iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: Outages of GSM signals may be experienced at some indoor locations even where there are strong outdoor receptions. This is often traced to the building penetration loss, which accounts for increased attenuation of received GSM signal level when a mobile signal device is moved indoor from outdoor. The signal degradation increases with increasing penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the building material type, amongst others and adds to the overall path loss of a link. In this work, measurements of two existing GSM Operators' signals level were made outside and inside two selected buildings- concrete and block, which represent the prevalent building types in Orhuwhorun, Delta State, Nigeria. A Samsung Galaxy GT-35000 mobile phone with RF signal tracker software installed in it was used and the results shows an average loss of 10.62dBm, and 4.25dBm for the concrete and block buildings, respectively. This results will help service network providers in future site-specific planning

[1]. Adewoye, J. O and Obasa, K. A.(2010) Impact of Global System for Mobile Communication on Small Business Development, Journal of Management and Society 1(2) 44-50.
[2]. Attah, O. W., (2013) In building penetration loss in office and residential building structures in Palestine at GSM 900 MHz frequency, Wireless Personal Communications 7(1)1-14.
[3]. Caluyo, F. S. and Dela Cruz, J. C. (2011), Penetration Loss of Doors and Windows inside Residences using ISDB-T Digital Terrestrial Television Signal at 677 MHz, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, San Francisco, USA 2: 890-894.
[4]. Hasted, J. B. and Shah, M. A., (1964), Microwave absorption by water in building materials, British J. of Applied Physics 15:825 – 836.
[5]. Horikoshi, J; Tanaka, K. and T. Morinaga (1986) 1.2 GHz band wave propagation measurements in concrete building for indoor radio communications, IEEE Trans. Vehicular. Technology, 35(4)146 – 152.

Abstract: Biometrics-based authentication offers several advantages over other authentication methods, there has been a significant surge in the use of biometrics for user authentication in recent years. The software be designed will control a simulated automated teller machine (ATM) with a customer console for interaction with the customer. The ATM will communicate with the bank computer over an appropriate communication link. The ATM will service one customer at a time. A customer will be required to enter a login id and validate his finger print and both will be sent to the bank for validation as part of each transaction. This makes the developed ATM software more secure as compared to the software that authenticates the user merely by using a PIN or password. The end result is an enhanced biometric authenticated ATM system that ensures greater security and increased customer's confidence in the banking sector. Keywords: palm-print recognition, PIN, biometric authentication, security

[1]. Tee Connie, Andrew Teoh Beng Jin, Michael Goh Kah Ong, David Ngo Chek Ling, "An automated palmprint recognition system ", Image and Vision Computing , Vol.23, pp.501–515, 2005.
[2]. Patprapa Tunkpien, Sasipa Panduwadeethorn, Suphakant Phimoltares, " Compact Extract ion of Principle Lines in P almprint Using Consecutive Filtering Operations".
[3]. Tee Connie, Andrew Teoh, Michael Goh, David Ngo, "Palmprint Recognition with PCA and ICA" , Image and Vision Computing NZ,Palmerston North, pp.227-232, 2003.
[4]. Jinsu Choi Jaemin Kim, Seongwon Cho and II Robert J. Marks. Iris recognition using wavelet features. Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, 38(2):147{156,2004.
[5]. Hui Chen and Bir Bhanu. Contour matching for 3d ear recognition. In Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Workshops on Application of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05), volume 1, pages 123{128,Washington, DC, USA,2005. IEEE Computer Society.

Abstract: Interest involves the determination of path loss exponent in Orhuwhorun environs, Delta state, Nigeria.This work is to provide a propagation model that can be used to accurately determine path loss in Orhuwhorun, since such was not previously available. In this research, measurements of two existing GSM Operators' signals level were made outside and inside three selected buildings- concrete, block and mud which represent the prevalent building types in Orhuwhorun, Delta State, Nigeria. A Samsung Galaxy GT-35000 mobile phone with RF signal tracker software installed in it was used and the results shows an average loss of 10.62dBm, 4.20dBm and 5.11dBm for the concrete, block and mud buildings, respectively with a corresponding average path loss exponent of 3.67, 3.86 and 3.60. The modeled path loss varies with distance and environment. This result will help service providers for future site-specific planning.

