IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-11 ~ Issue-3 ~ March 2017

Abstract: This study examined the evidence of climate change and adaptation strategies among grain farmers in Sokoto state. The paper focused at finding out the farmers' knowledge of climate change and adaptation strategies. Rainfall and temperature data for 30 years were sourced from the Sokoto Rima Basin Development Authority's Rainfall Reading Office, Goronyo and Nigerian Metrological Services (NIMET) Oshodi, Lagos and used for this study. Purposeful sampling technique was used in the selection of 385 respondents. Farmers' perception and adaptation strategies to climate change were obtained by means of structured questionnaire administered to the sampled grain farmers...........

KeyWords: Adaptation strategies, Climate Change, Evidence, Grain farmers and Sokoto state.

[1]. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry, Martin L., Canziani, Osvaldo F., Palutikof, Jean P.,Vander Linden, Paul J., and Hanson, Clair E. (eds.)) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K (2007).
[2]. P Odjugo, P. and A Ikhuoria,The impacts of climate change and anthropogenic factors on desertification in the semi-arid region of Nigeria, Global Journal of Environmental Science, 2(2),2003, 118-126
[3]. IPCC, The report of working group II of the intergovernmental panel on climate change survey for policymakers. IPCC, 2001, 879 – 884
[4]. W.J. Maunder, Dictionary of global climate change (2ndedn) (Chapman and Hall publishers: New York, 1994).
[5]. J.O. Ayoade, Introduction to agroclimatology (Ibadan: Vantage Publishers, 2003). (201)

Abstract: Many Processes have been adapted to analysis SAR data among which target decomposition method have been adopted and cited by many people in their own way .Target decomposition theorems help to determine the various scattering mechanisms involved by expressing average scattering matrix as a sum of independent matrices, each associated with an elementary scattering mechanism. It is also possible to determine the dominant scattering mechanism using target decomposition theorems. Huynen was the first to formalize target decomposition theorems, which have the roots in the work of Chandrashekhar on light scattering by small anisotropic particles...........

KeyWords: Polarimetry, Scattering mechanisms, Target decomposition.

[1]. Sen. John and Pottier Eric, Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Application,5-7.
[2]. Cloude Robert Shane and Pottier Eric, A review of target decomposition theorems in Radar polarimetry,IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,34,2,1996
[3]. A.Farina,Introduction to Radar Signal & Data Processing: The Opportunity,NATO,063bis
[4]. European Space agency,ASAR User Guide,Glossary.
[5]. Burkholder.R. J etal.Comparision of Monostatic and Biastatic Radar Images.

Abstract: The main objective of the present paper were to exploit the process for the removal of color present in the synthetic wastewater and textile wastewater. This paper present the experimental results obtained on the removal of color using swarf as bed media. It also signifies the effect of flow rate and pH on the removal of color by column study. The present study mainly focused on the removal of color by column study by addition of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. Finally comparison of both the column study conducted for synthetic and textile wastewater has been made to know the removal efficiency of the color from the wastewater..........

KeyWords: Removal of color, Column study, Swarf as bed media, Synthetic and textile wastewater, Fenton process.

[1]. Nilesh P. Tantak, Sanjeev Chaudhari., 2006. Degradation of azo dyes by sequential Fenton's oxidation and aerobic biological treatment. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 698-705.
[2]. Abo-Farha S. A., 2010. Comparative Study of Oxidation of Some Azo Dyes by Different
[3]. Advanced Oxidation Processes: Fenton, Fenton-Like, Photo-Fenton and Photo-Fenton-Like. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, Journal of American Science, 6(10).
[4]. Mohey El-Dein, Libra J. A and Wiesmann U., 2001. Kinetics of decolourization and mineralization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by hydrogen peroxide and UV light. Institute for Verfahrens technique, Technical University Berlin, Germany, Water Science and Technology Vol 44, No 5, 295–301.
[5]. Adel Al-Kdasi, Azni Idris, Katayon Saed and Chuah Teong Guan., 2004. Treatment Of Textile Wastewater By Advanced Oxidation Processes – A Review. Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Vol 6, No 3, 222-230..

Abstract: Sugarcane production is important to the economic development of Kaduna State. It has contributed greatly in creating employment and serving as sources of income to farmers and the government. However, like other parts of the world, sugarcane production in Kaduna state is greatly affected by climate change. This paper therefore focused on the perception, challenges and response by sugarcane farmers to climate change in Lere Local Government Area of Kaduna State. A total of 200 farmers were randomly sampled and administered questionnaire in the Local Government Area............

