IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-10 ~ October 2014

Abstract: An experimental study is performed for understanding the characteristics of leachate from the landfill site and groundwater in the vicinity area of sanitary landfill. Leachate and groundwater samples are collected from Narela- Bawana (New Delhi, India) landfill site. High Concentrations of various physicochemical parameters are observed in collected samples are reported including heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Fe and Zn). The present study deals with the determination of likely concentrations of hazardous contaminants in the groundwater over a period of time due to the discharge of such contaminants from landfill leachates to the nearby soil and finally to groundwater. Results clearly indicated that the likely contamination of groundwater due to leachate released from landfill. Results are further compared with Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water. Presence of contaminants in groundwater particularly near the landfill sites warns its quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply and other uses.

Keywords: Delhi, Groundwater characteristics, Landfill, Leachate characteristics.

[1]. Naveen, A.K. Sharma, P.V. Sivapullaiah, Sitharam, Characteristics of the leachate from MSW landfill, Bangalore, journal of Geosynthetics India, 2013, 23-29.
[2]. Ohwoghere–Asuma, Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Water Qualities Near Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria, Journal of Environment and Earth Science 2013 3(9)
[3]. Bharat J. and Singh S. Groundwater contamination due to Bhalaswa landfill site in New Delhi, International Conference on energy and environment. India, 2009, 2070-3740.
[4]. S. Kanmani, R. Gandhimathi, Investigation of physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal distribution in ground water system around open dump site, Appl Water Sci 2013, 10, 1-13
[5]. Suman Mor, Khaiwal Ravindra, R. P. Dahiya and A. Chandra, Leachate Characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfill site, Waste Manage 2006, 26(4):381–388.

Abstract: In his forward march towards civilization man was accompanied both by environment and Statistics. Since early days man was found to be knowingly accustomed with environment and unknowingly played with Statistics. Thus both Statistics and environment have shared a long history of mutual reciprocation. In modern times these two subjects are independently able to attract academic attention of the scholars throughout the world. But still one may observe an organic relationship between these two disciplines. The present work has made a modest attempt to discuss some basic statistical concepts used in Environmental Science, thereby trying to establish link between the aforementioned subjects.

Keywords: environment, Environmental Science, organic relationship, Statistics

[1]. D.B. Stephenson, Statistical concepts in environmental science, retrieved from http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/cag/courses/Stats/ 2003.
[2]. J. B. Garfield, How students learn statistics, International Statistical Review, 63, 1995, 25-34.
[3]. R. L. Scheaffer, M. Gnanadesikan, A. Watkins and J. Witmer, Activity-Based Statistic, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1996.
[4]. D. S. Moore, New pedagogy and new content: The case of statistics, International Statistical Review, 65, 1997, 123-137.

Abstract: High levels of fluoride in drinking water have adverse health effects, that include dental, skeletal and crippling fluorosis, bone cancer, reduced IQ and increased bone fractures. Reuse of fluoride exhausted bone char as a way of reducing fluoride was investigated to make full utilization of the bone char before its disposal. This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of sodium solutions (NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and Na3PO4) in reactivating fluoride-saturated bone char to be reused in the removal of fluoride from water with a view to finding a solution to the problem of excessive fluoride in drinking water. Determine the effect of temperature on regeneration process.Samples of 40 g each were packed in different columns, to it, 50 ml of Na solutions of different concentrations of 1, 2,and 4 % was added and samples taken at different duration of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours and fluoride analysed using fluoride meter. Data wasanalysed using M-Stat software.NaOH solution had the highest fluoridereleased of 130.55-186.14 ppm while the lowest was NaHCO3 with 4.35-6.03 ppm of fluoride removed from fluoride saturated. Increase in temperature during regeneration increased the amount of fluoride released from bone char. The study confirmed that NaOH is the most effective for regenerating fluoride saturated bone char and regeneration process is an endothermic reaction.
Keywords: sodium solutions, regeneration, fluorosis, bone char, defluoridation

[1]. Abe, I., Iwasaki, S., Tokimoto, T., Kawasaki, N., Nakamura, T and Tanada, S. (2004). Adsorption of fluoride ions onto carbonaceous materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 275: 35–39
[2]. APHA, (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
[3]. Ayoob, S., Gupta, A. K and Venugopal, T. (2008). A conceptual overview on sustainable technologies for the defluoridation of drinking water. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology. 38: 401-470.
[4]. Bailey, H. E. (1972). Effects of water composition on fluoride removal. MSc Thesis. University of Arizona. Pp. 204-61.
[5]. Behrman, A. S., and Gustafson, H. (1938). Removal of Fluoride from Water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Journal. 30: 1011

