IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2014

Abstract: A hazard is a potential condition which either exists or not. It may have an independent existence or exist in combination with other hazards, sometimes called events, and the conditions can lead to an actual functional failure or accident. The way this exactly happens in one particular sequence is called a scenario. Often a system has many potential failure scenarios. A hazard analysis is used as the first step in a process used to assess risk. The result of a hazard analysis is the identification of different type of hazards. It also is assigned a classification, based on the worst case severity of the end condition. Through this project, all the activities happening in the MAHAPE Base of Schlumberger were visualized, thereby making the employees aware of the hazards associated with each activity and proper control measure that can be used in-order to cope up with those hazards.Hazard Analysis and Risk Control listings were made for the whole base which covered around 28 activities such as Electrical works, all Drilling &Measurement activities, etc. and also a draft Resource Management Plan was made. Out of 28 activities, the most severe ones were working at height, hot works like welding and mobile mechanical lifting. If the control measures proposed in the company are not implemented, the risk level is going to be catastrophic. So proper control measures are to be implemented. [The hazards identified in the base were very risky and proper control measures were implemented to reduce the risk to acceptable level.]

Keywords: Mishap, Drilling & Measurement, Resource Management Plan, risk level

[1]. Dynamic capabilities in the upstream oil and gas sector: Managing next generation competition- Amy Shuen, Paul F. Feiler, David J. Teece- May-2014
[2]. Safe use of work equipment. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998. Approved Code of Practice and guidance L22 (Second edition) HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1626 6
[3]. Electricity at work: Safe working practices HSG85 (Second edition) HSE Books 2003 ISBN 0 7176 2164 2
[4]. Schlumberger internal reference document – Environmental management Standard - SLB-QHSE-S008
[5]. A conceptual framework and practical guide for assessing fitness-to-operate in the offshore oil and gas industry - Mark A. Griffina, Melinda R. Hodkiewicza, Jeremy Dunsterb, LisetteKansea,Katharine R. Parkesa,c, DannielleFinnertya, John L. Corderya, Kerrie L. Unsworth- December 2013

Abstract: The law establishing Micro Finance (Community Banks) in Nigeria was signed in 1990, the aim of the Federal Government was to use it as a tool to accelerate cash flow and development within the rural economy. This study focuses on assessment of the performance of community banks on the transformation of the rural economy from where they are located. 10 of the 13 functioning community banks in Nasarawa State, Nigeria were randomly selected with at least three each from the three Senatorial districts to enable us view their functional involvement in rural development issues.500 questionnaires were also administered to the customers of these banks, representing a 10% of the total customers within the rural environment. Results from the study indicated that community banks fared well in the area of special loan schemes, rural customer size, direct rural investments, and rural income generation programmes. Variation also existed in the area of composite scores using Z score analysis and appropriate recommendations are suggested accordingly.

Keywords: Development, cash flow, rural economy, investment, income.

[1]. Adedayo, A.F. (1983) "Spatial dimensions of Rural Development Projects in Kwara State", Prceedings of the 26thAnnual Conference of NGA, Ilorin.
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[3]. Akwa, L. (2010) "Planning Integrated Rural Development in Nigerian Experience", unpublished Seminar Paper, College of Education, Akwanga. Nasarawa state.
[4]. Azi, N. (2009) "Spatial Impacts of Community Banks on Rural Development in Plateau State", Unpublished M.Sc Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Jos, Nigeria.
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Abstract: Lake Manzalah is the most important lake in Egypt as it provides about 30% of domestic fish supply, but is affected by drainage water. Lake Bardawil is the least polluted wetland in Egypt as is considered protected area. So, it is selected as a control lake in the study. Water and fish samples were taken at same time (winter, 2012), from the two lakes. Lake Manzalah water have higher concentration levels (ppm) of studied heavy metals: Chromium, Lead and Cadmium and their levels exceeded the recorded safety limits in the two Egyptians environmental laws; No. 48/1982 and No. 4/1994. Histologicaly, Lake Manzalah fish testes showed a delaying in process of spermatogenesis, disruption of spermatogenic cells and reduction in spermatids. Lake Manzalah fish ovaries affected by heavy metal pollutions as atresia, deformed zona radiata, necrotic oocytes and broken tunica albuginea were presented. Histochemically, testicular and ovarian tissues of Lake Manzalah fish samples showed decrease in total polysaccharide, protein and decreasing in DNA and RNA contents due to severe affection of toxicant heavy metals. The collagen fibers increased in Lake Manzalah testicular samples as intersetial cells collapsed sperm nests. The collagen fiber in ovarian tunica albuginea composition was weak and broken. The present study showed accumulation of toxic heavy metals in Lake Manzalah water which implied their toxic effects on fish gonads and impair their reproduction. We recommended for improving water quality control and periodically environmental monitoring in El-Manzalah lake.

