............

Keywords: Cell Phone Detector, GSM signal, Communication restricted area, IC CA3130, 555 Timer IC, Buzzer, LED.

[1]. Christian C. Mbaocha: Design and Implementation of Intelligent Mobile Phone Detector; Acadmic Research International, ISSN:2223- 9944 Vol 3, No 1, July 2012
[2]. Tanvi Deshpande & Nakul Jadhav: Active cell phone detection and display using Atmega-88 Microcontroller, International Journal of Reaserch in Engineering & Technology; ISSN(E):2321-8843; ISNN(P):2347-4599 Vol. 3, Issue 8, Aug 2015
[3]. Novel mobile detector sensing alarming and reporting system K. Mohan Dece, ARPN Journal of science and technology SRM University VOL.2,NO.1, Jaunary 2012
[4]. Nicholas W. Scott : Study of Cellular phone detection techniques ; University of Nebraska; April 2011
[5]. Mohan Kumar, D. 2008. "Mobile Bug". Electronics for you magazine. www.espow.com/jammers/security- surveillance

Abstract: Plagiarism has been the problem of era in different acknowledge fields, particularly in the academic community, theses a battle between the plagiarism epidemic and detection create a rivalry between the machines and humans on both sides negative and positive, i.e.In plagiarisms cases and protecting and detecting the plagiarism. In this paper the work was on some human calculations for detecting the plagiarism and similarity in text documents and their relationship for automatically detecting the plagiarism mentioned tools and results of plagiarism detection tools for Arabic and English speeches, with calculate the precision and recall and F-meter for the mentioned software.

Keywords: Automatically plagiarism detection, calculate the similarity, plagiarism detector tool, Precision and recall values, tf-IDF.

[1]. Albakush, Intisar. "Plagiarism epidemic and plagiarism detecting state-of-art system". 2nd international conference on networking
and computer application. Bankok. ISBN. 9788193137352. July. 2016: 170-176.
[2]. Alzahrani, Salha M., Naomie Salim, and Ajith Abraham. "Understanding plagiarism linguistic patterns, textual features, and
detection methods." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 42.2 (2012): 133- 149.
[3]. Alzahrani, Salha, et al. "iPlag: intelligent plagiarism reasoner in scientific publications." Information and Communication
Technologies (WICT), 2011 World Congress on. IEEE, 2011.
[4]. M. Murugesan, W. Jiang, C. Clifton, L. Si, and J. Vaidya, "Efficient Privacy-preserving similar document detection," VLDB Journal, 2010.
[5]. C. Lyon, J. A. Malcolm, and R. G. Dickerson, "Detecting short passages of Similar text in large document collections," in Proc.
Conf. EmpiricalMethods Natural Language Processing, 2001.

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of digital services. Building a general architecture for the GSM IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this project mainly, focused to monitor the structural health of building and smart lighting in a particular area..............

Keywords: Constrained application protocol, Crack detection, Electrically Conductive Paint, Health Monitoring, RFID-tag, Sensor system integration.

[1] L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito,―The internet of things: A survey,‖Comput. Netw, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787–2805, 2010.
[2] N. Walravens and P. Ballon, ―Platform business models for smart cities:From control and value to governance and public value,‖IEEE Commun.Mag., vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 72–79, Jun. 2013
[3] M.Valan Rajkumar, P.S.Manoharan, Modeling and Simulation of Three-phase DCMLI using SVPWM for Photovoltaic System, Springer Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, under the volume titled ―Power Electronics & Renewable Energy Systems", Volume 326, Chapter No 5, January 2015, Pages 39-45.
[4] M.Valan Rajkumar, P.S.Manoharan, Harmonic Reduction of Fuzzy PI Controller based Three-Phase Seven-level DCMLI with SVPWM for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System, Journal International Review on Modeling and Simulations, Volume 6, No 3, June 2013, Pages 684-692.
[5] P.Thirumurugan, P.S.Manoharan, M.Valan Rajkumar, VLSI Based Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Switching Control in the proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies ICACCCT 2012 on August 2012, ISBN No. 978-1-4673-2045-0 (Print) (Page):366-370.

Abstract: The main aim of this project is to relieve human effort by automatically controlling the dripping system of the patient in a hospital. This project consists of a RF transmitter and receiver which is basically used for the wireless communication purpose. In this an alert message will be sent to the concern doctor even can control the drip system as the drip reaches a particular level by using GSM module. The PIC16F876A microcontroller is used to processes the information for all the instructions given to each component............

