IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2014

Abstract: Ampicillin resistant E.coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Proteus, Bacillus, Chromobacterium, Vibrioand Pseudomonas species were isolated from water and soil samples from Kothamangalam area. All of the isolates were multidrug resistant showing resistance against 3 to 9 of the antibiotics tested.Vancomycin resistancewas most common with beta lactam resistance. Klebsiella was the most abundant isolate showing maximum resistance. The presence of ampC in plasmid was determined by PCR amplification with ampC specific primers. It was concluded that all the isolates possessed plasmid mediated ampicillin resistance.
Key Words: Multi-drug resistance, Ampicillin,Klebsiella,ampC gene, plasmid.

[1]. Jacoby GA.AmpC-Lactamases. Clinical microbiology reviews. American Society for Microbiology.Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts :2009, pp. 161–182.
[2]. Davison J. Genetic exchange between bacteria in the environment. Plasmid, 1999 ;42 : 73-91.
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[4]. Davies-Colley,Donninson RJ, Speed DJ, Ross C, Nagels JW. Inactivation of faecal indicators microorganisms in waste stabilisation ponds: Interactions of environmental factors with sunlight. Water Research, 1999; 33: 1220-1230.
[5]. Hussain RA, Wadher BJ, Hatin.Serotyping and transferability of drug resistance in clinical isolates of E. coli. Indian J Path Microbiol,1995; 58:355-377.

Abstract: In this study, we analyzed the above -ground biomass data for 44 trees with diameter ≥10 cm from Inkou Forest Island in Congo. The aim of this research was to estimate the carbon stocks of above-and below-ground biomass in the secondary forest of Lesio-louna (Teke trays in Republic of Congo). The methodology of Allometric equations was used to measure the carbon stock of this natural forest. We were based precisely on the model II which is also called non-destructive method or indirect method of measuring carbon stocks. We used parameters such as the diameter at breast height (DBH) and ρ = 0.05 g cm-3. The research was done with three circular plots each 1256m2, with a distance of 100m between each plot, depending on the topography of the site of installation of these plots. Thus, the three studied plots with 44 trees recorded were in the secondary forest that is Inkou Forest Island site in Lesio-louna area. The results of this study showed that the average carbon stock in 3 plots of the study was 135.976333 t C /ha for above-ground biomass (AGB) and 31.95440763 t C /ha for below-ground biomass (BGB). In this forest ecosystem, the total carbon stock of AGB was more important in this secondary forest compared to the total carbon stock of BGB in this secondary forest with respectively 407.929 t C /ha against 95.8632229 t C /ha. Also, the average carbon stock of Plot2 was higher for above ground biomass (147.404 t C /ha) compared to Plot1 and Plot3. This study shows that the species density is higher in Plot2 (19 species) compared to the Plot1 (14 species) and Plot2 (11 species). This research indicates that, this tropical forest hold large stores of carbon, yet uncertainty remains regarding their quantitative contribution to global carbon cycle.
Keywords: Carbon stock, Secondary forest, aboveground biomass, Inkou Forest Island, Belowground biomass.

[1]. ANAC, Situation Météorologique Nationale, Rapport annuel de l'agence nationale de l'aviation civile. Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ANAC), Unpublished, Pp. 64, Republic of Congo, 2010.
[2]. ANAC, Situation Météorologique Nationale. Rapport annuel de l'agence nationale de l'aviation civile (ANAC). Ministère de transport et de l'aviation civile (Republic of Congo). Unpublished. Brazzaville, Congo. 2013, pp. 82.
[3]. Anonymous, Annual report of Lesio-louna Project (Rapport annuel du projet Lesio-louna). Ministry of sustainable development, Forest Economy and Environment (Ministère de Développement Durable, de l'Economie Forestière et de l'Environnement), The Aspinall foundation, pp.55, Congo, Brazzaville, 2011.'
[4]. V. B. Barnes, et al., ''Forest ecology''. Fourth edition, pp. 774, USA, 1998.
[5]. V. M. Breugel et al., Estimating carbon stock in secondary forests: Decisions and uncertainties associated with allometric biomass models, Elsevier, Forest Ecology and Management, pp. 1648–1657, 2011.

Abstract: The study examined the phenomenon of multi-habitation as a form of housing in the African urban environments using Ogbomosho a pre-colonial city situated in south-western part of Nigeria as a case study. Multi-habitation is a concept describing a social situation within a space. In multi-habitation people negotiate over limited space where extended family occupancy or multi-family occupancy is common. The study also compared multi-habitation in the traditional African culture, how it functions in the African environments settings and why multi-habitation is still functioning in the African Urban Environments, despite the fact that the official attitude is not positive about this living condition.