KeyWords: Adaptation strategies, challenges, climate change, perception, sugarcane farmers

[1]. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry, Martin L., Canziani, Osvaldo F., Palutikof, Jean P.,Vander Linden, Paul J., and Hanson, Clair E. (eds.)) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K (2007).
[2]. IPCC, The report of working group II of the intergovernmental panel on climate change survey for policymakers. IPCC, 2001, 879 – 884
[3]. B Smit and M Skinner, Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: a typology. mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, African Journal of Agriculture and Resource Economics, 3(5), 2002, 78-82.
[4]. UNEP, Handbook on methods for climate impact assessment and adaptation strategies (Amsterdam, Netherlands, United Nations Environment Programme, Institute for Environmental Studies, 1998), 359.
[5]. T Deressa, R. M Hassan and C. Ringler, Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia, Journal of Agricultural Science, 149, 2011, 23-31.

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are considered to be environmental pollutants toxic to human health system. Phenanthrene and naphthalene are the commonly found PAHs in the environment which in large amounts are carcinogenic and hence potentially harmful. In the present study, soil samples obtained from niche areas rich in petroleum waste were used to isolate PAH degrading microorganisms. Using the preliminary screening process, 8 isolates out of a total of 25 isolates were selected, out of which 6 showed a high rate of degradation of Phenanthrene and Naphthalene.............

KeyWords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degraders, Phenanthrene, Naphthalene, Environment pollutants, PAH analysis, Bacterial PAH degradation.

[1] Arnow. L. E. Colorimetric determination of the components of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine tyrosine mixtures. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 118, 1937, 531-537.
[2] Debajyoti G., Joydeep C., Pratick K. and Tapan K. D. Degradation of phenanthrene via meta –cleavage of 2-hydroxy 1-naphthoic acid by Ochrobactrum sp.strain PWTJD. FEMS Microbiology Letter. 313, 2010, 103–110.
[3] Dhananjayan V. and Muralidharan S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Various Species of Fishes from Mumbai Harbour, India and Their Dietary Intake Concentration to Human. International Journal of Oceanography.2012. 1-6.
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[5] Franklin F.C., Bagdasarian M. and Timmis K.N. Molecular and functional analysis of the TOL plasmid pWWO from Pseudomonas putida and cloning of genes for the entire regulated aromatic ring Meta cleavage pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.78, 1981, 7458–7462.

Abstract: Contamination of soils with heavy metals is of environmental concern because accumulated metals may results in loss of ecosystem and agricultural productivity, diminished food chain quality, tainted water resources, economic loss, human and animal illness. Fixation treatment based on reduction of metals mobility and bioavailability could weaken the detrimental impacts on the environment. This study examine the utility of two natural wastes materials - rubber sludge (RS) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) – towards immobilization of heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr, & Cd) in soil using plant uptake as indicator............

KeyWords: Bioavailability, contaminated soil, heavy metals, in situ immobilization, organic wastes amendments, uptake level,

[1]. G. Guo, Q. Zhou, and L.Q. Ma, Availability and assessment of fixing additives for in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: a review. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 116, 2006, 513-528.
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[3]. M.J. Khan, M.T. Azeem, M.T. Jan, and S. Perveen, Effect of amendments on chemical immobilization of heavy metals in sugar mill contaminated soils, Soil Environ. 31(1), 2012, 55-66.
[4]. Y.P. Kaira and D.G. Maynard, Methods manual for forest soil and plant analysis. For. Can., Northwest Reg., North For. Cent.,(Edmonton, Alberta Canada, 1991) Inf. Rep. Nor. X-319, 17-108
[5]. ICARDA, Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis, International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, (Beirut, Lebanon, 3013) 26-157.

Abstract: In the present study, a comparative investigation between the quality of spearmint leaves and infusion was performed and antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria. Samples (300) represented loose, packed and fresh leaves in addition to their infusions were examined for the microbiological profile and quantitative analyzed for total aflatoxin. Antibacterial activity of spearmint essential oil was determined by disk diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria. Also, moisture content was evaluated. Considering the results obtained, the moisture content was determined as 85, 8.45 and 7.37% in fresh, loose and packed leaves, respectively. Overall, levels of microbial loads were generally exceeded............