[1]. Adenike, F. (2010) Macrocell Path Loss Model for Tropical Savannah Transcampus Journal of Research in National Development 8(1). Retrieved from http://www.transcampus.org , 11th November, 2012
[2]. Adewoye, J. O; Obasa, K. A.(2010) Impact of Global System for Mobile Communication on Small Business Development, Journal of Management and Society 1(2) 44-50.
[3]. Armogun V., Soyjuadah K.M.S.,Mohamudally N., Forgaty T.,( 2008), Comparative Study of Path Loss Using Existing models for digital television broadcasting for summer season in the north mauritus, IEE, The third advanced international conference on telecommunications, (AICT'10) 34.
[4]. Beasley, J, S and Miller, G. M.,(2005). Modern Electronics Communication, 8th ed. Prentice-Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA, 515-516 pp.
[5]. Caluyo, F. S. and Dela Cruz, J. C. (2011), Penetration Loss of Doors and Windows inside Residences using ISDB-T Digital Terrestrial Television Signal at 677 MHz, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, San Francisco, USA 2: 890-894.

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are very broadly used in many applications. Sensor networks still have problems in conveying data from one sensor node to other node. Routing algorithms are developed for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, some of them are discussed. These protocols still have some problems in sensor networks. Ad hoc networks and WSNs are similar to each other as both depend on hop-to-hop routing. So, protocols developed for ad-hoc networks are also used in many sensor applications. But sensor nodes are not much capable for these protocols.These protocols with some changes can be used in sensor networks.In this paper ADSR is discussed, which is developed for WSNs and derived from changes done in DSR, which was developed for MANETs. Moto of this paper is to give an idea that other protocols which were developed for MANETs can be completely used in WSNs, by having angle-based mechanism, as described in ADSR.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile ad-hoc networks, routing algorithm, ADSR

[1]. K. Shim, K. Kim, S. Kim, "ADSR: Angle based Multi-hop Routing Strategy for Mobile WSNs" in 2011 IEEE Asia Pacific Services Computing Conference.

[2]. Y. Zhang, M. Ramkumar, N. Memon, "Information Flow Based Routing Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks"in proc. IEEE Communication Society Globecom 2004.

[3]. L. Almazaydeh, E. Abdelfattah, M. Al-Bzoor, A. Al-Rahayfeh, "Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks" in International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, Volume 2, Number 2, April 2010.

[4]. V. T-Quang, P.N. Huu, T. Miyoshi, "Adaptive Transmission Range Assignment Algorithm for In-Routing Image Compression on Wireless Sensor Networks" in proc. IEEE 2010.

[5]. C-S. Cheng, C-L. Tseng, Y-J. Lin, J-A. Jiang, "Adaptive Coverage-Preserving Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network" in proc. IEEE 2013.

Abstract: Multi-carrier CDMA technology is a very attractive multiple access technique for next generation wireless communication systems. It combines the advantages of both Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) for high data rate transmission. However, interference noise is considered as a major challenge for MC-CDMA systems and significantly affects its performance. The transmission strategy to avoid the interference noise is by its power allocation to each user. The Game theory is an efficient way for examining power control problem in the MC-CDMA technology. The water filling algorithm in game theory perspective is used to allocate proper power for every sub-channel based on channel state information (CSI) with global power constraint in order to improve the capacity of the MC-CDMA system. The water filling provides optimal solution if the channel state information is perfect. In realistic high mobility environment, where the Doppler frequency is high, channel state information received at the transmitter is outdated due to CSI feedback delay which results in imperfectness in the channel state information. The capacity achieved using water filling game theory is analysed with Perfect CSI, Imperfect CSI and Predicted CSI. The water filling game theory with Predicted CSI shows improvement in the capacity compared to water filling game theory with Imperfect CSI.

Keywords: Capacity improvement, multi-channel wireless communication, power control, water-filling

[1]. K.S.Gilhousen, I.M.Jacobs, R.Padovani, A.J. Viterbi, L.A.Weaver Jr., and C.E. Wheatley III, "On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.40, no.2, pp.303-312, May 1991.
[2]. P.Patel and J.Holtzman, "Analysis of a simple successive interference Cancellation scheme in a DS CDMA system," IEEE Journal on selected areas in communication, vol.12, no.5, pp. 796-807, June 1994.
[3]. S.P.W Jarot and M. Nakagawa, "Transmission powercontrol technique for the reverse link of OFDM-DS-CDMA system", Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communications, Red Sea, Egypt, pp.331-337, July 1999.
[4]. D.P.Palomar and J.R.Fonollosa, "Practical algorithms for a family of waterfilling solutions," IEEE Transaction on signal processing, vol.53, no.2, pp.686 - 695, Feb.2005.
[5]. Farhad Meshkati, Mung Chiang, and H.Vincent Poor, "A Game-Theoretic approach to energy-efficient Power Control in Multicarrier CDMA Systems," IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 24, no. 6, pp.1115 - 1129 ,June 2006.