[1]. Amole, B. Korboe D and Tipple, G. (1993): The family – house in West Africa: A forgotten Resource for Policy Maker? Third World Planning Review 15/4
[2]. ERSO (2008), Export Meeting Stockholm, Pages 21-22.
[3]. Gilbert, A (2000): Housing in third world cities "The critical issues" Geographical AssociationGeography Vol.85, No.2
[4]. Grooves, R. (2004): "Challenges Facing the Provision of Affordable Housing in African cities". Housing Finance International, Vol.18, No.4
[5]. Korboe, D (1992): "Multi-habitation: An Analysis of Residence in a West African City" Open House International Vol.17 No.1
[6]. Marafato, M. (1983): "Nigerian Brazilian Houses", Istituto Italiano dicultura, Lagos.

Abstract: Clarification of the molasses is an important step in the sugar industry. The waste effluent from the lime phospho-floatation method of clarifying molasses is subjected to a feasibility study as feedstock for bacterial production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate P(3-HB) a well known bio- plastic. A chemical analysis of the waste effluent has been done to ascertain the total assimilable carbon content in terms of glucose and sucrose, along with the micronutrients like calcium, phosphates and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

[1]. King, P. P., Industrial view. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 1982, 32, 2-8.
[2]. Braunegg, G., Lefebvre, G. and Genser, K. F., Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable resources. J. Biotechnol., 1998, 65, 127-161.
[3]. Steinbüchel, A. and Hein, S., Biochemical and molecular basis of microbial synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 2001, 71, 81-123.
[4]. Sudesh, K., Abe, H., and Doi, Y., Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates: biological polyesters. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2000, 25, 1503-1555.
[5]. Nonato, R.V., Mantelatto, P.E. and Rossell, C. E. V., Integrated production of biodegradable plastics, sugar and ethanol. Appl.Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2001, 57, 1-5.
[6]. Zhang, H., Obias, V., Gonyer, K. and Dennis, D., Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Sucrose-Utilizing Recombinant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1994, 60, 1198-1205.

Abstract: The potency of soaking in digested or stock jellyfish on germination of wheat (Triticum aestivium) and lentil (Lens culinaris) seeds was studied. Also, the photosynthetic pigments, ultrastructure of leaves and minerals in the produced seedling were estimated. The results revealed that soaking seeds in digested jellyfish solution recorded the highest germination capacity and germination rate in lentil seeds. Also, improves seedlings height, number of leaves and fresh weight of the produced seedlings than those from soaked in stock jellyfish or in water.

[1]. K.Fukushi, K. Yokota and J. Tsujimoto Preliminary study onthe preparation of fertilizer utilizing jellyfish. Ann. Res. Rep., 5, 2003, 308-311.
[2]. K.Fukushi, N.Ishio, J.Tsujimoto, K.Yokota, T.Hamatake, H.Sogabe, K. Toriya and T. Nimomiya Preliminary Study on the Potential usefulness of Jellyfish fertilizer. J. Bullet. Soc. Sea Water Sci., Japan, 58, 2, 2004, 209-217.
[3]. G. H. MahranPlant nutrient and plant hormones In: "Principles of General Phrmacogenosy" Chapter VII, 1972, 69.
[4]. K.Mengel, E.A.Kirk,, H.Kosegarten, T. Appel Principles of plant nutrition2001. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
[5]. H.Marshner. Minerals nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn1995. Academic Press, London UK.

Abstract: This paper evaluates the dominant concepts that characterize stream channels in urban environments and the basis of the explanation which is predicated on the argument that larger flows beget larger channels. The paper uses observation of the Jakara stream channel in Kano metropolis, Nigeria which indicates that although urbanization has a variety of effects on stream channel morphology, other factors such as nature, age and historical evolution in urban development as well as natural factors such as climate, physiography, geology, vegetation and soils are significant in explaining the observed channel in urban areas. The paper therefore argues that many of the relationships advocated between channel form and urbanization probably are the results of combination of many temporal or geomorphic factors or of local conditions and that the relationship between channel morphology and urbanization observed in Jakara channel did not isolate the process or processes that are responsible for the pattern or a trend for all reaches of the channel.