KeyWords: Spearmint, Microbiology, Aflatoxins, Antibacterial activity.

[1]. Abd El-Aty, A.M.; Choi, J.H.; Rahman, M.; Kim, S.W.; Tosun, A. and Shim, J.H. (2014): Residues and contaminants in tea and tea infusions: a review. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(11): 1794–1804.
[2]. Al-Sohaibani, S.; Murugan, K.; Lakshimi, G. and Anandraj, K. (2011): Xerophilic aflatoxigenic black tea fungi and their inhibition by Elettaria cardamomum and Syzygium aromaticum extracts. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 18: 387–394.
[3]. AOAC (2006): Official method of analysis of association of official analytical chemist international. In: Horwitz, W., 18th ed. AOAC Press, Arlington, VA, USA, No. 934-01.
[4]. Balakrihnan, A. (2015): Therapeutic uses of peppermint – A review. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res., 7(7): 474-476.
[5]. Chotchoungchatchai, S.; Saralamp, P.; Jenjittikul, T.; Pornsiripongse, S. and Prathanturarug, S. (2012): Medicinal plants used with Thai Traditional Medicine in modern healthcare services: a case study in Kabchoeng Hospital, Surin Province, Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol., 7;141(1):193-205.

Abstract: Pomegranates have health-promoting benefits because of their polyphenol constituents. The aim of this study was the description of some quality characteristics of five commercial pomegranate-based juices. Specifically the total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the DPPH method respectively as well as the antibacterial activity of the juices against pathogens e.g. E. coli, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes.............

KeyWords: Pomegranate-based juice, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial capacity

[1] Morton, J.F. Fruits of warm climates. (J.F. Morton Publ., Miami, FL. 1987)
[2] Holland D., Hatib K., and Bar-Ya'akov, I. in Horticultural Reviews (Vol. 35), J. Janick Editor, (John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2009) p. 134.
[3] Opara L.U., Al-Ani M.R. and Al-Shuaibi Y.S., (2009). Physico-chemical properties, vitamin C content, and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2, 315-321.
[4] Mousavinejad G., Eman-Djomeh Z., Rezaei K. and Khodaparast M.H.H. (2009). Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and their effects on antioxidant activity in pomegranate juices of eight Iranian cultivars. Food Chemistry, 115, 1274-1278.
[5] Vazquez-Araujo L., Koppel K., Chambers E., Adhikari, K and Carbonell-Barrachina A.A. (2010). Instrumental and sensory aroma profile ofpomegranate juices from the USA: difference between fresh and commercial juice. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 26, 129-138.

Abstract: Climate distribution of Nigeria comprehend several vegetation belt as you move northward from the coast, northern region of Nigeria were predominantlyagrarianbyoccupation due to their geographical location having two distinct seasons of wet and dry season. Recently there has been a global debate on climate change and its possible consequences around the world, the effects may varied based on the adaptive capacity of every region on earth, but most studies indicate thepossible consequenceseffecton crop production particularly in sub-Saharan Africa which Nigeria is included. This study was conducted to understand the level of farmers'awarenesstowards climate change in the region of northern Nigeria and how theyperceived climate change would affect their occupation.

KeyWords: Climate change, northern region, occupation, season, farmers', northern Nigeria

[1] Kløve, B., Ala-Aho, P., Bertrand, G., Gurdak, J. J., Kupfersberger, H., Kværner, J &Uvo, C. B. (2014). Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 518, 250-266.

[2] Nistor, MargaritMircea. (2017). Climate Change Impact on Glaciers Retreat in Passage Canal Fjord, Alaska. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 12(1), 259-267.

[3] Bachu, S& Adams, J. J. (2003). Sequestration of CO 2 in geological media in response to climate change: capacity of deep saline aquifers to sequester CO 2 in solution. Energy Conversion and management, 44(20), 3151-3175.

[4] Prăvălie, R., Sirodoev, I., Patriche, C. V., Bandoc, G&Peptenatu, D. (2014). The analysis of the relationship between climatic water deficit and corn agricultural productivity in the Dobrogea plateau. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 9(4), 201-214.

[5] Roco, L., Engler, A., Bravo-Ureta, B. E &Jara-Rojas, R. (2015). Farmers' perception of climate change in mediterranean Chile. Regional Environmental Change, 15(5), 867-879.