Abstract: All transmitted signals are to some extent degraded by the environment through which they propagate. Signal degradation can take many forms, but generally it falls into three types: noise, distortion, and attenuation (reduction in power). In order to solve or reduce these errors generated during signal transmission, an M-QAM single-carrier baseband communication system was designed and simulations were made to determine the BER under different SNR. This method of modulation has the advantage of reducing or eliminating intermodulation interference caused by a continuous carrier near the modulation sidebands. Also it will enable data transmission at twice the rate of standard pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) without any degradation in the bit error rate (BER), thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. The numerical results obtained from the Matlab simulink were compared to the theoretical results obtained from the Matlab tool named 'bertool' when QAM orders for 0 E / N b were set at 12.0dB, the new simulated BER's for the different QAM's were obtained. The BER values obtained from both simulation systems were found to be similar.
Keywords: MQAM, System parameters, Communication System, AWGN, Matlab Simulink

[1] John Proakis, Massoud Salehi, "Digital Communications", McGraw-Hill Education, Nov. 6, 2007.

[2] R. Lucky, J. Salz, and E. Weldon, Principles of Data Communication, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
[3] J. Proakis,(1995). Digital Communications (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Inc. ISBN 0-07-113814-5.
[4] Roger Russell, "Hearing, Columns and Comb Filtering". Retrieved 2010-04-22.

[5] Smith, G. Joel, "Odd-Bit Quadrature Amplitude-Shift Keying," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 23, PP. 385–389, March 1975.

[6] A Leclert and P. Vandamme, "Universal carrier recovery loop for QASK and PSK signal sets", IEEE Transactions on communication, vol. COM-31, PP. 130-36, January 1983.

Abstract: A transmitter consists of an oscillator that generates a carrier frequency followed by a buffer amplifier which provides a high impedance load to minimise drifts, and modulated with an amplified intelligence signal. The development of a low cost frequency shift keying (fsk) transmitter is the concern of this work. The fsk signal forming the base band signal is low - level modulated with a carrier, within the mark and space frequencies. The output from the frequency shift keying circuit at a space frequency of 10kHz and a mark frequency of 20kHz was modulated with a 500kHz single frequency carrier using a diode AM modulating circuit. The transmitter circuit was designed with the use of active devices with few passive components. The measured resonant frequency is 478.63 kHz at 13.427dB, while the calculated resonant frequency is 485 kHz. The calculated carrier power is 1.62W, and the total power radiated out from the antenna is 2.35W. The signal noise was calculated to be 5.228dB while the measured signal noise was 5.399dB. The amplified signal is connected to an antenna, with the response of the design simulated on Multism -12 application software. This development can be used to encode digital signals for information transfer in an area within a 5 kilometre radius with precision.

Keywords: Frequencies, Fsk signal, Modulator, Op-amp, Transmitter, Transistors.

[1]. W.J. Hudson, and J. Luecke, Basic Communications Electronics Radio-Shark R 62-1336 , Master Publishing Inc, Lincolnwood, Illinois; 1999
[2]. J.S. Beasley, and G.M. Miller, Modern Electronic Communication, 8th edition, Pearson Education inc; 2005.
[3]. W. Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication System; Prentice Hall inc, New Jersey,2nd Edition, 1992
[4]. E.S. Batho, Electronic design principles, 1st edition, Prentice Hall inc, New Jersey, 1992.
[5]. A.K. Theraja, and B.L. Theraja, A textbook of electrical Technology, 23rd ed., S.Chand and Company, 2003.
[6]. H.R. Berube, Learning Electronics communications through experimentation using electronic workbench multisim;Prentice Hall inc. 2002

Abstract: A rectangular pyramidal horn antenna fabricated with tapered dielectric E-plane boundary walls whose inner surface is periodically loaded with thin conducting strips is investigated. For better impedance matching, at the throat region of the horn antenna, 3 cm portion is metallised. The radiation characteristics of this horn antenna are compared with that of an identical conventional horn antenna with conducting E-plane boundary walls. Considerable improvement in the E-plane radiation characteristics is observed. As H-plane boundary walls are not modified, no change in the H-plane radiation characteristics is observed. However,the conventional horn antenna shows slightly better impedance matching than the test horn antenna.