[1] BehzadRazavi, "RF transmitter Architecture and circuit" from University of California. IEEE 0-7803-5443-5/99.

[2] Wilmar Hernandez, "Improving the response of a load cell by using optimal filtering", Sensors 2006, July.

[3] Priyadharshani.R, Mithuna.S, VasanthKumar.U, KalpanaDevi.S, Dr. SuthanthiraVanitha.N, "Automatic Intravenous Fluid Level Indication System for Hospitals", Volume 3 Issue VIII, august 2015 ISSN: 2321-9653.

[4] Microchip Technology PIC16F87XA Data Sheet 28/40/44-Pin Enhanced Flash Microcontrollers.

Abstract: WIMAX stands for the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and is additionally called the IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network. From wimax technology, we can able to conquer the current problems of mobile communication systems like precise coverage of area, flat data rate and dearth of security.WiMax physical layer is relies on technique of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing , which is very powerful to multipath propagation and enables direct usage of MIMO techniques. Multiple-input multiple-output communication mean to the which wireless communication systems having an array of antennas at each of the transmitter or the receiver..............

Keywords: FFTs , MIMO , OFDM,WIMAX.

[1]. IEEE 802.16-2004, "Local and Metropolitan Networks – Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems", 2004.
[2]. IEEE 802.16e-2005, "Local and Metropolitan Networks – Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment 2: Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1", 2006.
[3]. Chen B, Wang H. Maximum likelihood estimation of OFDM carrier frequency offset. IEEE International Conference on Communications; 2002 Apr. p. 49–53.
[4]. Murty MS, Veeraiah D, Rao AS. Performance evaluation of Wi-Fi comparison with WiMAX Networks. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems. 2012 Jan;3(1):321–8.
[5]. Agarwal A, Mehta SN. Combined effect of block interleaving and FEC on BER performance of OFDM based WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 d) System. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. 2015; 3(1):4–12.

Abstract: Guard time span (GT) is implemented as Cyclic Prefix (CP) to completely alleviate Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) and to preserve orthogonality among OFDMA subcarriers as long as the guard time span is sufficiently greater than channel delay spread. In conventional OFDMA systems GT span is fixed and chosen to be much longer to tolerate worst case condition irrespective of current propagation channel state. This technique, however, degrades the overall spectral efficiency as well as consumes transmitter energy proportional to the span of the guard time. This fact motivates the need to vary the guard time span based channel parameters especially for mobile applications. The primary goal of this paper is to vary the GT span based channel delay spread for mobile 4G technology.

Keywords: Guard Time; Mobile 4G; OFDMA; Delay Spread.

[1] IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, IEEE Std 802. 2004/Cor 1-2005, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks, Part 16: Air
Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment 2: Physical and Medium Access Control Layers
for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1."
[2] 4G Forum. "4G's technology for LOS and NLOS Environments", 2004. [Online] Available: www.4Gforum.org.
[3] Hongwei Yang, A Road to Future Broadband Wireless Access: MIMO-OFDM-Based Air Interface, IEEE Communications
Magazine, January 2005.
[4] Magnus Sandell, Jan-Jaap van de Beek, Per Ola Börjesson, "Timing and Frequency Synchronization in OFDM Systems Using the
Cyclic Prefix", in Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Symposium on Synchronization, pp 16-19, Essen, Germany,
December 1995.
[5] 4G Forum. "Mobile 4G – Part1: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation", August, 2006. [Online] Available:

Abstract: This review paper represents the performance and analysis of sharpened CIC filters design. In this paper we discuss the improving method of designing CIC filters. For discussing the improving method of CIC filters we consider the some standard paper which is based on designing of CIC filter.First we discuss about CIC filter. In CIC filter there is problem in passband droop and stopband aliasing. For improving the performance of CIC filter we can use many techniques, such as compensation filter cascaded with CIC filter, Sharpening technique proposed by Kaiser and Hamming, polyphase decimation FIR filter to achieve wide broadband compensation of the CIC filter.After discussing the techniques we give the review analysis on improving method of CIC filter design.