Abstract: Macrobenthos always play a significant role in the food web of any coastal environment. It also uses as a good aquatic ecosystem health module indicators. The abundance and distributions of macrobenthos in Rezukhal, Cox's Bazar were conducted in relation to hydrological parameters. Samples were collected monthly during June-2015 to May-2016 from three separate stations use different scientific instruments at Rezukhal estuary. A total of 7662 individuals of macrobenthos were counted in total of III stations. Macrobenthos were comprised of six major groups namely Polychaeta (52.22-91.57%), crustacean (3.79-8.09%), Bivalvia (1.05- 2.27%), Nemertia (0.79-1.60%), Sipuncula(0-8.55%) and Gastropoda (1.36-31.92%). Total number of macrobenthos was higher at station I (4197 individuals m-2) and lower at station II (1186 individuals m-2) among three stations. The study revealed that highest no.........

KeyWords: Mcarobenthos, Abundance, Distributions, Hydrology, Rezukhal, Cox's Bazar.

[1]. Reis, D.J., 1960. The use of marine invertebrates as indicators of water quality. In: Pearson, E.A. (ed.) Procedings of the first
international conference on waste disposal in the marine environment. Pergamo Press, New Yprk, 92-103 pp.
[2]. Reis, D.J., 1967. Relationship of polychaetes to varying dissolved osygen concentrations. In: Marota, J.P., Josa, R. (ed.)
Proceedings of the third international conference on water pollution research. Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington,
D.C., 199-216pp.
[3]. Heilskov, A.C and Holmer, M., 2001. Effects of benthic fauna on organic matter mineralization in fish-farm sediments: importance
of size and abundance. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58:427-434.
[4]. Blanchet, H., Lavesque, N., Ruellet, T., Dauvin, J.c., Sauriau, P.G., Desroy, N., Desclaux, C., Leconte, M., Bachelet, G., Janson,
A.-L., Bessineton, C., Duhamel, S., Jourde, J., Mayot, S., Simon, S. and de Montaudouin, X., 2008. Use of biotic indices in semienclosed
coastal ecosystems and transitional waters habitat implications for the implementations of the European Water Framework
Directive. Ecological Indicators, 8(4): 360-372.
[5]. Kang, C.K., Choy, E.J., Paik, S.K., Park, H.J., Lee, K.S. and An, S., 2007. Contributions of primaryorganic matter sources to
macroinvertebrate production in an intertidal saltmarsh (Scirpu striqueter) ecosystem. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 334: 131-
143..

Abstract: Health risk assessment with respect to heavy metals concentration and consumption of fish (Sarotherodon melanotheron) obtained from Azuabie creek was carried out. Five fish samples composited were obtained from fishermen on a monthly basis from January - December 2015. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Ag and Cd) analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery while health risk to consumers was evaluated using Estimated Daily Intake, Target Harzard Quotient, Hazard Index and Target Cancer Risk. Metal concentration in fish tissue were Cu > Pb> Cr > Ni > Ag > Cd with the following mean values 5.59 ± 1.06 mgkg-1, 5.12 ± 1.23 mgkg-1, 2.69 ± 1.44 mgkg-1............

KeyWords: Azuabie creek, Fish, Heavy metals, Health Risk, Niger Delta

[1]. M. Dural, M.Z.L. Goksu and A.A. Ozak,. Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from
the Tuzla Lagoon, 102, 2007, 415-421.
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[3]. M. Javed, and N. Usmani, Accumulation of heavy metals in fishes: a human health concern. Int J Environ Sci 2, 2011, 659–670.
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thriving in Harduaganj Reservoir, Aligarh, India. Global J Med Res, 2012, 12:59–64.
[5]. M. Moslen, and C.A. Miebaka, Temporal Variation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in sp obtained from Azuabie Creek in the
Upper Bonny Estuary, Nigeria, Current Studies in Comparative Education, Science and technology, Vol 3(2) 2016,136-147

[5] Roco, L., Engler, A., Bravo-Ureta, B. E &Jara-Rojas, R. (2015). Farmers' perception of climate change in mediterranean Chile. Regional Environmental Change, 15(5), 867-879.

