IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2014

Abstract: This study analyzed the adaption measures used by farmers in southsouth Nigeria. One hundred and sixty farmers were chosen for the study through the use of multi stage sampling technique. Interview schedule, structured questionnaire and focused group discussion were used to collect data for the study while descriptive statistics namely; mean, frequency count and percentages were employed to analyze the data. Result shows that 70.6% of the farmers were male, about 50% fall between the ages of 41 and 60 with the mean age as 45years. Majority (80%) of the farmers were married while more than 54% had at least secondary school education. The result also shows that majority (66%) of the farmers earn less than ₦50,000 per month, 83.1% have at least 10years farming experience.

[1]. Adebayo, K. (2006). Dynamics of the Technology Adoption Process in Rural- based Cassava Processing Systems in Southwest Nigeria. International Foundation for Science, Sweden.
[2]. Anyadike, R.N.C. (2009). Climate change and sustainable Development in Nigeria; conceptual and empirical issues. Enugu forum policy paper 10. African Institute for Applied Economics, Nigeria.
[3]. Deressa, T.; Hassan, R.M.; Alemu, T.; Yesuf, M. and Ringler, C.(2009). Analyzing the Determinants of Farmers' Choice of Adaptation Methods and Perceptions of Climate Change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper No. 00798. Environment and Production Technology Division, IFPRI, Washington D.C.
[4]. Eboh, E. (2009). Implications of climate change for Economic growth and sustainable Development in Nigeria. Enugu forum policy paper 10. African Institute for applied economics. Nigeria.

Abstract: Karwapani swamp forest is situated near Manak Sidh temple nearby Shimla road and is about 15 Km north of Dehra Dun occupying an area of about 3-4 Sq Km. It forms the typical habitat, where water oozes out at places known as 'Oogals' which form perennial streams. The floristic diversity study revealed that total 60 plant species belonging to 41 families were recorded in the study area. Out of this, 11 tree, 26 shrub and 23 herb species have been recorded respectively. The present status of Karwapani wetland forest states that it is under threat which needs to be investigated and conserved through proper and sustainable management practices.

(Key words: Karwapani wetland, floristic diversity, Oogals)

[1]. Babu, C.R. (1977). Herbaceous Flora of DehraDun. Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
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[4]. Dakshini, K.M.M. (1965). A Study of the Vegetation of Mothronwala Swamp Forest, Dehra Dun, India. Jour.Indian Bot. Soc., 44: 411-428.
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Abstract: Nitrite is an intermediate component of nitrogenous compound and is a naturally occurring inorganic salt found in industrial effluent as a by product of corrosion inhibitors, production of explosives and used extensively in agriculture for crop fertilization. When used at low doses nitrite is toxic. The effect of nitrite on histopathological parameters were evaluated exposing Indian freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala to a sublethal concentration of nitrite (28.31) ppm for different periods from 7th to 35th days. Exposure of fish to nitrite showed changes. During 7th day exposure, in sublethal treatment, the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney exhibited pyknotic and karyohectic nuclei and distrupted luminal surface was observed.

[1]. Abdel-Tawwab, M., M. A.A., Abbass, F.E., 2007A. Growth performance and physiological response of African catfish, Claries gariepinus (B) fed organic selenium prior to the exposure to environmental copper toxicity. Aquaculture 272(1-4), 335-345.
[2]. Das, P.C., Ayyappan, S.Das, B.K., Jena, J.K., 2004. Nitrite toxicity in Indian major carps; sub lethal effect on selected enzymes and biochemical in fingerlings of catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala.comp.Biochem.physiol.C 138,3-10.
[3]. Eddy, F.B., Williams, E.M., 1987. Nitrite and fresh water fish, hem. Ecol.3:1—38.
[4]. Handy, R.D., Poxton, M.G., 1993. Nitrogen pollution in mariculture: toxicity and excretion of nitrogenous compound by marine fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish.3, 205-241.