[1]. M. P. Donadio ,"CIC Filter Introduction," Iowegian, July 2000.
[2]. E. B. Hogenaur,"An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation,"California : IEEE Trans. on Acoustic,
Speech and Signal Processing, Vols. ASSP-29, NO.2,pp. 271-274, April 1981.
[3]. F. J. A. d. Aquino, C. A. F. d. Rocha and L. S. Resende,"Design of CIC Filters for Software Radio System," IEEE, pp. 225-
228,2006.
[4]. A. N. 455, "Understanding CIC Compensation Filters," ALTERA, April 2007.
[5]. U. Meyer-Baese,"Digital Signal Processing with FPGA," Springer, May 2001.

Abstract: This paper presents a fully automated security system for industrial and household areas using advance PLC based automation systems along with surveillance camera which focuses on saving energy as well as memory. It can also be reprogrammed for strengthening the existing performance.

Keywords: Introduction, Methodology, Block Diagram, Program Procedure.

[1]. https://www.techtransfer.com/blog/basics-plc-operation/
[2]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller
[3]. http://www1.siemens.cz/ad/current/content/data_files/automatizacni_systemy/mikrosystemy/simatic_s7200/manual_s7_200_2005_en.pdf
[4]. http://www.plcmanual.com/plc-programming
[5]. http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/world-plc-programming

Abstract: This paper re-presents basic information regarding an instrument landing system (ILS), an ILS is a precision, radio navigation operates as a ground-based instrument approach system, using a combination of radio signals wherever as adopted by airports and airlines worldwide, which provides lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway in weather conditions, that Otherwise might have cause in a missed approach and possible alternate to another airport, The aim of this paper is to describe and review of an instrument landing system (ILS), taken in consideration the previous studies on ILS, this paper will be as a foundation for the second paper dedicated for Performance evaluation of the Instrument landing system used at Khartoum International Airport.

Keywords: Approach, Localizer, Glide path, Marker beacon, ILS

[1]. M. Kayton, Navigation: Land, Sea, Air & Space, IEEE press, 1990
[2]. Wikipedia, Autoland, available at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system#cite_note16 .
[3]. L. Chittaro and S. Burigat, 3D location-pointing as a navigation aid in Virtual Environments, in Proceedings of the working conference on advanced visual interfaces, 2004, pp. 267–274
[4]. S. Snyder, B. Schipper, L. Vallot, N. Parker, and C. Spitzer, Differential GPS/inertial navigation approach/landing flight test
[5]. Results, Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, vol.7, no. 5, pp. 3–11, 1992.

Abstract: Wireless power driven vehicle using magnetic resonance is the technology which doesn't require any fuel or electrical connection to run it in a specified path .in fact it adopts a basic theory which has already been developed for at least 30 years with the term inductive power transfer. Wireless power transfer makes a remarkable change in the field of electrical engineering and eliminates the usage of conventional copper overhead wire for train. Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power to a robotic vehicle or electric car or electric train wirelessly............

Keywords: Magnetic resonance, Inductive power transfer, Solar panel, Rechargeable Battery.

[1]. Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J. (1961). "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells" (PDF). Journal of Applied Physics. 32 (3): 510. Bibcode:1961JAP....32..510S. doi:10.1063/1.1736034.

[2]. b Solar Cells. chemistryexplained.com

[3]. John Archibald Fleming "Induction Coil". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Ed. 13. The Encyclopædia Britannica Co. 1911. pp. 502–505. Retrieved October 13, 2014.

[4]. Jump up^ Collins, Archie F. (1908). The Design and Construction of Induction Coils. New York: Munn & Co. p.98

[5]. Andre Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis,Robert Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher, Marin Soljacic. 2008. Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances. Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1143254?ijkey=94ff.Ay4jRMqU& keytype=ref&siteid=sci

Abstract: MEMS Oscillator design for high frequency application is approached in this project and its gain, noise and power are analyzed. The CMOS Micro Electro Mechanical System resonator structure is modeled using its RLC equivalent circuit where all passive components are extracted by COMSOL Mutiphysics tool. MEMS based oscillator requires to be combined with amplifier circuits to improve the performance. The proposed CMOS-MEMS oscillator is capable of generating 19.8 MHz clocks. The beam resonators require approximately 35 VDC and 400mV, VAC to vibrate...............

Keywords: MEMS resonator, two stage Op-amp, gain, Cadence virtuoso, COMSOL Multi physics.