Key words: Heavy metals, pollution, Histology, Histochemical studies, sea bass. Abbreviations: Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd).

[1]. Abd El-Hakim, F.; Azab, M.; Emam, M. and Sherif, Y. (1999). Fishery assessment of Lake Manzalah. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 3: 539-564.
[2]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2004). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicol., 123-130.
[3]. Ahmed, A. and Hussin, M. (2004). Residual levels of some heavy metals in fish flesh and water from El-Manzalah lake, Egypt. J. King Saud Univ. Agric. Sci., 16: 187-196.
[4]. Alne, A. (1998). Studies on the oogenesis of the Nile Mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus isidori. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., 30: 23-38.
[5]. Al-Weher, M. (2008). Levels of Heavy Metal Cd, Cu and Zn in Three Fish Species Collected from the Northern Jordan Valley, Jordan. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.,1:41-46.

Abstract: Water logging significantly affects existing biodiversity in South-western region, which has important implication for lives and livelihoods of the people. Collecting primary data through FGD, key informant interview and questionnaire survey from three water logged villages of two Unions of Dumuria and Keshabpur Upazila of South-western region, the study reaches to the conclusion that duration of water logging and peoples' response to that situation are two important factors that determine the effects of water logging in the study area. Impacts of water logging on biodiversity in the study area are visible in reduced number of birds, livestock, fisheries, as well as restrained growth of plants and vegetations. The study also finds that water logging affects peoples' well being by narrowing down the livelihood options of the people. Water logging squeezes the scope for maintaining household economy by reducing the number of livestock, fisheries, and restraining the growth of vegetation, fruit trees and timber trees.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Household economy, Livelihood options, Water logging, Well being.

[1]. IFI WATCH, The Development Disaster, Water logging in the Southwest region of Bangladesh, International Financial Institutions and Trade Organizations, 3(2), 2006.
[2]. Aftabuzzaman, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts of Coastal Embankment, Paper Presented at the Seminar on Environmental and Policy Aspects of Shrimp Cultivation, Dhaka, 1990, August 28-29.
[3]. Shampa, M. I. M. Pramanik, Tidal River Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestion, International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 1(5), 2012, 1-6.
[4]. E. E. Houk, M. Frasier, E. Schuck, The Regional Effects of Water logging and Soil Salinization on a Rural County in the Arkansas River Basin of Colorado, Paper Presented at the Western Economic Association Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI, 2004, June 30-July 2.
[5]. E. G. Barrett-Lennard, The interaction between water logging and salinity in higher plants: causes, consequences and implications, Plant and Soil, 253, 2003, 35-54.

Abstract: Removal of potassium is carried out by lime loaded rice husk carbon (LRHC). The extent of removal depends on initial concentration of potassium in solution, pH of the solution, carbon dosage, temperature etc. As the concentration of potassium is increased, the removal of potassium is decreased. When the adsorbent dosage is increased from 1 g to 4 g, the removal of potassium from the salt solution is increased. As the pH increased from 3 to 6, the removal of potassium had been decreased. The amount of potassium removed increases from pH 6 to 7. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models indicate the occurrence of adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters show the biosorption is endothermic and non-spontaneous. Kinetics shows the adsorption is first order reaction. IR spectrum indicates the adsorption is physisorption. SEM and EDX studies show the adsorption of potassium on the carbon.