Abstract: In this investigation we compare the physicochemical properties such as BOD, COD, pH, TDS, and EC of bagru and sanganer textile cluster dyeing effluent with the discharge limit prescribed by rajasthan state pollution control board (RPCB )and we found that some of physio chemical data are exceed from prescribe limit by RPCB, in sanganer cluster condition are very critical rather then bagru, in sangner cluster mainly used synthetic dyes with dye mordants and in bagru mainly natural and vegetables dyes are used with mordants, in dyeing process 20% of dyes are unfixed on fabric and this unfixed dye mix with the effluent which are responsible for higher value of physiochemical properties in these area. data show that effluent loaded with high organic load and other toxic chemicals. Keywords: Textile industry, Textile effluent, Discharge limit, physio chemical properties

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Abstract: Fungal populations are ubiquitous in nature and vary in composition depending on the substrata. Impact of fungal populations on human health conditions depends on type of species-invasive conditions with respect to tissue and association leading to detrimental conditions. A variety of indoor fungi can be noticed in air, on cement walls in case of seepage, submergence during flooding or water logging. Fungal species viz. Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus ,Cladosporium sps may inhabit such wet and effected surfaces, which can affect the cosmetic appearance and also result in allergic reactions.

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Abstract: Ethanol and water extract of Gambia albidum were studied for hepatoprotective activity in rats with carbon tetrachloride(CCL4) induced-liver damage by measuring selected biochemical parameters: aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and total bilirubin.The rats were grouped into two:A1/A2 and A1/B2 of ten rats each.

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Abstract: The goitrogenic effects of commercial mustard seed aws studied when the oil was fed to rabbits.A toatl of 9 rabbits divided into 3 groups of 3 rabbits each was used in the study.Those in group A were given 5ml of the mustard oil per kg body weight 3 times daily,those in group B were given 10ml per kg body weight 3 times daily while those in group C were not given the oil at all and served as control.The mustard seed oil was fed in a total of 4 days.

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Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate some of the nutritional and antioxidant potentials of Oryctes rhinoceros larva. The proximate, vitamin and mineral analyses of the larva (dried) were investigated. The proximate analysis constitutes of fat (35.97%), protein (33.97%), carbohydrate (19.31%) and fibre (2.33%). Some of the vitamins present were vitamin A (3.67 mg/100g), vitamin C (0.49 mg/100g) and vitamin E (0.42 mg/100g) while some of the mineral constituents analysed were iron (3.42 mg/100g), calcium (3.48 mg/100g) and zinc (1.58 mg/100g). This result, suggests that the larva may be a good source of essential nutrients which could go a long way in helping to solve most nutritional related problems and diseases among the population that consume it and could form bases for new food/feed products of considerable nutritive value, in view of its high protein and vitamin A contents.

Key words: Oryctes rhinoceros, Vitamins, Antioxidant, Nutrients, Minerals.

[1]. Ajaiyeoba, E.O., and Fadare, D.A. (2006) Antimicrobial potential of extracts and fractions of the African walnut- Tetracarpidium conophorum. Afric. Jour. of Biotech. 5(22):2322-2325.
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Abstract: The present study was carried out to determination a levels of inorganic compounds contained in the ground water and Reverse Osmosis (RO) water filtration result. The data in groundwater samples was collected from Bekasi, Tangerang and Jakarta in Indonesia. A total of 30 samples were collected and analyzed for the determination of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn) , Cyanide (CN) and Lead (Pb). The results of the study revealed that in groundwater, the average of Cd 0.0058 mg / l , Mn 1.5233 mg / l , Cr 0.0127 mg/l, Pb 0.0060 mg / l, and CN 0.0040 mg / l. The level of RO result were: Cd 0.0027 mg / l, Mn 0.1767 mg / l , Cr 0.0024 mg / l, Pb 0.0021 mg / l, and CN 0.0023 mg / l . It's mean that Cd and Mn in ground water were higher than the values recommended by PAK-EPA and WHO or the standard of Indonesian Ministry of Health. But after filtration Reverse Osmosis (RO) Mn and Cd levels decreased to levels below the standardized value. By comparing of mean in MANOVA and nonparametric MANOVA in α=5%, there are differences in average levels of inorganic substances Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, and CN between before and after RO filtration.
Keywords: Inorganic Compounds, Ground Water, Reserve Osmosis, MANOVA PACS: 07.89.+b, 02.50.Sk.

