IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2014

Abstract: The natural radioactivity due to uranium, Thorium and potassium in soil contributes to the radiation dose received by human beings significantly. Gamma ray spectrometric measurements carried out for the natural radioactivity levels due to 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in beach sand samples around the coast of Kanyakumari district were analyzed. For assessing the environmental radiological impact to public it is essential to evaluate the activity levels of these radionuclides. The absorbed dose rate due to natural radionuclides was also calculated and the results are reported in this paper. The total annual effective dose of the study area founds to vary between 0.94 mSv to 2.23 mSv. This study provides a baseline data of radioactivity background levels in the coastal regions of Kanyakumari district from Muttom to Midalam and will be useful to assess any changes in the radioactive background levels.

Key words: Natural radioactivity, radionuclides, dose

[1] UNSCEAR, 2000. United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR),Sources Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York, USA.
[2] Iyengar, M.A.R., and Kannan, V., 1994. Natural Radiation aspects in the high background areas at Kalpakkam, Proc. 3rd National Symposium on Environment, Thiruvananthapuram, March, 1994, pp. 48-55.
[3] Lakshmi, K.S., Selvasekarpandian, S., Kanna,D. and Meenakshisundaram, V., 2005. Primordial radionuclides concentrations in the beach sands of east coast region of Tamil Nadu, India. International Congress Series, vol.1276, 323-324.
[4] Mohanty, A.K., Sengupta, D., Das, S.K., Saha, S.K., and Vijayan, K.V.,2004. Natural radioactivity and radiation exposure in the high background area at Chhatrapur beach placer deposit of Orissa, India. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 75, 15-33.
[5] Ramasamy, V.,Senthil,S.,Meenakshisundaram and Gajendran, V., 2009. Measurement of natural radioactivity in beach sediments collected from north east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Research Journal of Applied Scie., Eng. And Technology, 1(2) 54-58.

Abstract: The study assessed the effects of social exclusion on agricultural activities of rural women in Ahoda agricultural zone of River State. Data was collected with the use of structured questionnaire from randomly selected 80 registered women and was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools namely frequency distribution, percentages and mean. Result shows that 56% fall between the age brackets of 41-50, 94% were married, 55.3% spent at most 6 years in school, 15.5% earn above ₦50,000 on a monthly basis, 47.4% have more than 10years farming experience while 58% maintained household size of 1-5persons. Majority (92.4%) of the women were farmers, have more than 2 hectres of lands(66.3%) and employ mixed farming activity(45.0%). The major aim of production was for both sales and consumption (61.4%). Lack of access to major agricultural assets (90.0%), extension services (81.2%) and information source (81.2%) were the major type of exclusion severely suffered by these women. Denial of access to agricultural information (mean=3.62) and ownership of agric assets (mean = 3.62) and limitation of participation in decision making process in community (mean3.90) were the major effects of social exclusion suffered by these women. Based on the findings of the study it was recommended that government should put in place policies that will curtail social exclusion of women and as well give them more opportunity and right to agricultural assets and information.

Keywords: Social exclusion, rural women, agricultural activities, effects

[1]. Adatom, Carter, M and May .J. (2004), Sense in Sociability; Social Exclusion Persistent Poverty in South Africa. Accessed on 14 December 2013
[2]. Anyoha, N. O., Asiabaka, C. C., Chikaire, J., Ifeanyi-Obi, C. C. and Onoh, P. A. (2012). Factors Influencing Rural Women`s Participation in Developmental Programmes in Rivers State, Nigeria: A Key for Social Exclusion Elimination. International Journal of Applied Research and Technology. 1(8): 55 – 60.
[3]. Asodike, J.D, (2009). Gender inequality; Barrier to sustainable Development: Journal of International Gender Studies (JIGS). No 5 Pp. 211-213.
[4]. Bird K (2007) The Integrational Transmission of Poverty and an overview . Overseea Development Institute, and Poverty research center, Marchester United Kingdom.
[5]. Caroll, K. (2012) Social Exclusion. Topic Guiders to Social Exclusion Retrieved from www.gsdrc.org/topic.guide on 30/9/2013.