Key words: Biosorption, Potassium, Kinetics, Rice husk, Sorption isotherm

[1]. Y.S.Yun, D.Park , J.M.Park and B.Volesky , Biosorption of trivalent chromium on the brown seaweed biomass, Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2001, 4353-4358.
[2]. H.A.Hegazi, Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural and industrial wastes as adsorbents, Housing and Building National Research Center, 9, 2013, 276-282.
[3]. S.Naeem, U.Zafar, A.Altaf and A.Inayat, Adsorption studies of Cr(VI) on rice husk ash, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 31(3), 2009, 379-382.
[4]. M.S.Salman, Removal of sulfate from wastewater by activated carbon, Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 5(3), 2009, 72-76.
[5]. O.A.Wahab, A.E.Nemr, A.E.Sikaily and A.Khaled, Use of rice husk for adsorption of direct dyes from aqueous solution: A case study of Direct F. Scarlet, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 31(1), 2005, 1-11..

Abstract: Pot culture experiments were done to process poultry waste mixed with bedding materials (Eichhornia crassipes and cow dung) in the ratio of 1:1:2, 1:2:1 and 2:1:1 using earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Totally there were three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) with three replicates for each. The raw poultry waste, predigested poultry waste and vermicompost were separately subjected to chemical nutrients composition analysis. The vermicompost had increased levels of total N, P, K and Ca when compared to raw poultry waste and pre-digested poultry waste. The results of the present study suggest that the vermicomposted poultry waste with Eichhornia crassipes and cow dung at 2:1:1 proportion can very well be used as organic manure.

Keywords: Earthworm, Poultry waste, Eichhornia crassipes, Vermicompost, Biomass.

[1] S.A. Abbasi, and E.V. Ramaswamy, In: Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control, Orient Longman (Universities press India Ltd, Hyderabad, 1999).

[2] N. Kannadasan, Nirmala Natarajan, N. Anbusaravanan, P. Sekar, and R. Krishnamoorthy, Assessment of sustainable vermiconversion of water hyacinth by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 5 (2), 2013, 451-454 .

[3] K. E. Lee, Some trends opportunities in earthworm research or: Darwin's children. The future of our discipline, J. Soil Biol. Biochem., 24 (12), 1992, 1765–1771.

[4] K. Parthasarathi, M. Balamurugan, and L.S. Ranganathan, Influence of vermicompost on the physic-chemical and biological properties in different types of soil along with yield and quality of the pulse crop-blackgram. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 5 (1), 2008, 51-58.

[5] A. Walkley, and I.A. Black, An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and prepared modification of the chronic acid titration method. J. Soil Science, 4, 1934, 29-38.

Abstract: Kano is one of the oldest settlements in Nigeria. Its growth in the past had been based on the utilisation of its natural resources and, in modern times, it still maintains its high population due to impressive infrastructural facilities, and the sustained stable market it provides for both manufactured and semi-processed goods. But, the recent upsurge in the threat of Boko Haram in the Northern part of the country has had a major impact on the economy of Kano metropolis. The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of this crisis on the rental and market value of properties when compared to previous years. In attaining this aim, questionnaires were administered to all the estate surveying and valuation firms which are about 35 in number. Out of the 35 questionnaires that were distributed, only 27 were retrieved. Interviews were also conducted with 107 property owners. These property owners were randomly selected from the various estate firms' management portfolio. It was found out that the rental value of properties had fallen due to mass movement of people from this region to other safe areas. It was also established by these property owners that most of the properties affected are residential and are in areas like Ring road, Hotoro, Tokarawa, Naibawa, Selleri quarters, Gwarzo road, Farm centre, Sharada, Unguwar Uku. Presently, the indications are that properties are losing their values in Kano State. It is recommended that government should beef–up security in this area so as to give property owners the confidence to remain and continue to invest in property development.