Abstract: A comparative study of biogas yield from mixed and mono-substrate agricultural wastes was carried out Thirteen (13) substrates as treatments A-M: 100% cowdung (A), com cob (B) aid poultry manure (C); 50/50 (w/w) of A+B (D), A+C (E), and B+C (F), 75/25 (w/w) of A+B (G), A+C (H), and B+C 0); 25/75 (w/w) of A+B (J); A+C (K), B+C (L) and 1:1:1 w/w mixtures of A+B+C treatment M were used. Slurries made by mixing 1 kg of each of these substrates with 3L of water (1:3 ration w/v) were loaded into a 13.6l locally fabricated digester. Three replicates per treatment of these batch-digestion systems were kept 8 week retention period. Initial weight of each digester and its content were taken. Parameters on mean volume of biogas produced, weight and temperature variations were determined weekly. Mean volume of biogas production and weight loss increased with digestion time and were significantly correlated except at the 7th and 8th weeks when there was a decreased in temperature. Treatments Hand B recorded the highest and lowest mean volume of biogas of 621.0ml/kg and 348.7ml/kg respectively at week 6. While single substrates (100% A, B and C) gave a mean cumulative volume of biogas of 1996.7 ml/kg, 2628.2ml/kg, 2238.8ml/kg, 2090.2ml/kg and 2200.7ml/kg were recorded for mixed substrates of 50/50%, 75/25%, 25/75% and 1:1:1 ratios respectively. At the same time the highest temperature of 44.1 ± 0.30C was recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the parameters were significantly different (P<0.05). This technology therefore provide a means of reducing ago waste biomass which could have constituted health hazard as well as environmental pollution. Keywords: Biomass, Biogas, Digesters,

[1]. Adelekan, B.A. and A.I. Bamgboye (2009): Comparison of biogas productivity- of cassava peals mixed in selected ratios with major livestock waste types. Afr. J. Agric. Res. Vol.4(7), PP 571 -577.
[2]. Adewumi, A.A., I.K. Adewumi and V. F. Olaleye (2011): Review: Livestock waste-menace: Fish wealth-solution. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 5(3): 149-154
[3]. Awogbemi, O. and Asaolu, J.I. (2008): Overview of Renewable Energy Situation in Nigeria" Proceedings of 1st National Engineering Conference on Sustainable Energy Development in Nigeria; Challenges and Prospects. Faculty of Engineering. University of Ado-Ekili, Nigeria. 16-25.
[4]. Carere, C.R., Sparling,R, Cicek,N. and Levin, D.B.(2008): Third Generation Biofuels Via Direct Cellulose Fermentation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 9:1342-1360.

Abstract:Clinical waste poses a major threat to human health and the environment if the management practice of this kind of waste is not conducted appropriately. In order to achieve sound management of clinical waste, a clear and scientifically-based definition needs to be established to understand what is meant by clinical waste, what its components are and what comprise the steps in its management. Segregation of clinical waste at the source is the basic step within appropriate management of clinical waste. The aim of this paper is to overview the existing research on the implementation and effectiveness of clinical waste segregation practice in healthcare facilities and it seeks to identify the issues and obstacles which hinder healthcare facilities from carrying out effective practice of clinical waste segregation and management. Several factors were found to act as obstacles such as lack of knowledge and awareness, lack of financial resources and insufficient budget allocation as well as a lack of comprehensive rules, regulations and standards.

Keywords: Clinical waste, Segregation, Obstacle, Implementation, Private Clinics, Malaysia, Developing Countries.

[1]. Hossain, M.S., et al., Clinical solid waste management practices and its impact on human health and environment–A review. Waste management, 2011. 31(4): p. 754-766.
[2]. Coker, A., et al., Medical waste management in Ibadan, Nigeria: obstacles and prospects. Waste management, 2009. 29(2): p. 804-811.
[3]. Sawalem, M., E. Selic, and J.-D. Herbell, Hospital waste management in Libya: A case study. Waste management, 2009. 29(4): p. 1370-1375.
[4]. Prüss, A., E. Giroult, and P. Rushbrook, Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. 1999: World Health Organization.
[5]. Marinković, N., et al., Management of hazardous medical waste in Croatia. Waste management, 2008. 28(6): p. 1049-1056.
[6]. Mathur, V., et al., Knowledge, attitude, and practices about biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel: A cross-sectional study. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 2011. 36(2): p. 143.