Abstract: The development of a nation stands on a tripod which is food, shelter and security; security which is a major factor plays a vital role and should not be jeopardized, when it is jeopardized there is deterioration, depression, downcast and so on ,in the economic and welfare of the citizenry. It is therefore important that a wise nation, allot more attention to it. This research work looked into the concept of security, how geospatial intelligence has helped nations of the world to develop and to sustain the development, the history of terrorism in Nigeria which is a major treat to security, it also looked at how geospatial intelligent has assisted and can assist in taking care of cases of terrorism. The applications of geospatial techniques were then discussed and challenges which Nigerian government is facing were posed. The work was concluded by encouraging the government of Nigeria to employ the methods used by developed nations and more so tackle the challenges of funds, Inadequate satellite imagery, Lack of dedicated security satellite to curb terrorism, Inadequate trained personnel, Lack of Integration of all database within the country, with these challenges the researchers believes that the issue of security in Nigeria if not been a forgotten issue, will be drastically reduced.

Keywords: Security, Terrorism, Sustainable, development, Geospatial, Intelligence

[1]. Adebakin, M .A, (2012).National Security Challenges and Sustainable Economic Development: Evidences from Nigeria, Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, vol. 1, 1, (pp. 1-30)
[2]. Anyadike N.O, BoKo Haram ad National Security Challenges in Nigeria; Causes and Solutions, Journals of Economics and Sustainable Development, vol. 4, 5, 2013, 12-23
[3]. Boer,M. (2012): MEND: the nature of an insurgency E-international Relaton publishing retrieved 7th May,2014 from www.e-ir.inro/2012/05/11mend.
[4]. Dyke V .V, Security and Sovereignty in International Politics, New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts
[5]. Fatowa,U (2012): The nature and dynamics of insurgencies, retrieved on 7th May, 2014 from www.thenationoline.net.
[6]. Johnson, T. (2011) .Boko Haram-council on foreign relation Retrieved on 7th May, 2004 from www.cfr.org/african/bokoharam/p25739

Abstract: The World Health Organization estimates occupational health risks as the tenth leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The burden of disease from selected occupational risk factors amounts to 1.5% of the global burden in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY). The World Health Report 2002, has reported that occupational risk factors account for a number of morbid conditions globally, including 37% back pain, 16% hearing loss, 13% chronic obstructive lung disease, 11% asthma, 10% injuries, 9% cancer, and 2% leukemia. Methods: A Case-control study was conducted in "Industrial town" and "reference town". Results: According to Standard Occupational Classification, 2000 the study subjects were categorized and it was found that most of the subjects comes under Skilled Trades & Occupations followed by Elementary Occupations in industrial town as compared to reference town where number were non significant. Results of multivariate logistic regression showed that after controlling the confounding variables, cough (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.21-2.12, P=0.001), phlegm (OR=1.56, 95% CI 1.17-2.07, P=0.003), wheeze (OR=1.50, 95% CI 1.04-2.17, P=0.03), chronic bronchitis (OR=2.23, 95% CI 1.10-4.53 P=0.03) and obstructive defects (OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.43-2.42, P=0.001) were significantly higher amongst the residents of Mandi Gobindgarh. Adult population of Mandi Gobindgarh, has significantly more chronic respiratory morbidity as compared to that of Morinda. Conclusion: It is concluded that in Industrial town level of higher exposure for TSP in the ambient air is responsible for the poor occupational health status in adults of Industrial town.

Key words: <Occupations, Workers, Exposure, Obstruction, Restriction >

[1]. Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK. Development of simple computer program for spirometry interpretation. Journal of Association of Physicians India.2002;50:567-570.
[2]. American Thoracic Society. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine. 1991;144:1202-1216.
[3]. Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson, HR et al. Worldwide variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms, International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC). European Respiratory Journal.1998; 12:315-335.
[4]. Bakke P, Eide GE, Hanoa R, Gulsvik A. Occupational dust or gas exposure and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in a general population. European Respiratory Journal.1991;4:273-276.
[5]. Bakke PS, Baste V, Hanoa R, Gulsvik A. Prevalence of obstructive lung disease in a general population, relation to occupational title and exposure to some air borne agents. Thorax.1991;46:863-870.

Abstract: The experiment investigated the effects of paring, oil palm bunch refuse and sawdust mulches on the flowering of mother plant, development of suckers, and the establishment, population and damage dynamics of plant parasitic nematodes on plantain cultivar Agbagba in Southwestern Nigeria. A multifactorial experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. Above-ground plant growth parameters were measured at flowering of mother plants. Twenty-two months after planting (MAP), mats were sampled to assess nematode population densities, root and rhizome damages. Results of this study showed that paring and mulching gave complementarily effect on early flowering of plants, improved root production and the extent of benefit was dependent on the type of mulch material used. Pared plants produced fewer suckers at flowering than the non-pared plants, had healthier roots and lower root infections associated with plant parasitic nematode damage. Oil palm bunch refuse was superior to the sawdust mulch in enhancing plant growth, root health and suppressing nematode population densities. In an integrated pest management context therefore, paring coupled with mulching is recommended to boost plantain production.