[1]. Arnold, C.L., Gibbons, C.J., (1996). Impervious surface coverage—the emergence of a key environmental indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association 62 (2), 243–258.
[2]. Booth, D. B., J. R. Karr, S. Schauman, C. P. Konrad, S. A.Morley, M. G. Larson, and S. J. Burges. (2004). Reviving urban streams: land use, hydrology, biology, and human behavior. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40:1351–1364.
[3]. Booth, D.B. and P.C. Henshaw, (2001). Rates of Channel Erosion in Small Urban Streams. In: Land Use and Watersheds: Human Influence on Hydrology and Geomorphology in Urban and Forest Areas, M. Wigmosta and S. Burges (eds). AGU Monograph Series, Water Science and Application Volume 2, pp. 17-38. Washington, D.C.
[4]. Booth, D.B.,( 1991). Urbanization and the natural drainage system: impacts, solutions, and prognoses. The Northwest Environmental Journal 7, 93–118.
[5]. Booth, D.B., Jackson, C.R., (1997). Urbanization of aquatic systems: degradation thresholds, storm water detention, and the limits of mitigation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33, 1077–1090.

Abstract: The study discusses the socio-economic characteristics of household heads, types of waste generated and methods of disposal by household heads in Lafia. The study area was divided into three high, medium and low densities in terms of development. This was largely based on the data gathered through administration of questionnaire using systematic sampling methods.

[1]. American public work Association,(1975); Solid Waste Collection practices, Chicago administration services.
[2]. Ogah, A.T. (2002). Community Participation in Solid Waste Management in Lafia, An M.sc thesis submitted to department of geography and Planning, University of Jos.
[3]. Gourlay, K.A. (1992), World of Waste Dilemmas, Industrial Development, Zed books, London.
[4]. Hickman, H. L., (1986). Collection of Residential Solid Waste in Robinson W D (ed). The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide. NY: John Wiley & Son.
[5]. OECD (1976). "Recommendation of the Council on a Comprehensive Waste Management Policy" C. (76) 155 (Final) Paris

Abstract: Cement is a material which maintains durability of building structure and conservation of cultural heritage. Although hundreds and thousands of successful concrete and buildings are annually constructed worldwide, there are large number of concrete structures (including historical monuments), that deteriorates or become unsafe in loading. Hence ,in order to overcome the short comings of conventional sealing agent, materials with self healing capability can be used effectively

[1]. Naucencet, chahal,Anita Rajor&Rafatsiddique "Calcium carbonate precipitation by different Bacterial strains" African journal of Biotechnology , volume.10(42);2001Page :8359 – 8372.
[2]. Anita khanafari, faribaniari khans &AbssAkhavanSepahy "An investigation of Biocement production from Hardwater" Middle-east journal of scientific research volume.7 (6)2011);Page: 1990-9233.
[3]. M.cecilliayappert, Donald B. Dupre"Complexometric Titrations: - competition of complexing Agents in the Determination of water hardness with EDTA" Journal of chemical education, vol3(1) 1997 ;Page: 1421-1422
[4]. Malcolm B. Burbank, Thomas, j.weaver, C.Barbarge, Williams .D & Ronald L.Crawford"Urease activity of ureolylic Bacteria Isolated from six soils in which calcite was precipitated by indigenous Bacteria" Geomicrobiology Journal, Volume. (29), 2012;Page: 389-395
[5]. Williem de muynck, Dieter Debrouwer, Nele De Belie z, willy verstraete "Bacterial carbonate precipitation improves the durability of cementitious material" Cement and concreateresearch,volume.(38) 2008 ; Page: 1005-1014.

Abstract: Five types of vegetables (Green arum leaves, jute leaves, water spinach, bottle gourd, wax gourd and sweet gourd) were collected from four different industrial areas (Nasirabad, Agrabad, Vatiary and Chalkbazar) in Chittagong, Bangladesh and analyzed three types of heavy metals viz. Cu, Pb and Cr by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed the concentration of Cu was within permissible limit for all samples. Cu concentration varied 1.23 to 25.04 mg/kg. Cr concentration exceeds the normal range for leafy vegetables as 4.25 mg/kg for jute leaves (Chalkbazar), 3.21 mg/kg for water spinach (Chalkbazar), 2.96 mg/kg for water spinach (Nasirabad) than non leafy vegetables. Samples from vatiary had the Cr concentration within safe limit. The concentration of Pd found in leafy vegetables was too much high.