Keywords: Antennas, Dielectric loaded horns, Electromagnetic waves, Feed horn antennas, Microwave antennas,

[1] S .Silver, "Microwave Antenna Theory and Design ", McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1949.

[2] R.E Collin and E.J Zucker, "Antenna Theory Part- I ", McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1969.

[3] E. Lier and T.S Petterson, "The Strip Loaded Hybrid Mode Feed Horn", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. Vol.AP-36, No. 9, pp. 1086- 1088, Sept.1987

[4] E. Lier and P.S Kildal, "Soft and Hard Horn Antennas", ibid, Vol. 36, No.8, pp. 1152-1157, Aug. 1988

[5] S. Rodrigues, P.Mohanan and K.G Nair, "Simulated Corrugated Feed Horn Antennas", Proc. IEEE AP-S Intl. Symp. USA, 1990, pp.984-987

Abstract: Microstrip antenna is gathering a lot of interest in communication systems. In this paper neural network approach has been used for calculation of feed position of microstrip antenna for maximum power transfer. This paper demonstrates the validity of neural network for the estimation of feed point of patch antenna varying with input impedance. Accuracy of the results encourages the use of Neural network.. Further simulations are done using CST software.

Keywords: Microstrip antenna, Neural Network, Feed position, CST.

[1] G.A. Deschamps, "Microstrip Microwave Antennas‟, Presented At the Third Usaf Symposium On Antennas, 1953.

[2] Constantine A. Balanis, ‟Antenna Theory: Analysis Design‟, Third Edition, By ISBN 0-471-66782-X Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[3] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. J. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House(2001).

[4] Priti P. Bhagat, Dhaval Pujara and Dipak Adhyaru, 'Analysis and Synthesis of Microstrip Patch Antenna using Artificial Neural Networks‟, IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation, August 27-29, 2012, Singapore.

[5] Vipul Sharma, Member, IEEE, Gaurav Kumar Gupta, "Using Artificial Neural Network to Model Microstrip Inset Fed Rectangular Patch Antenna‟, Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar-249404 (India).

[6] Osowski S., "Neural Networks", Polish Scientific Press, Warsaw, 1994.

Abstract: Microstrip antenna is gathering a lot of interest in communication systems. Genetic algorithm is a popular optimization technique and has been introduced for design optimization of proximity coupled antenna. Patch length, patch width are taken as optimization parameters. Return loss and radiation pattern for the optimized antenna are verified using IE3D software. Accuracy of the results encourages the use of genetic algorithm. Further a parasitic patch coupled to electromagnetically coupled microstrip antenna is designed for broadband operations using IE3D software

Keywords: Proximity coupled antenna, Genetic algorithm, broadband, IE3D.

[1] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas, The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays. New York: IEEE Press, 1995.

[2] G.A. Deschamps, 'Microstrip Microwave Antennas', Presented At The Third Usaf Symposium On Antennas, 1953.

[3] Constantine A. Balanis, 'Antenna Theory: Analysis Design', Third Edition, By ISBN 0-471-66782-X Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

[4] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. J. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House(2001).

[5] R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms. New York: Wiley( 1998).

Abstract: Wireless communication system, gives good performance only when the selection of modulation process is best. Generally, to chose the particular modulation schemes different parameters are taken into consideration i.e. bandwidth efficiency, bit error rate, signal to noise ratio, cost, effectiveness and easy implementation, but since from very long time bandwidth efficiency is that parameter which plays important role in choosing any modulation scheme. As the waveform of all existing modulation scheme is separated in time domain which makes it difficult to improve their bandwidth efficiency. Since, from last decade researchers are continuously trying to overcome this problem and finally, they were able to discover such a technique which is able to reconstruct the original signal form aliasing environment named as compressive modulation (CM). The working principle of CM has a key part called compressive sensing, by the help of this former one is able to have larger bandwidth efficiency than our modulation techniques. In this paper, we proposed superior Compressive modulation technique and its comparative analysis with QPSK in regard of bandwidth efficiency and BER .The simulation results and theoretical analysis shows that CM has greater bandwidth than QPSK even at high as well as low SNR. Keywords: Compressive Modulation, Compressive Sensing, QPSK

[1] Bernard sklar, 2011. Digital communications: fundamentals and applications. Prentice Hall, 277-281.