Keywords: Agbagba, plant growth, paring, plant parasitic nematodes, plantain, root health

[1]. I.O. Akobundu, Weed science in the tropics (John Willey and Sons Ltd, NY, 1987) 522 pp.
[2]. C.D. Blake, Nematode parasites of banana and their control, in J.E Peachey (Ed.), Parasitic Nematodes of Food Crops, Technical Communication No. 40 (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, England, 1969) 109-141.
[3]. R.J. Cook, M.G. Brosalis and K.B. Doupani, Influence of crop residues on plant diseases, in Crop Residue Management Systems 8, Am. soc. Agron Spec. Publish, Madison, 1978) 144-163.
[4]. R.J. Cook and K.F. Baker. The nature and practice of biological control of plant pathogens, (American phytopathological Society, St. Paul MN,1983). 539pp.
[5]. D. Coyne, O. Rotimi, P.,Speijer, B. Schuster, T. Dubors, A. Auwerkerken, A. Tenkouano, and D. De Waele,. Effects of nematode infection and mulching on the yield of plantain (Musa spp, AAB group) ratoon crops and plantain longevity in Southeastern Nigeria. Nematology 7, 2005, 531-541

Abstract: Nigeria accounts for about 16% of the Shell's global oil business ventures, and about 7% of total profits. Shell has come across a wide range of sustainable development issues throughout its operations. Against this background, this study examines the performance (environmental and social) and efforts by Shell Nigeria in moving their operations in the way that promotes sustainability; and also looks into the hindrances to implementation of the practice of sustainability. The operational data and the company statements were used to access and explain the company's approach to sustainability. Shell's progress in this approach was evaluated and its performance were analysed from data on its social and environmental reports for seven years (2005 to 2011). The general approach of Shell indicates that it understands sustainability issues fronting it and the actions required to improve sustainable performance. Despite Shell's good progress in social and environmental performance over the years, as expressed in their annual sustainability reports, there still exist some challenges and worries particularly in the areas of oil spills, gas flaring and security in the Niger Delta.Among other obstacles, the operational spills in Nigeria have no significant environmental improvement over the years, and have contributed to the volume of global operational spills in Shell. It claims that 72% volume of the spills is from sabotage and theft, and the remaining percentage is due to its own operational failures and ageing facilities; but its 2011 report shows an outrageous oil spill due to its operations over the sabotage spill. Shell is encouraged to target long-term performance in sustainable development that is robust across economic, social, environmental and political spheres in Nigeria.

Key words: sustainability, Shell, Nigeria, environment, performance

[1]. Albert, K.(2011). Royal Dutch Shell and its sustainability troubles. Background report to theErratum of Shell‟s Annual Report 2010 [online]. [Accessed 12/03/2013]. Availablefrom: www.milieudefensie.nl/publicaties/rapporten/shell-background-report
[2]. About GRI, Global Reporting Initiative. (2013).[online]. [Accessed 22/03/2013]. Availablefrom: www.globalreporting.org
[3]. Baker, S. (1997).The Politics of Sustainable Development: Theory, Policy and Practice within the European Union. London: Routledge, P.121.
[4]. Barry, D. &Bass, S.(2002). Sustainable Development Strategies: A resource Book.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris and United Nations Development Programme, UNDP. London:Earthscan, pp. 2-15.
[5]. Boele, R., Fabig, H.& Wheeler, D. (2001).Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni. A study in unsustainable development: II. Corporate social responsibility and "stakeholder management‟ versus a right-based approach to sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 9, 121-135. [Accessed 18/03/2013]. Available from:http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hiscox/BoelETAL.pdf