[1]. B.C. Sharma, A.K. Mishra, K.G. Bhattacharya, Metal in drinking water in a predominantly rural area, Indian journal of environmental protection, 21(4), 2000, 315-322.
[2]. Q. Yang, Ya. Xu, S. Liu, J.F. He, F. Long, Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in market vegetables in Chongqing, China, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 74, 2011, 1664–1669.
[3]. N. Gupta, D.K. Khan and S.C. Santra, An assessment of heavy metal contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 80, 2008, 115–118.
[4]. M. Sanchez, Cuases and effects of heavy metal pollution (Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2008)
[5]. C.H. Luo, C.H. Liuc , B.Y. Wang , X. Liub , F. LIC, G. Zhangb and X. Lia, Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, south China, Journal of Hazardous Materials,186, 2011, 481–490.

Abstract: In this study laccase mediated decolourization of Amido black, an azo dye was attempted. Laccase was extracted from the solid state fermentation of the white rot fungi Rigidoporus ulmarius on rice bran (50%). The enzyme activity was assayed using guaiacol as substrate and was found to be 0.0145 U/ml. The crude enzyme extract was employed for decolourization experiments. Optimization of the effect of contributing variables; pH, temperature, dye concentration and enzyme volume on decolourization was primarily analysed using OFAT (One Factor At a Time) approach.

[1] M.R. Oveisi, M. Hajimahmoodi, F. Davami, Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Mixtures of Food Colorants. Daru Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 2003, 1–6.
[2] S. Asad, M.A. Amoozegar, A.A. Pourbabaee, M.N. Sarbolouki, S.M.M. Dastgheib, Decolorization of Textile Azo Dyes by Newly Isolated Halophilic and Halotolerant Bacteria. Bioresource Technology, 98(11), 2007, 2082–2088.
[3] Y. Suzuki, T. Yoda, A. Ruhul and W. Sugiura, Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene coding for azoreductase from Bacillus sp. OY1-2 isolated from soil'. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(12), 2001, 9059-9065.
[4] D. Wesenberg, I. Kyriakides, S.N. Agathos, White-Rot Fungi and Their Enzymes for the Treatment of Industrial Dye Effluents. Biotechnology Advances, 22(1-2), 2003, 161-187.
[5] A.B. Dos Santos, F.J. Cervantes, J.B.V. Lier, Review Paper on Current Technologies for Decolourisation of Textile Wastewater: Perspectives for Anaerobic Biotechnology. Bioresource Technology, 98(12), 2007, 2369-2385.

Abstract: Amboseli National Park is regarded as one of the most economically significant parks owing to high tourist visitation and revenue streams. Despite the economic significance of Amboseli National Park, the wildlife dispersal areas outside the park boundaries are shrinking at an alarming rate due to changing land use activities and a growing human population pressure, aggravating human –wildlife conflicts as well as creating unviable ecosystem for wildlife. The park cannot support the current wildlife populations without the dispersal areas offered by the community land. The ecological limitation of the park calls for the management of wildlife resource in the ecosystem to be inclusive and involve the local communities.

[1]. Cernea, M. M. and Schmidt-Soltau, K. (2006), Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement, World Development, Vol. 34 (10), 1808-1830.
[2]. Ntiati, P. (2002), "Group Ranches Subdivision Study in Loitokitok Division of Kajiado District," LUUCID Working Paper 7, Land Use Changes Impacts and Dynamics, (Nairobi ILRI,
[3]. Western, D. and Wright, R.M. (1994), Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, Washington, D.C., Island Press Western.
[4]. Kenya Wildlife Service Strategic Plan 2008 –2012, Nairobi.
[5]. Springer, J.J., Campese, and M. Painter, (2011), Conservation and Human Rights - Key Issues in and Contexts, Scoping Issues for Conservation Initiative on Human Rights, CIFOR and IUCN: Bogor, Indonesia
[6]. Hulme, D. and Murphree, M.: 1999, "Communities, wildlife and the "new conservation" in Africa‟, Journal of International Development 11(2), 277–285.

Abstract: Spatial variability of crop coverage and delineation of cropped area not only assist in yield estimation but also provides information of crop water demand at regional scales. Such activity when accomplished using remote sensing image analysis techniques becomes less cumbersome and time consuming as compared to field survey. Present study was undertaken to delineate the rice cropped area in Haryana using the remote sensing image of 2000. Haryana is located under agro-climatic region VI with more than 70% of the population rely on agriculture for their livelihood.