[1]. Nestle Waters, 5 water functions in human body, http://www.nestle-waters.com/healthy-hydration/water-fonctions-in-human-body#cell (Accessed on 10 April, 2013), 2013.
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[5]. K.E. McCluney and R.C. Date, The effects of hydration on growth of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, Journal of Insect Science, 2008, 8 (32), available online: insectscience.org/8.32

Abstract: A modified and efficient method has been developed for extracting high molecular weight (HMW) DNA free of inhibitors (humic substances) from soil and sediment samples of Jammu and Kashmir region. The method includes precipitation of extracted soil and sediment DNA with 0.5 volumes of 50% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 0.1 volumes of 1M NaCl (sodium chloride) followed by treatment with 2% CaCl2( calcium chloride).The results of this method were compared with the other reported procedures. The method exhibited good yield and significantly improved the quality of DNA with efficient removal of humic substances. The purity of the extracted DNA from soil and sediment samples was validated by restriction analysis and PCR amplification. DNA extracted from different samples could be purified in one hour with 2% CaCl2 treatment resulting in DNA pure enough to be processesed for gene cloning techniques. Standard protocol of [9] was used for the extraction of DNA from brackish waters. This paper presents in detail the method which can be used successfully in overcoming the limitation of most of the reported protocols for soil and sediment DNA extraction and purification.
Keywords: Brackish, CaCl2, HMW, Humic substances, Metagenome, PCR, PEG 8000.

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Abstract: The physico-chemical characteristics of the content in the effluents from sugar mill of Haridwar district have been explored and its impact on the germination and growth patterns of wheat and maize has been studied. Physico-chemical characteristics included color, odour, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, BOD,COD, TSS, TDS, K, P, Na, Ammonia and Chloride concentration. The seeds of Wheat and Maize were incubated with concentration of effluent dilution ranging from control, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. It was found that concentration of 25% and 50% has stimulatory effects on germination rate and further increase in concentration (beyond 50%) showed inhibitory effects on germination percentage and initial growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Maize (Zea mays L.).
Keywords: Effluent, Haridwar, Physico-chemical parameters, Seed Germination.

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Abstract: The use of Double Lid (DL) silos in grain storage lead to one hundred per cent prevention of grains from being infested by weevils or destruction from rodents. The structures are economically viable and cheap in management compared to other forms of food storage that has been in use over the years. The technology of putting up the structures is locally available and easy to assimilate by the beneficiaries. The results of this study indicated that DL silos completely deter any form of grain destruction, it provides security; boost the income of the farmer through reduction of exploitation by grain merchants. The silos can hold large quantity of grains and they do not require use of chemical application at the time of storage. The findings of the study indicated that if farmers can have DL silos, each family can improve their living standards by 40% because the system is 100% better and usable. Exhausting oxygen from the DL silo before sealing and using desiccant material to arrest any possible moisture that may build inside the silo after sealing are the key secrets of keeping the grains clean. Further, constructing the structure under a roof to keep it at normal room temperature minimises building of moisture in the stored grains resulting from high heat from direct sun. The study proved that weevils cannot with stand lack of oxygen in properly sealed silos. Further, farmers can change their lifestyle if they can store their grains in DL Silos.

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Abstract: The Taj Mahal is situated at the banks of Yamuna River in the city of Agra. While the Taj Mahal stands with its heritage and speechless glamour, the city of Agra has been growing with a pack of industries since independence. From leather tanneries, dairy farms to marble goods, it has developed a huge number of industries, which have deliberately added on to the polluted air of the city. Several studies have reported that the white marble of the Taj Mahal is diseased with 'Stone cancer', caused by the presence of harmful NOX, SOX, chromium as well as other heavy metal pollutants present in the air surrounding it. Green vegetation, known to absorb harmful pollutants from the air has been planted around the monument to create a 'Buffer Zone' as a measure to combat the disease. But in the experiments conducted in this study it has been found that 'Anthropogenic Factors' are equally harmful to the trees as it enhances the development of infection in the leaves. The tree Mahogany and Mimusops elangi was found to populate the buffer zone frequently which may be upto 50-55%. Hence the infection prevailing in them was studied and it was found to be Mycosphaerella and Cladosporium, causing leaf spot disease with around 45% infection in case of high SPM content (varying approximately between 60-80%). In an artificial stimulated condition with NOx, the infection increased upto 30%, which indicated the acid tolerance and virulence of the fungal pathogen under the effect of acid vapors from different sources and infection could occur even at a high pH of 5.5-5.9. The niche of acidophilic fungi can substantially be reduced by Blitox treatment as tested by reduction in fungal spore count germination by 80% revealed in slide bioassay. So it may be safely concluded that relatively less important timber producing trees and fungicide dusting can effectively restore the social forest belt around Taj Mahal and thereby protect the monument in the long run.
Keywords: Anthropogenic factors, buffer zone, stone cancer, NOX and SOX, social forestry.

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