Abstract: The objective of the study is to determine the concentration of Lead in water, sediment and the marine species, Indo-Pacific king mackerel popularly known as Spotted Seer fish (Scomberomorus Guttus) collected near seashore of Bay of Bengal from 5 locations (Pulicat, Ennore, Marina, Mahabalipuram and Kalpakkam) in North Chennai in 4 different seasons (Summer, Monsoon, Post-Monsoon, and Winter). The concentrations of Lead in each sample were determined using AAS method. Maximum concentrations of Lead in fish samples collected from different locations were 0.563 mg/kg (Pulicat - Summer), 0.722 mg/kg (Ennore - Summer), 0.616 mg/kg (Marina - Monsoon), 0.363 mg/kg (Mahabalipuram - Summer) and 0.673 mg/kg (Kalpakkam - Post-Monsoon). Maximum concentration of Lead in water samples collected from different locations were 0.016 mg/l (Pulicat- Summer), 0.015 mg/l (Ennore- Monsoon), 0.012 mg/l (Marina- Monsoon and winter),0.014 mg/l (Mahabalipuram- Monsoon) and 0.016 mg/l (Kalpakkam- Monsoon). The maximum concentrations of Lead in sediments collected from different locations were 1.083 mg/kg (Pulicat- Post-monsoon), 1.481 mg/kg (Ennore- Monsoon), 0.848 mg/kg (Marina- Summer), 1.004 mg/kg (Mahabalipuram- Summer) and 0.904 mg/kg (Kalpakkam- Post-monsoon). Keywords: Chennai, concentration, fish, Lead, sediment, water

[1]. Enrico Rossi (2008) Low Level Environmental Lead Exposure – A Continuing Challenge. Clinical Biochemist reviews. The Australian Association of Clinical Biochemists 29 (2): Pages: 63–70

[2]. Fernando Barbosa, Jr, José Eduardo Tanus-Santos, [...], and Patrick J. Parsons (2005). A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs. Environmental Health perspective, National Institute of Environmental Health Science.113(12). Pages:1669-74

[3]. John.A.Timbrell(2008) Biochemical mechanisms of toxicity,Specific examples.Principles of Biochemical toxicology (4th Edition) Informa Health care.

[4]. Surya K. Karri, Robert B. Saper, and Stefanos N. Kales, Lead Encephalopathy Due to Traditional Medicines, Current Drug Safety, JANUARY, 2008, 3(1)P:54-59

Abstract: The aim of the present investigation was to develop metal adsorbent from agro-waste (husk) of tur dal (Cajanus cajan) for their value addition and to improve the effectiveness of developed adsorbent by optimizing the conditions of adsorption for complete removal of Cu ions from its 50 ml, 50 ppm solution. The washed and dried tur dal husk was carbonized in air tight container at 500 0C for 1 hr. to get its carbon form possessing adsorption property. The physicochemical characterization of prepared adsorbent was done for yield, bulk density, conductivity, particle size, moisture, ash, water soluble content, pH, calorific value, trace elements, crystal nature and structural morphology. The optimum parameters for adsorption was studied by varying pH (2-10), agitation speed (50-250 rpm), temperature (10-60 0C), adsorbent dose (0.25- 2.75 g) and contact time (0.5-4 hr.). The study concludes tur dal husk can be exploited for the preparation of metal adsorbent. The prepared adsorbent was found to be most effective in an adsorption condition of 6 pH, 150 rpm agitation speed, 60 0C temperature, 2.75g adsorbent dose and 3 hr. contact time. The thermodynamic study revealed adsorption by the developed adsorbent was endothermic (positive 0 H ), non spontaneous (positive 0 G ) and increasing randomness at the adsorption sites (positive 0 S ).
Keywords: Adsorption, copper, optimization, thermodynamic, tur dal husk

[1] D. Sud, G. Mahajan, and M.P. Kaur. Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions – A review. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), 2008, 6017–6027.

[2] S.P. Dubey and K, Gopal, Adsorption of chromium(VI) on low cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste material: A comparative study, Journal of Hazardous Material, 145(3), 2007. 465-470.

[3] A. Bhatnagar, and M. Sillanpaa, Utilization of agro-industrial and municipal waste materials as potential adsorbents for water treatment—A review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 157(2-3), 210, 277-296.

[4] U. Garg, M.P., Kaur, G.K, Jawa, D. Sud, and V.K. Garg, Removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions by adsorption on agricultural waste biomass, Journals of Hazardous Materials, 154(1-3), 2008, 1149-1157.

[5] S.E. Bailey, T.J. Olin, R.M. Bricka, and D.D. Adrian, A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals, Water Research, 33(11), 1999, 2469– 2479

Abstract: Hand plucking is throughout to be the best method of tea harvesting and has evolved with the tea industry to improve the productivity and quality. With good training of pluckers, a high degree of shoots selectively can be achieved and damage to the tea bush is minimal. Where manual labour is in short supply and mechanical methods of harvesting tea have of necessity been considered. Shear harvesting, as an alternative method to machine harvesting. The green leaf biochemical constituents and quality parameters of black teas changed with method of harvesting. Integrated shear harvesting teas were very rich in their green leaf biochemical precursors and had higher contents of black tea quality constituents than machine harvesting tea. The quality decline was mainly due to mechanical injury and non-selective plucking with machine harvesting. However, tea obtained by mechanical harvesting to continuously field over a prolonged period quality was found to be better, but productivity was declined and physiology of the bush affect when machines are not properly used for harvesting.