Abstract: The environmental issues which the world currently faces, due to the great water, air and soil pollution,caused mainly by continuos population growth and consequently by the surge in consumption is increasingly becoming a matter of concern. Industrial activities can largely generate a wide range of hazardous effluents which, in many cases, are not subject to adequate treatment and are discharged to the environment. Such contaminants have therefore become an issue of growing concern, resulting in various studies and the development of processes aiming at quantifying, degrading or even mineralising these pollutants. In this regard, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) represent a promising solution to this issue...........

KeyWords: 4-Chlorophenol. Degradation.Advanced Oxidation Processes.Artificial Neural Networks

[1]. HE, S.; SUN, W.; WANG, J.; CHEN, L.;ZHANG, Y.; YU, J. Enhancement of biodegradability of real textile and dyeing
wastewater by electron be am irradiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v.124, p. 203-207, 2015.
[2]. GARBA, Z. N.; RAHIM, A. A. Evaluation of optimal activated carbon from anagricultural waste for the removal ofparachlorophenol
and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, v.102, p.54-63, 2016.
[3]. SUN, Y.; CHEN, Z.; WU, G.; WU, Q.; ZHANG, F.; NIU, Z.; HU, H. Characteristics of water quality of municipal wastewater
treatment plants in China: implications for resources utilization and management. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 131, p. 1-9,
2016.
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844-865, 2014.
[5]. PENG, Y.; CHEN, J.; LU, S.; HUANG, J.; ZHANG, M.; BUEKENS, A.; LI, X.; YAN, J. Chlorophenols in Municipal Solid Waste
Incineration: A review.Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 292, p. 398-414, 2016.

Abstract: The Human Development Report 2011 explores the relationship between social and environmental sustainability. Specifically, Chapter 2 of the report analyses the links between three components of the Human Development Index (HDI): income, education, health, and the carbon dioxide emissions arising in each country. This section of the report establishes a poor correlation between non-economic components of HDI and carbon emissions, implying that improvements in health and education sectors are not associated with the rise of carbon emissions. This paper deals with contradictions, calculation errors and judgements in data selection on carbon emission data used for the analysis presented in Chapter 2 of the HDR 2011..........

KeyWords: CO2, data manipulation errors, HDI

[1]. Human Development Report 2011, Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All United Nations Development Programme, New York..Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/271/hdr_2011_en_complete.pdf
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[3]. F. Toulon, D. Bouet Fernandez, Industrialization and Economic Policy in Algeria: a Synthesis over half a Century, IPAG Business School Working Paper, 2014-287. Available from: https://www.ipag.fr/wp-content/uploads/recherche/WP/IPAG_WP_2014_287.pdf
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Abstract: TThe Industrial Revolution in 1798, which accompanied with the European colonization, the discovery of oil, and globalization introduced new design guidelines for building facade. As a result, facade design which used to be a cultural issue in traditional architecture based on adaptation to environmental conditions of using local materials loses connection to their contextual surroundings which concentrate on an extensive use of glass which ignore privacy, comfortable thermal conditions that increase energy consumption, and a poor day lighting performance 1. In addition, building façades in the whole world look very similar which do not offer any specific characters responding to country,...........

KeyWords: façade, architectural identity, Contemporary Architecture, globalization, modernity

[1] Abdelsalam T. & Rihan G. M. (2012) "The impact of sustainability trends on housing design identity of Arab cities", Housing and Building National Research Center HBRC Journal, ONLINE: http://ees.elsevier.com/hbrcj
[2] Ekhlassi A. & Rafati A. (2015), "Facade Tectonics in Traditional Houses of Shiraz, Iran, Case Study: Zinat-al-Molk House", Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 7 (14), 37-48, Spring Summer 2015 ISSN: 2008-5079.
[3] AL-SHWANI S.Y.B. (2011), "INFLUENCE OF MODERNITY VERSUS CONTINUITY OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY ON HOUSE FACADE IN ERBIL CITY, IRAQ", PhD Thesis UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA.
[4] Elghazi Y. , Wagdy A., Mohamed S., Hassan A. (2014), " DAYLIGHTING DRIVEN DESIGN: OPTIMIZING KALEIDOCYCLE FACADE FOR HOT ARID CLIMATE", Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference RWTH Aachen University.
[5] Kensek K. & Hansanuwat R. (2011), " Environmental Control Systems for Sustainable Design: A Methodology for Testing, Simulating and Comparing Kinetic Facade Systems", Journal of Creative Sustainable Architecture & Built Environment, CSABE Vol. 1, Novermber, 2011..