Abstract: Textile manufacturing is a major industry. These are then fabricated into cloth. There are many variable processes are available at spinning and fabric forming stages coupled with complexities of finishing and coloration processes to production of wide ranges of products. All the processes generate considerable volume of effluents and hence, forms major source of wastewater containing organic and inorganic substances. Thus, Fenton reagent is an oxidative decomposition and transformation of organic substrates by H2O2 / Fe2+. Fenton reagent is a result of reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous ion (Fe2+) producing hydroxyl radical, and is a strong oxidant capable of oxidizing various organic compounds. This process evaluates oxidation and coagulation, for removal of color and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from textile wastewater containing dyes.

[1]. Perkowski Jan and Kos Lech (2002), "Treatment of textile dyeing wastewater by hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ions. The journal of fibres and textiles in Eastern Europe.
[2]. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater". (2005). 20th ed., American Public Health Association, APHA/AWWA/WPCF, Washington.
[3]. Meric Sureyya, Kaptan Deniz, Olmez Tugba, (2004). Color and COD removal from wastewater containing reactive black 5 using Fenton‟s oxidation process. The journal of Elsevier. Chemosphere 54, 435–441.
[4]. Kang et al., (2002). Pre-oxidation and coagulation of textile wastewater by the Fenton process‟. The journal of Elsevier. Chemosphere 46, 923–928.
[5]. Lin, S.H., Peng, C.F., 1995. A continuous Fenton‟s process for treatment of textile wastewater. Environ. Technol. 16, 693–699.

Abstract: Objectives of the research were to analyze diversities and compositions of Arthropod on wild crops around the farming land of Chrysanthemum indicum and functional status of the Arthropods. The research was conducted at the farming land of Chrysanthemum indicum, in greenhouse and non-greenhouse at Bumiaji Subdistrict, Batu. Observation on Arthropods used sample plots, 1 x 1 m2, by direct observation method on four variations of time. Collecting data was done by counting the whole Arthropods, which visited the plots of the tested-crops. Community structure of the Arthropods is determined using Shannon-Wienner Diversity Index, while Bray-Curtis Similarity Index is used to compare the composition of Arthropods in greenhouse and non-greenhouse.

[1] B.M. Shepard and S.A.R. Braun, Seasonal incidence of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoids on vegetables in Indonesia, International Journal of Pest Management, 44(1), 2010.
[2] K. Untung, Preface of integrated pest management (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2006).
[3] S. Rasminah and F. Rohman, Refugee plants increased generalits predator in tea plantation at Wonosari, Malang-Indonesia, American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 6(1), 2012, 51-54.
[4] D.A. Landis, S.D. Wratten, and G.M. Gurr, Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture, Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 2000, 175-201.
[5] Knauer, Ökologie und landwirschaft, situatiom konflikte (Stutgart: Losungen, 1993).
[6] M.D. Hunter, Landcsape structure, habitat fragmentation, and the ecology of insect, Agricultural and Forests Entomology, 4, 2002, 159-166.

Abstract: Levels of chemical parameters (pH, EC, Na & Ca), Major nutrients (Organic Carbon, Available Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) and Micro nutrients ( Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Boron and Molybdenum) were determined in soil and sediments samples of cultivated lands around the belt of River Krishna across the Bagalkot district, Karnataka state, India. The present study aim was to evaluate some physical and chemical properties, assessment of Organic load, nutrients and their special variation in soil and sediment samples due to heavy irrigation of cultivated lands.

[1]. Hamed Foroghifar, Ali Asghar Jafarzadeh, Hosien Torabi, Naser Aliasgharzad, and Norair Toomanian, "Satial Variability Some Physical and Chemical Proprties Soil surface in Dasht-e-Tabriz Different Landforms" Geophysical Research Abstract Vol. 12, EGU 2011-336-1, 2010. [2]. Anuradha Bhatia, Proceeding of the International Conference on water and Environment (WE-2013), Bhopal, India, 2003;pp 299-309. [3]. Adeyeye, E I. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2005,19,1.

[4]. Shuhaimi – Othman M. "Metal concentration in the sediments and sediment toxicity", Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1(1): 34-41,2008. [5]. Malo, BA. "Partial extraction of metals from aquatic sediments, Environmental Science and Technology; 1977, pp. 277-288.

[6]. WHO (World Health Organization). "Guidelines for dringking water quality" 2nd Ed., vol.2. Health critieria and other supporting information, WHO, Geneva, 1997,pp. 940- 949.

Abstract: Cooking oil as an additive and medium of heat transfer plays a significant role in food preparation. Its attributes of providing food with good taste, colour and aroma gave it general acceptance among consumers. In recent years, huge amount of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated and discharged into the environment in various countries of the world. This study examined empirically the households' awareness, attitudes and practices towards WCO recycling in Petaling District of Selangor State, Malaysia. Information on households' awareness, attitudes and practices regarding WCO reuse, recycling and disposal will give a hint on how to improve WCO management in order to reduce its associated environmental problems.The study was conducted based on 352 households, who were randomly interviewed face-to-face using structured questionnaires from February to June, 2013.