Keywords: Yield, shear, single men harvesting machine, two man harvesting machine, biochemical parameter and black tea parameter.

[1]. Baruah, S., Hazarika, M., Mahanta, P.K., Horita, H. and Murai, T. 1896. Effect of plucking intervals on the chemical constituents of CTC black teas. Agricultural and biochemical Chemistry 50, 1039-1041.
[2]. Dev Choudhury, M.N. and Goswami, M.R., 1983. A rapid method for the estimation of total polyphenolic matters in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Two and A Bud., 30: 59-61.
[3]. Forrest, G. T., and Bendall, D.S., 1969. The distribution of polyphenols in the tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.) Biochem.J. 33: 741-755.
[4]. Mamedov, M.A., and Dzhafarof, B.S. 1974. Tea productivity in relation to hard plucking (In Russian). Sub trop. Kul'tury 2: 3-5.
[5]. Owour,P.O., Obanda, A.M., Othieno, C.O., Horita, H., Tsushida, T. and Murai, T. 1987. Changes in the chemical composition and quality of black tea due to plucking standards. Agriculture and Biological Chemistry 51, 3383-3384.

Abstract: Topographic mapping of flood-prone housing estate has been studied using high resolution 3D data from total station. The total station provides an unprecedented accuracy for a 3D data collection than any other traditional surveying techniques and the satellite-based differential GPS. The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) delineates the potential areas required for drainage construction. It is observed that over 80% of housing facilities could be saved from flood water if proper drainages are constructed as indicated by the DTM. Generally, houses to the east and south would be much affected due to their location in low land areas. Supplementary, a spatial database of the housing estate has been conducted to predict loses that may incur during the perennial and climate-forced floods that affect the area. This database can be queried and based on the entity relationships of each house, potential economic loses can be calculated. It is suggested here that additional options, such as flow direction, slope and watershed analyses could be conducted in future flood mapping of the area.

Keywords: Flood, Mapping, Database, Total Station, DEM

[1]. Agajelu, S.I. (1994). The prospect of establishing geographic data base management system in Nigeria. The map maker Vol. II.
[2]. Bannister, A. (2006). "Surveying" Dorling Kinderisly Publishing Inc. Delhi, India.
[3]. Bohler .W.Heinz. G.scherer.y.(1997). Using satellite images for Archaeological Docomentation. CIPA symposium Geoteborg. ISPRS proceedings. Vol xxxII,ww.
[4]. Diaz, J. H. Global climate change, natural disasters, and travel risks. J. of Travel Medicine, 2006, 13,361-372.
[5]. Ekpete, W. (2005), Geospatial data infrastructure, Concept cases and good practices, London UK.
[6]. Gottfried Konecny. (2003), geo-information, Remote sensing, photogrammetry and geographic information system published by Taylor francis .11 nw fether lane London.

Abstract: Like every natural phenomena, natural hazards are common occurrences which can distract, modify and influence the residential environment, economy society and culture as well. Hazard is thus regarded as the disaster situation, in which some risk of disaster exists because the human population has set itself in situation of vulnerability. The occurrence of hazard largely depends upon location of any region. Thus any region with a mere fragile physical location is more prone to hazardous situations. These regions are known as the vulnerable ones as all those are intensely used by human being. Vulnerability is both physical and social in nature. An assessment of the risks faced by any region thus gives an idea regarding vulnerability of the same. The present study is regarding the vulnerability and risk assessment of the Patharpratima block of South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. In this study an attempt has been taken to bring forward how the block is vulnerable to certain natural threats which have been clearly explained by an assessment of the risks faced by the same. The major objective of this study is to find out the vulnerability of the study area, both environmental and social and providing an assessment of the risks faced by the block. It was found from the field visits and primary survey that, a number of initiatives have been taken on the part of the GP to protect the embankments but they are all in vain due to the incoming surges and tidal currents which is a very common feature here. It has also been assigned that though human being are continuously proving themselves better with the passage of time, still we are at the mercy of nature. Nobody can do anything when a cyclone or a flood strikes in. Thus, it is better to make ourselves more prepared to face the challenges so that at least some lives can be saved.