Keywords: rental value, property market, property owner, Kano

[1]. Adeyemi, L.O., (2006). Ethno-Religious Conflicts and the Travails of National Intergration in Nigeria‟s Fourth Republic.DAWODU.COM
[2]. Aliyu. A.A (2012). The Impact of Intangible Location Attributes of Residential property value in Nigeria. A ph.D Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for award of Doctor of philosophy. pp 16.
[3]. Anas. A. (2002). Residential location markets and urban transportation: Economy Theory, Econometrics and public policy Analysis: Newyork Academic Press.
[4]. Auty, R.M (2007), Rent Cycling Theory: The Resource Curse and Development Policy:
[5]. Published in Developing Alternatives; 11(1)2007,7-13.

Abstract: The present study was to evaluate the toxicity of copper in the blood cells of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio. Ingestion of copper compounds cause anemia and other blood cell abnormalities, may produce systemic toxic effects to the kidney and liver and central nervous system excitation followed by depression. Causes respiratory tract irritation with possible burns. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated eye contact may cause conjunctivitis. Table 2 and Fig.1 Reveal the changes in red blood cell count of the blood of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of copper exposed for 35 days. The RBC count was decreased throughout the study period when compared to the control showing a minimum percent decrease of -2.22 at the end of 7th day and a maximum percent decrease of 18.36 at the end of 35th day. Decrease in RBC count in copper exposed for 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days, the percent observed was -2.22, -6.52, -10.63, -14.58, -18.36. Changes in the leucocyte count of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of copper for 35 days were presented in Table 3 and Fig 2. During the above exposure period WBC count was decreased throughout the study period showing a percent decrease of -48.51, -53.09, -67.63, -70.43, -74.82 at the end of 7th, 14th , 21st, 28th,and 35th, days respectively. However, WBC count was declined showing a minimum percent decrease of -48.51 at the end of the 7th, day and maximum percent decrease -74.82 at the end of 35th day. Table 4. and Fig 3. Represent the data on changes in the hemoglobin content of the fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of copper for 35 days. The hemoglobin content in the copper exposed fish was found to be decreased when compared to the control showing the percent decrease of -15.64, -26.59, -25.60, -23.36, -11.73 for 7,14,21,28,35 days. However, this results shows a minimum percent decrease at 35th day, showing a percent decrease of -11.73 and a maximum percent decrease at 14th day showing a percent decrease of -26.59 in copper exposed fish.

Keywords: Cyprinus carpio, Copper, Hematological parameters

[1]. Livingstone, D., R. (2003): Oxidative stress in aquatic organ- ism in relation to pollution and agriculture. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 154,427– 430.
[2]. Luoma, S., N., Rainbow, P., S. (2008a): Sources and cycles of trace matals. In: Metal Contamination in Aquatic En- vironments: Science and Lateral Management. Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge. 47-66.
[3]. Jezierska, B., Witeska, M. (2001): Summary of metal-in- duced disturbances in fish organisms. In: Metal Toxic- ity to Fish. Wydawnictvo Akademii Podlaskei, Siedlce. 214–243.
[4]. Kamunde, C., Clayton, C., Wood, C.,M. (2002): Waterborne vs. dietary copper uptake in rainbow trout and the effects of previous waterborne copper exposure.American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integra- tive and Comparative Physiology 283, R69–R78.

Abstract: The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers leads to various types of pollutions. Now there is urgent need to use biofertilizer for sustainable agricultural development. In present paper the study was made to see the manurial value of sludge and digester effluent. This is mainly used as a biofertilizer. The chemical analysis of digester effluent and sludge produced after biomethanation were done by using standard methods. The waste generated during biogas production shows N, P, K amount 0.363, 0.41, and 16.87% in effluent and 0.56,0,01 and 0,687% in sludge. Micronutrients were also reported in considerable amount. Effluent and sludge has good manurial value and it can effectively supplement other fertilizers. There was 71% BOD and 74% COD reduction in effluent and sludge, which helps in reduction of the pollution potential of wastes.