[1]. Cvengroš, J., &Cvengrošová, Z. (2004). Used frying oils and fats and their utilization in the production of methyl esters of higher fatty acids. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27(2), 173-181.
[2]. Azman, A., Shahrul, S. M., Chan, A., Noorhazliza, M. K., & HMS, Q. (2012). Level of knowledge, attitude and practice of night market food outlet operators in Kuala Lumpur regarding the usage of repeatedly heated cooking oil. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 67(1), 91-101.
[3]. Phan, A. N., &Phan, T. M. (2008). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel, 87(17), 3490-3496.
[4]. Castellanelli, C. A., & de Mello, C. I. ANALYZES OF THE USED FRIED OIL UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE AND ITS POSSIBILITIES FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL.
[5]. Chhetri, A. B., Watts, K. C., & Islam, M. R. (2008). Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production. Energies, 1(1), 3-18.
[6]. Kheang, L. S., May, C. Y., Foon, C. S., &Ngan, M. A. (2006). Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 18, 247.

Abstract: Sweet orange fruit peels were dried to constant weight using oven, solar and sun drying methods and then transformed into flour. The orange fruit peel flours from different drying methods were blended with wheat flour in the ratios of 10, 20 and 30 %. The blends were determined for functional and pasting properties. The water and oil absorption capacities of wheat flour/sun dried orange fruit peel flour blends varied from 180 % to 330 %, and 143 % to 150 %, respectively and these values were than those of the other blends. The wheat flour/sun dried orange fruit peel flour blends had lower pasting temperature (88.0 - 88.5 oC) and lower peak time (6 - 6.7 minutes) than those of the other blends.

[1]. FAO, Global food losses and food waste extent, causes and prevention. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome, 2013).
[2]. FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World, Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome, 2014).
[3]. Our Common Food, Postharvest losses and food waste reduction (Ideas competition Switzeland, 2013).
[4]. Elsevier, Advances in food processing, challenge for the future (International Congress, SaoPaulo, Brazilia, November, 2014).
[5]. J. F. Morton, Orange, in fruits of warm climates (Miami, USA Medial Inc., FL, 1987), 134-142.
[6]. S.K.Sathe and D.K Salunkhe, Functional properties of the great Norhern bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L).Proteins, emulsions, foaming, viscosity and gelation properties, Journal of Food Science, 46, 1981, 71-81.

Abstract: Recognition of waste generation trends and composition is a significant phase towards planning, policy making, budget allocation, management and improving the state of solid waste for any particular country. The objective of this paper therefore was to discover the generation of waste by the five divisions of Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) and private sector as a quick fix to guide policy makers to make informed decisions in proper management of waste in Kampala. In this paper, a qualitative method was used mainly observation and a few available documents. The researcher and research assistants recorded every refuse truck that off loaded at Kitezi Sanitary Landfill 24 hours a day for a period of one financial year (from July 2012-June 2013). The aim was to determine the number of tonnes per vehicle since the weigh bridge was nonfunctional. The waste tonnage was determined on the basis of the weigh bridge's archived information and with this information, the total waste produced by each division (daily, weekly and monthly) was quantified. Results indicate that KCCA, a government representative body entrusted to manage Kampala, collects the biggest percentage of waste (64.36%) generated compared to private sector (35.64%), Furthermore, Central Division generates the highest tonnage of waste (64.171 tonnes) per year compared to other Divisions. In conclusion we propose that government allocates funds according to percentage generation of waste and on this basis, KCCA needs to place emphasis on reducing waste generation by encouraging sustainable reuse and recycling as well as addressing key success factors that include expertise, awareness of the public, strengthening partnerships to pool resources and promoting advanced technology.

Key words: Solid waste generation, trends, characterization, management and KCCA performance

[1]. Achankeng, E. (2003). Globalization, urbanization and municipal solid waste management in Africa. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 26th Annual Conference.
[2]. Authority, K. C. C. (20012-2013). Ministrial Policy Statement on Kampala Capital City Authority Government of Uganda, 1, 94.
[3]. Bradshaw, C. J., Sodhi, N. S., PEH, K. S. H., & Brook, B. W. (2007). Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. Global Change Biology, 13(11), 2379-2395.
[4]. Dollery, B., & Akimov, A. (2008). A Critical Comment on the Analysis of Shared Services in the Queensland Local Government Association's Size, Shape and Sustainability Program. Accounting, Accountability & Performance, 14(2), 29.
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