Keywords: Natural hazard; Disaster; fragile environment; Vulnerability; Risk assessment,

[1]. Anderson, M. and P. Woodrow. 1989. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Times of Disaster. UNESCO and West view Press, Inc., Colorado.
[2]. Block Disaster Management Plan, BDO, Patharpratima Development Block, Ramganga, South 24 Parganas (2011-12)
[3]. Cutter, L. Susan (1996): Vulnerability to environmental hazards; Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 20 No. 4,Sage Publications, pp. 529-539
[4]. http://sdnp.delhi.nic.in Sustainable Development Networking Programme India support decision-makers and key stakeholders from all sectors of civil society on issues related to sustainable human development
[5]. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology
[6]. Mc Entire, David A. 2004. Tenets of Vulnerability: An Assessment of a Fundamental Disaster Concept. Journal of Emergency Management Vol. 2, No, 2, Spring 2004.

Abstract: This paper determines the present standing of industrial solid waste management in Hattar industrial estate Pakistan. In this case study, a close interaction with each factory was required, thus, a questionnaire concerning all practical elements and the organizational structure of the industrial solid waste management system was prepared and distributed among the factories in the universe of study.
The study shows the practices being adopted by the industries in the universe of study for management of solid waste generated and its socio- economic effects and consequences on the local population. The data was collected through scheduled interviews, discussions, personal observations and visits. Data was analyzed to find out the facts that the laws and rules of the country though very lax still are not followed due to either non-implementation or ignorance of the law. Study proved that though the practices of recycle or reuse were economically helping the locals of the universe of study but at the cost of enormous pollution problems. The locals could be helped well if proper ways and means were followed that brought the study to the culmination of recommending the authorities for improvement of regulations and modes of implementation

[1]. Blumberg, L. & Gottlieb,R. (1989) War on Waste: Can America Win Its Battle With Garbage? Covelo , CA Island Press.
[2]. Bureau of International Recycling (2009) Third Quarterly Report.
[3]. Draft Environmental Assessment Report (1993) Stockholm.
[4]. GOP (Government of Pakistan). (1996) Data Collection for preparation of National Study:
[5]. Irshad Hussain. (1991) Economic Review: Industrial waste management in Pakistan. Lahore.
[6]. Khajuria, A., Yamamoto, Y . & Morioka.T.(2008) Solid waste management in Asian countries: problems and issues. Proc. of 4 the International Conference on Waste management and environment, 109,643-653.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to produce a spatial Cadastral Information System (CIS) and a topographic feature of the CIS of a new residential layout. Differential GPS has been used to collect 3D coordinates which are later used to geo-reference the base map prior to digitization. The CIS shows equally-spaced resident parcels with area of 1.2 hectares and an undulating hill to the east. Attribute information of individual parcels suggests the possibility of incorporating different government institutions into a single computer system for proper management. This could be useful in enhancing tenement rate, tax identification and collection as well as utility management without missing or duplicating entries. The possibility of updating and retrieving at will any information about any parcel such as parcels with Certificate of Occupancy could be improved. It is recommended prior to establishment of any government layout, Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and its contingents such as slope and flow direction be first made to allow ways of leveling of steep slopes. This will control water flow in case of flood.

Keywords: Cadastral Information System, Mapping, Database, DGPS, Planning

[1]. Agajelu, S.I. (1994).. The Prospect of Establishing Geographic Database Management System in Nigeria. The map maker Vol. II.
[2]. Babalola, S. O. and Kardam, M. S. (2011), Developing a Cadastral Information System for Part of Fadaman-Mada Area of Bauchi Metropolis for Sustainable Development. ATBU Journal of Environmental Technology, 4, (1).
[3]. Bannister, A. (2006), Surveying, Dorling Kinderisly Publishing Inc. Delhi, India.
[4]. Diaz, J. H. (2006) Global climate change, natural disasters, and travel risks. J. of Travel Medicine, 13,361-372.
[5]. Ekpete, W. (2005), Geospatial data infrastructure, Concept Cases and Good Practices, London UK.
[6]. Heinz, W. G. and Scherer, Y. (1997). Using satellite images for Archaeological Docomentation. CIPA symposium Geoteborg. ISPRS proceedings. Vol xxxII,ww.

Abstract: Access to safe drinking water is a basic need for human development, health and well being and because of this it is an internationally accepted human right (WHO, 2011). There has been encouraging progress with access to safe drinking water & sanitation in both rural and urban areas since the United Nations water decade of the 1980s. However, more than 1 billion people around the world still lack access to safe water supplies. A substantial majority of these people live in Asia. Water has many constituents. Some of these are of natural origin & some are manmade and present as contaminants. Some give rise to serious health effects and some will give rise to only aesthetic characteristics. Over the past decade it has become increasingly evident that the delivery of safe & aesthetically acceptable drinking water cannot be assured if it is based on only measurements of water quality parameters & or the performance of a water filtration plant.