[1]. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2001, Department of Agriculture, Haryana, P.30.
[2]. Anderson, J. R., E. E. Hardy, J. T. Roach, and R. E.Witmer. 1976. A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964. [3]. Arcidiacono, C. And Porto, S.M.C (2012) Pixel-Based Classification of High-Resolution Satellite Images for Crop-Shelter Coverage Recognition. Acta Horticulturae No.: 937, September 2012. [4]. Choudhury, B.U., Sood, Anil Sood, Ray, S. S., Sharma, P.K. and Panigrahy, S. (2013). Agricultural Area Diversification and Crop Water Demand Analysis: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing Vol.: 41, No.: 1, March 2013, pp. 71-82. [5]. Deekshatulu, B.L and Joseph 2, G (1991). Science of Remote Sensing. Current Science, Vol. 61, Nos. 3 & 4. [6]. Economic Survey of Haryana 2010-2011, Publication No.977, p.26

Abstract: A comparative study of plant nutrient changes between the years 1991 to 2012 in the north-eastern piedmont soils of Anjamkhor Union, Thakurgoan district, Bangladesh was done to determine soil fertility degradation status. Plant nutrient status was compared based on soil analytical data from soil survey program of the Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh. This comparative study results revealed that soil fertility status was higher during the period 1990's. Afterwards, soil fertility status has been changed with time causing fertility decline. Soil acidity, organic matter content and some plant nutrients have been reached beyond their critical levels. Soil organic matter has increased by 1% from the years 1991 to 2012 but present OM status is still low and inadequate (mean 1.62%). During this period, soil acidity has become strongly acidic beyond a critical level causing acidity intrusion (mean pH 4.82). Soil phosphorus has been increased sharply in a very higher level (mean value 78.76 μg/gm).

[1]. Ali, Md. Mohsin, S.M. Saheed, Daisuke Kubota, Tsugiyuki Masunaga & Toshiyuki Wakatsuki, 1997. Soil degradation during the period 1967–1995 in Bangladesh, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 43:4, 879-890.
[2]. Brammer, H. 1996. The Geography of the soils of Bangladesh. The University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[3]. Bray, R. H. and Kurtz, L. T. 1945. Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science 59: 39-45.
[4]. Bridges, E.M. and de Bakker, H. 1997. Soils as an artefact: human impacts on the soil resource. The Land 1, 197–215.
[5]. Hartemink, Alfred E. 2003. Soil fertility decline in the tropics: with case studies on Plantations. CABI Publishing, UK.
[6]. FRG, 2005. Fertilizer Recommendation Guide, 2005. Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council (BARC), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[7]. Jackson, M.L. 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc., Engle wood, Clift, N.J.p 143.

Abstract: Clusterisation is undoubtedly the most economical, organized and self-sustaining driving mechanism for cleaner leather production. The Indian Tannery sector has particularly shown shifting trend from scattered units to clusters in recent decade with complete homogeneity i.e. industries involved only in tannery and allied activities. The paper gives insight into tannery clusters in India, with comparison of cluster characteristics and waste management practices in tannery intensive states.

[1]. SME CLUSTERS IN INDIA Identifying Areas of Intervention for Inclusive Growth, sponsored by Planning Commission Government of India, by Prof. S.R. Hashim, Prof. M.R. Murthy, Dr. SatyakiRoy , ISID, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, April 2010.
[2]. Performance Status of Common Effluent Treatment Plants in India, Central Pollution Control Board, October 2005.
[3]. Central Pollution Control Board. Report on Potential for Adoption of Clean Technologies in SMEs AnIntroduction.IMPACTS/16/2011-12;2012.
[4]. Solid waste management in Leather Industries, S.V.Srinivasan, et.al; Department of Environmental Technology, Central Leather Research Institute.
[5]. The Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, IICCI – Short Market Overviews on the Indian Leather Industry, June 2008.
[6]. Indian Leather Sector Network Report:Sector Overview and SWOT Analysis, Sustainable Industrial Networks and Its applications on Micro. Regional Environmental Planning (SINET)

Abstract: The economy and social well being of the people in the state have remarkable depend on forests and its cover. The relevance of this sector is all the more pronounced in the Wokha area, which has a predominantly agricultural based rural economy. The mainstay of the rural people accounting for nearly 70% of the total state population is on agriculture. Biological resources in the study area hold great promise in terms of potential for providing material needs and environmental services.

Key words: Forest cover, types of forests, Remote sensing and GIS

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[4]. Anon.(2007): Statistical Handbook of Nagaland, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Nagaland, Kohima.
[5]. Anon.( 2002,2009):State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India ,Ministry of Environment & Forests, Kaulagarh Road, Dehran Dun.