[2]. Bernard Sklar, 2011. Digital communications: Fundamentals and Applications. Prentice Hall, 277-281.

[3] R.Calderbank, S. Jafarpour and R. Schapire. 2009. Compressed learning: universal uparse dimensionality reduction and learning in the measurement domain.

[4] B. Sklar, 2011. Digital Communications-Fundamentals And Applications, 2nd, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

[5] L. Donoho, 2006. Compressed sensing, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1289–1306.

[6] G. Baraniuk, 2007. Compressive Sensing, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 118–121.

Abstract: This Paper is containing the different types of Channel Coding which is used in multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM). To increase the efficiency of MIMO-OFDM there are several channel coding are applied in it.in this paper the aim is to show the discussion about all channel coding which are used as well as using in MIMO-OFDM system. This paper is structured in such way that in section I OFDM System and channel coding is described, in II section there is discussion about block diagram.In III section there is discussion of formula used in FFT and IFFT. In section IV several channel coding are defined which are used in MIMO-OFDM system. Further conclusion is made in section V.

Keywords: Convolutional Code, FFT, IFFT, MIMO, RS code, SISO, TBC.

[1]. K.Fazel, S.Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and spread spectrum System (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003).
[2]. J. S. Lee and L. E. Miller, CDMA system engineering handbook, Norwood, MA: Artech house, 1998.
[3]. R.A.Stirling-Gallacher, G.J.R. Povey, "Different channel Coding Strategies for OFDM-CDMA", IEEE Trans. Commun., 1997, 845-849.
[4]. Zafar Iqbal, Saeid Nooshabadi, Heung-No Lee, "Analysis and design of Coding and Interleaving in a MIMO-OFDM Communication System", IEEE trans.Consumer Electronics, vol.58, no.3, pp. 758-766, august 2012.
[5]. Zafar Iqbal and Saeid Nooshadi," Effect of Channel Coding and interleaving in MIMO-OFDM system", IEEE Int.Midwest sym. On cir. And Sys. (MWSCAS), seoul, Korea, August 2011, pp. 1-4..

Abstract: This paper is focused on the transmission of images using M-QAM OFDM system over Composite Fading channel. Recently proposed Generalized K Fading channel is very versatile channel which accurately approximates many of the commonly used channel models such as Nakagami-m, Log-Normal distributions and the mixture of the two distributions for the composite fading. The robustness of multiple access schemes such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the wireless communication system is well proven, but the introduction of M-QAM with OFDM has led to good tradeoff between throughput, symbol-error robustness and a reduction of the peak-to-average ratio of the OFDM signal. The results show that the Generalized K Fading channel is highly efficient for predicting the performance of fading and shadowing and demonstrating their effects simultaneously.

Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, Generalized K Fading Channel, Bit Error Rate

[1]. Lei Wan, V. K. Dubey, ―Bit error probability of OFDM system over frequency nonselective fast Rayleigh fading channels, IEEE Electronics letters, Vo. 36, No. 15, pp1306- 1307, July 2000.

[2]. Jun Lu, Thiang Tjhung, Fumiyuki Adachi and Cheng Li Huang, ―BER performance of OFDM-MDPSK system in Frequency –Selective Rician Fading with Diversity Reception, IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1216-1225, July 2000. [3]. Yong Jae Ryu , Dong seong Han, ―Timing phase estimator overcoming rayleigh fading for OFDM systems, IEEE Proc., pp. 66-67, 2001.

[4]. Mukesh Kumar Mishra, Neetu Sood and Ajay K Sharma. Article: BER Performance of OFDM-BPSK over Nakagami Fading Channels. International Journal of Computer Applications 17(8):1-3, March 2011.

[5]. Zhiqiang Liu, Georgios B. Giannaki, ―Block Differentially Encoded OFDM With Maximum Multipath Diversity, IEEE Transactions on wireless communications, Vol.. 2, No. 3, pp. 420-423, May 2003.