[1]. Adam M. Finkel & John S. Evans (1987). Evaluating the Benefits of Uncertainty Reduction in Environmental Health Risk Management. JAPCA, Vol. 37, Issue 10, 1987, Pages 1164-1171
[2]. Ainswarth R. ed (2004). Safe piped water: Managing microbial water quality in piped distribution systems. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[3]. Arora H (1998). Application of particle counting to enhance water treatment operations. Voorhees, NJ, American water works service company, Inc.
[4]. Au K-K et al. (2002). The role of oxidants on particle removal. Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Annual Conference.
[5]. Au K-K, Le Chavallier MW (2000). Effects of oxidation on particle removal: The role of natural organic matter. Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference.

Abstract: This work was done for estimation the degree of losing the antimicrobial activity for fresh and dry Ginger (Zingiber officinale) due to dryness proses and shelf life time stores. The experiments were done by exposure of some pathogenic microorganisms (MOs) to Ginger boil water extracts and detection of mortality rates of MOs. The experiments showed mortality rates for Staph. aureus were 36, 33, 30.7, 27.3 and 24.3, the total differences were 11.7%. Mortality rates for E. coli were 41.7, 39, 36, 32.3 and 28.3%, the total differences were 13.4%. Mortality rates for Candida albicans were 31.7, 39.3, 27, 23.3 and 22%, the total differences were 9.7% respectively.
Confirmed experiments were done by using ants (Solenopsis spp.), that revealed mortality rates were 00, 100, 100, 80, 40, 10, 10, 10, 00, and 00% from control and the nine specimens respectively. The mortality rates were show 1st, 2nd and 3rd specimens were started killing the ants at the 1st day, while the 4th specimen started killing the ants at the 2nd day, but the 5th, 6th, and 7th specimens were started killing the ants at the 5th day of experiments respectively.
Key words: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, Experiments, Pathogenic, Microorganisms (MOs), Mortality rates, Staph. aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, ants, Solenopsis spp., Killing

[1]. Govindarajan, V., 1992. Ginger: Chemistry, technology and quality evaluation (Part I). Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 17: 1-9.
[2]. Sofowora, A., 1999. Introduction to medical plants and traditional medicine. Spectrum books limited, 2:8-76.
[3]. Lawrence, B., 2000. Ginger oil in progress in Essential oils. Perfumer and Flavorist., 25: 46‐57.
[4]. Sharma, R., Sarma, T. and Lecereq, P., 2002. Essential oils of Zingiber officinale Roscoe from Northeast India. J. Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 5: 71‐76.
[5]. Onyeagba, R.., Ugbogu, A., Okeke, O. and Iroakasi, O., 2004. Studies on the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), ginger (Zingiber officinal Roscoe) and Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn) Short communication Afr. J. Biotech. 3:552-554.
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Abstract: Exploitation of woody forest products on private land has superseded their regeneration hence unsustainable despite the many benefits accrued from the activity in eastern Uganda. A study of 253 households from Nabitende Township, a timber collecting centre with an agglomeration of wood processing workshops in Iganga district revealed that; the major woody forest products exploitation activities at Nabitende Township were furniture making (75%) and pit sawing/timber processing (59.3%); a correlation analysis of the perception of both wood processors and non-wood processors on the factors favouring wood works at the township showed that r=0.25 at 0.05 level of significance which was a slight relationship but the artisan skills was generally agreed as the major factor(85.8%); the most preferred timber species was Maesopsis eminii (86.2%) and Milicia excelca (86.2%) while the least were fruit trees, Mangifera indica (51.8%) and Artocapus heterophylus (59.7%);the woody forest products were sourced from the neighbourhood of the township such as Kaliro district, Buyende district, Namutumba district and Nawandala sub-county;Iganga town was the most significant market for wood products from Nabitende township at (χ2 =1.7<9.21 at df=2) compared to other markets. This could be attributed to the place being a collecting centre in Eastern Uganda. Other very significant markets were Busia, Mbale, Kampala city, Kumi, Juba city, Malaba and Jinja town all at (χ2 <9.21 at df=2); despite the statistically negative correlation interviews and observation agree on the fact that forest wood products exploitation has transformed the hither to rural environment. The researchers therefore recommended that both forest and environmental officers should sensitize the artisans on sustainable utilization of woody forest products especially discouraging wasteful machines; the local authorities to enforce the labour laws deterring child labour and early marriages to give room for education so as to sustain the transformation so far achieved.