Key words: Biomethanation, pollution, manurial value, biofertilizer

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Abstract: The organophosphorus pesticide Phenthoate is one of the most widely used insecticide in agriculture sector to control the varieties of pests and ectoparasites. The acute toxicity bioassay tests were conducted at various concentrations ranging from 0.4 and 4.0 mg/l with an interval of 0.4 mg/l on Indian major carp Labeo rohita for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The acute toxicity values were determined as 3.0, 2.6, 2.3 and 2.1 mg/l under laboratory conditions respectively. These LC50 values showed that the chemical is highly toxic to the fish. Then the fish were exposed to sub lethal concentrations (1/10th of 96 h LC50) for 1, 4 and 8 days and studied the significant changes in total proteins and glycogen levels of the fresh wet tissues. The total protein content reduced in various tissues like Liver, muscle, kidney, brain, gill and gut by the percentage of 22.46%,17.91%,12.39%, 8.66%, 8.36% and 8.16 % and glycogen content depletion in the order of kidney, liver, muscle, gill, gut and brain tissues by 57.92%, 49.11%, 48.75%, 34.88%, 32.00% and 28.81% respectively when compared to control group. It was noticed that Phenthoate resulted in the gradual decrease of glycogen and protein levels in the vital organs of fish L. rohita, which led increase in the mortality rate.

Keywords: Behavioural alterations, Glycogen, Labeo rohita, Pesticide, Protein

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Abstract: Background: Simultaneous ozone layer depletion, global warming resulting in solar keratoses, skin neoplasms, increased prevalence of infectious diseases and rising environmental estrogen documented as pollutant led to this analysis. Aims: New age practice of contraception, abortions, its probable association with increase in infectious diseases, ozone layer depletion, rising environmental estrogen is sought after. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the prevalence of actinic keratoses, skin tumors, cancers from 2006-2013 with the data of 79 patients was undertaken; analysis of prevalence of viral fungal, rickettsial, bacterial infections, drug resistance, and its association with contraception achievement from 1970-2013 was also undertaken.

Key Words: Live humans; aborted blood pollution; contraceptive menstrual blood pollution; eco balanced cycle; global hypoxia.

[1]. R.Marks: Keratoses; Roxburgh`s Common Skin diseases; 17th edition; 2003; page-207
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[3]. R.Marks: Sunscreens, sebum; Roxburgh`s Common skin diseases; 17th edition; 2003;-pages-9,15,30
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Abstract: A research to investigate the bacteriology of four selected fried ready-to-eat food types (Yam, Potato, Akara and Plantain) sold freely and openly in various zones in Enugu metropolis between May and September, 2011 was carried out. Of the 160 samples examined, 151(94.4%) were contaminated by various bacterial agents. Of the 151 contaminated, 91(60.3%) were sampled in the morning, while 60(39.7%) were sampled in the evening, and the difference between the total number of isolates in the 2 periods was statistically significant (P<0.05). Of the 151 positive samples, 47(31.1%) were bought from the covered source (show cases) while 104 (68.9%) were purchased from uncovered source, which difference was also statistically significant (P<0.05). Of the 151 positive samples, Diphtheroids contaminated the highest number of samples with 41(27.2%), followed by Bacillus subtilis 31(21.0%), Streptococcus feacalis and Klebsiella aerogenes were the least with 2(1.3%) each. Of the 151 positive samples, 135(89.4%) were contaminated by Gram positive organisms while 16(10.6%) were Gram negative, and the difference was also statistically significant (P<0.05). Mean bacterial count of the bacterial isolates showed that fried yams had the highest count of 2.8x102 with a contamination rate of 40(100%) while fried plantain had the lowest mean count of 1.0x102 with a contamination rate of 40(100%), statistically, there was significant difference in the bacterial counts of the different food types (P<0.05). Generally, a total of 7 bacterial genera were encountered, and there was statistically no significant difference in generic distribution according to food types (P>0.05). These findings suggest that the consumption of commercially prepared fried ready-to-eat foods sold in Enugu may have some public health implications. A controlled study involving more types of ready-to-eat foods from more areas over a longer period of time is hereby advocated in order to institute a regulatory measure. Standardization regimen is also recommended for the welfare of ever increasing consumers.

Keywords: Bacteriology, Fried foods, gram positive, gram negative and contamination rate

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