[1]. Syamsi Taufik, S.Khan, A.N.Nordin , 2014, " Design and Simulation of MEMS Oscillator " Proc. IEEE 978-1-4673-6386-0/14/..
[2]. Leach, R., Cui, Z., and Flack, D (Eds) , 2001: 'Microsystems technology standardization roadmap'. 'Project IST-2001-37682 funded by the EUIST program.
[3]. W.T.Hsu, "Vibrating RF MEMS for Timing and Frequency References", 2006 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, pp. 672-675.K. Elissa, "Title of paper if known," unpublished.
[4]. R. Nicole, "Title of paper with only first word capitalized," J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[5]. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, "Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface," IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].

Abstract: Brain tumor is most severe disease; most of populations in world affected due to brain tumor. Now day death rate because brain tumor gradually increases. For that consideration, most prominent method implemented for brain tumor detection and segmentation. When most normal cells grow, old cells die or damaged and new cells take their place. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old or damaged cell do not die as they should .The buildup of extras cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Earlier detection, diagnosis and proper treatment of brain tumor are essential to prevent human death. An effective brain tumor detection and segmentation using MR image is an essential task in medical field.................

Keywords: MRI, brain tumor, Segmentation, Detection

[1]. Ishmam Zabir, Sudip Paul et.el, "Automatic Brain Tumor Detection and Segmentation from Multi-Modal MRI Images Based on Region Growing and Level Set Evolution" IEEE International Confererance on Electrical and Computer Engg., Dhaka , Bangladesh, 2015, PP. 503-506.
[2]. Praveen and Amritpal Singh "Detection of Brain Tumor in MRI Images, using Combination of Fuzzy C-Means and SVM", IEEE, Dept. of computer science and engineering ,Govt. women engineering college Ajmer, India, 2015, PP.98 -101.
[3]. Kailash Sinha1, G.R.Sinha , "Efficient Segmentation Methods for Tumor Detection in MRI Images", IEEE, Student's Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science,ShriShankaracharya Technical Campus Bhilai, India, 2014, PP. 1-6.
[4]. J.Vijay,J.Subhashini"An Efficient Brain Tumor Detection Methodology Using K-Means Clustering Algorithm",IEEE, International conference on Communication and Signal Processing, Chennai, India, 2013, PP.653-657.
[5]. Sarah Parisot, Hugues Duffau, St´ephane Chemouny,"Graph-based Detection, Segmentation & Characterization of Brain Tumors", IEEE, Center for Visual Computing, Ecole Centrale de Paris, France, 2013, PP.988-995.

Abstract: Brain tumor is most severe disease; most of populations in world affected due to brain tumor. Now day death rate because brain tumor gradually increases. For that consideration, most prominent method implemented for brain tumor detection and segmentation. When most normal cells grow, old cells die or damaged and new cells take their place. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old or damaged cell do not die as they should .The buildup of extras cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Earlier detection, diagnosis and proper treatment of brain tumor are essential to prevent human death. An effective brain tumor detection and segmentation using MR image is an essential task in medical field...............

Keywords: MRI, brain tumor, segmentation, detection, FA

[1]. Ishmam Zabir, Sudip Paul et.el, "Automatic Brain Tumor Detection and Segmentation from Multi-Modal MRI Images Based on Region Growing and Level Set Evolution" IEEE International Confererance on Electrical and Computer Engg., Dhaka , Bangladesh, 2015, PP. 503-506.
[2]. Praveen and Amritpal Singh "Detection of Brain Tumor in MRI Images, using Combination of Fuzzy C-Means and SVM", IEEE, Dept. of computer science and engineering ,Govt. women engineering college Ajmer, India, 2015, PP.98 -101.
[3]. Kailash Sinha1, G.R.Sinha , "Efficient Segmentation Methods for Tumor Detection in MRI Images", IEEE, Student‟s Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science,ShriShankaracharya Technical Campus Bhilai, India, 2014, PP. 1-6.
[4]. J.Vijay,J.Subhashini "An Efficient Brain Tumor Detection Methodology Using K-Means Clustering Algorithm",IEEE, International conference on Communication and Signal Processing, Chennai, India, 2013, PP.653-657.
[5]. Sarah Parisot, Hugues Duffau, St´ephane Chemouny,"Graph-based Detection, Segmentation & Characterization of Brain Tumors", IEEE, Center for Visual Computing, Ecole Centrale de Paris, France, 2013, PP.988-995.