Key words: furniture making, non-wood processors, pit sawing, wood processors, small scale industries,timber species

[1]. Alexander, J.W., and Gibson, L.J. 1979. Economic Geography 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Inc.
[2]. Amin, E.M. 2005. Social Science Research: Conception, Methodology and Analysis.Kampala:Makerere University.
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Abstract: The effects of four eggplant varieties on haematological indices and weight of organs in albino rats were evaluated. A total of 108 albino rats were randomly distributed into two major blocks of treatments (10% and 20% supplenentations), each having four sub groups with 12 rats each. The sub groups were based on the eggplant variety used in supplementation. Rats in groups A, B, C and D were fed diet supplemented S. Macrocapron (round), S. atheopicum, S. Macrocapron (oval), and S. gilo respectively. A general control group labelled 'control' was fed with commercial rat feed. Three rats from each group were sacrificed weekly and their kidney, liver and heart weighed. The haematological indices were determined using an automated haemacytometer machine. The liver, kidney and heart weight to body weight were not significantly different (p>0.05) from the control within and between treatments. The white blood cell count of rats placed on 10% eggplant supplemented diet ranged from 4.51±0.20 x103/μL to 5.43±0.10 x103ml/μL while rats supplemented with 20% eggplant were within 4.74±0.13 x103/μL and 5.56±0.10 x103/μL. There was a significant increase in the white blood cell count of rats placed on the eggplant supplementations except group C (S. Macrocarpon (oval)).The red blood cell count was significantly lower in all the groups compared to the control except in rats placed on 10% S. Marcrocapon (round) supplemented diet. The result has shown that eggplant varieties significantly reduced RBC, increased the WBC count was increased with no significant change in PCV.

Key Words: Packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell, Eggplant.

[1]. Alhassan, A., Mabrouk, M.A., Okpe, E.A., Salawu, E.O., and Omotoso, O.D. (2012). Effects of Aqueous Extract of Solanum melongena on Blood System of Wistar Rats. World Journal of Life Science and Medical Research, 2(5), 159-164. [2]. Black, R. (2003). Micronutrient deficiency—an underlying cause of morbidity and mortality. Bulletin of World Health Organisation. 81(2), 79-82.
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[5]. Doganlar, S., Frary, A., Daunay, M.C., Lester, R.N., and Tanksley S.D. (2002). A comparative genetic linkage map of Solanum melongena (Solanum melongena) and its implications for genome evolution in the solanaceae. Genetics, 161, 1697-1711.

Abstract: The physiochemical and bacteriological parameters assessment of the water samples from three areas located nearrefuse dumpsitesin Kano city, Nigeria was carryout to investigate the effect of pollution to the groundwater quality of boreholes and wells located within 50m, 100m and 150m from the pollution source. The water quality indicating parameters were determined using standard procedures. SPSS was used to analyze the descriptive and correlation of Alkalinity,Ca+2 Cl-, EC, Mg+2,pH, TDS and Temperature,and the biological parameters analyzed are: Total coliforms and E-coli. The results were compared with WHO and NSDWQ. Site sorandinkireceived the largest volume of open dumps, therefore highest mean values of the physiochemical parameters followed then Bola and court road as compared with WHO and NSDWQ.The correlation between the alkalinity, TDS, pH and Cl- is an indication of depositions of wastes of acidic nature .Uncontrolled dumping of wastes should be checked as well as regular monitoring of the groundwater quality and frequent evacuation of the refuse dump was recommended to avoid groundwater contamination which will reduces threats to water borne diseases.

Keywords: analysis, bacteriological, groundwater, physiochemical, quality

[1] Abubakar, B., &Adekola, O. (2012).Assessment of borehole water quality in Yola-Jimeta Metropolis, Nigeria. Int. J. Water ResourcEnviron.Eng, 4, 287-293.

[2] Adamu GK, Adekiya OA. 2010. An Assessment of Water Quality of Boreholes around selected Landfills in Kano Metropolis. African Scientist (11), 21595-6881.

[3] Adekunle, I. M., Adetunji, M. T., Gbadebo, A. M., &Banjoko, O. B. (2007).Assessment of groundwater quality in a typical rural settlement in Southwest Nigeria. International journal of environmental research and public health, 4(4), 307-318

[4] Ashbolt, N. J. (2004). Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. Toxicology, 198(1), 229-238.

[5] Aturamu, A. O. (2012). Physical, Chemical and Bacterial Analyses of Groundwater in Ikere Township, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(5).